The addition of Psathyrostachys Huashanica Keng 6Ns large segment chromosomes has positive impact on stripe rust resistance and plant spikelet number of common wheat.

BACKGROUND: Developing novel germplasm by using wheat wild related species is an effective way to rebuild the wheat resource bank. The Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng (P. huashanica, 2n = 2x = 14, NsNs) is regarded as a superior species to improve wheat breeding because of its multi-resistance, early maturation and numerous tiller traits. Introducing genetic components of P. huashanica into the common wheat background is the most important step in achieving the effective use. Therefore, the cytogenetic characterization and influence of the introgressed P. huashanica large segment chromosomes in the wheat background is necessary to be explored. RESULTS: In this study, we characterized a novel derived line, named D88-2a, a progeny of the former characterized wheat-P. huashanica partial amphiploid line H8911 (2n = 7x = 49, AABBDDNs). Cytological identification showed that the chromosomal composition of D88-2a was 2n = 44 = 22II, indicating the addition of exogenous chromosomes. Genomic in situ hybridization demonstrated that the supernumerary chromosomes were a pair of homologues from the P. huashanica and could be stably inherited in the common wheat background. Molecular markers and 15 K SNP array indicated that the additional chromosomes were derived from the sixth homoeologous group (i.e., 6Ns) of P. huashanica. Based on the distribution of the heterozygous single-nucleotide polymorphism sites and fluorescence in situ hybridization karyotype of each chromosome, this pair of additional chromosomes was confirmed as P. huashanica 6Ns large segment chromosomes, which contained the entire short arm and the proximal centromere portion of the long arm. In terms of the agronomic traits, the addition line D88-2a exhibited enhanced stripe rust resistance, improved spike characteristics and increased protein content than its wheat parent line 7182. CONCLUSIONS: The new wheat germplasm D88-2a is a novel cytogenetically stable wheat-P. huashanica 6Ns large segment addition line, and the introgressed large segment alien chromosome has positive impact on plant spikelet number and stripe rust resistance. Thus, this germplasm can be used for genetic improvement of cultivated wheat and the study of functional alien chromosome segment.

Identification and functional analysis of a chromosome 2D fragment harboring TaFPF1 gene with the potential for yield improvement using a late heading wheat mutant.

KEY MESSAGE: A chromosome fragment influencing wheat heading and grain size was identified using mapping of m406 mutant. The study of TaFPF1 in this fragment provides more insights into wheat yield improvement. In recent years, wheat production has faced formidable challenges driven by rapid population growth and climate change, emphasizing the importance of improving specific agronomic traits such as heading date, spike length, and grain size. To identify potential genes for improving these traits, we screened a wheat EMS mutant library and identified a mutant, designated m406, which exhibited a significantly delayed heading date compared to the wild-type. Intriguingly, the mutant also displayed significantly longer spike and larger grain size. Genetic analysis revealed that a single recessive gene was responsible for the delayed heading. Surprisingly, a large 46.58 Mb deletion at the terminal region of chromosome arm 2DS in the mutant was identified through fine mapping and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Thus, the phenotypes of the mutant m406 are controlled by a group of linked genes. This deletion encompassed 917 annotated high-confidence genes, including the previously studied wheat genes Ppd1 and TaDA1, which could affect heading date and grain size. Multiple genes in this region probably contribute to the phenotypes of m406. We further investigated the function of TaFPF1 using gene editing. TaFPF1 knockout mutants showed delayed heading and increased grain size. Moreover, we identified the direct upstream gene of TaFPF1 and investigated its relationship with other important flowering genes. Our study not only identified more genes affecting heading and grain development within this deleted region but also highlighted the potential of combining these genes for improvement of wheat traits.

Identification of Two Novel QTL for Fusarium Head Blight Resistance in German Wheat Cultivar Centrum.

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating disease that occurs in warm and humid environments. The German wheat 'Centrum' has displayed moderate to high levels of FHB resistance in the field for many years. In this study, an F6:8 recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from cross 'Centrum' × 'Xinong 979' was evaluated for FHB response following point inoculation in five environments. The population and parents were genotyped using the GenoBaits Wheat 16 K Panel. Stable quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with FHB resistance in 'Centrum' were mapped on chromosome arms 2DS and 5BS. The most effective QTL, located in 2DS, was identified as a new chromosome region represented by a 1.4 Mb interval containing 17 candidate genes. Another novel QTL was mapped in chromosome arm 5BS of a 5BS to 7BS translocation chromosome. In addition, two environmentally sensitive QTL were mapped on chromosome arms 2BL from 'Centrum' and 5AS from 'Xinong 979'. Polymorphisms of flanking phenotypic variance explained (PVE) markers (allele-specific quantitative PCR [AQP]) AQP-6 for QFhb.nwafu-2DS and 16K-13073 for QFhb.nwafu-5BS were validated in a panel of 217 cultivars and breeding lines. These markers could be useful for marker-assisted selection (MAS) of FHB resistance and provide a starting point for fine mapping and marker-based cloning of the resistance genes.

Investigation of chromosomal genetic characteristics and identification of structural variation in the offspring of hexaploid triticale×hexaploid wheat.

Hexaploid triticale is an important genetic resource for genetic improvement of common wheat, which can broaden the genetic basis of wheat. In order to lay a foundation for the subsequent research and utilization of triticale germplasm materials, the chromosomal genetic characteristics of cross and backcross offspring of hexaploid triticale×hexaploid wheat were investigated in the process of transferring rye chromatin from hexaploid triticale to hexaploid wheat. Hybrid and backcross combinations were prepared with hexaploid triticale 16yin171 as the maternal parent and hexaploid wheat Chuanmai62 as the paternal parent. The chromosomes in root tip cells of F1, BC1F1 and BC1F2 plants were traced and identified non-denaturing florescence in situ hybridization (ND-FISH). The results indicated that the backcross setting rate of hybrid F1 was 2.61%. The transmission frequency of 2R chromosome was the highest in BC1F1 plants while the transmissibility of rye chromosome in BC1F2 plant was 6R>4R>2R, and the 5B-7B wheat translocation in BC1F2 plants showed severe segregation. A total of 24 structural variant chromosomes were observed both in BC1F1 and BC1F2 plants, including chromosome fragments, isochromosomes, translocations, and dicentric chromosomes. In addition, the seed length and 1000-grain weight of some BC1F2 plants were better than that of the hexaploid wheat parent Chuanmai 62. Therefore, multiple backcrosses should be adopted as far as possible to make the rapid recovery of group D chromosomes, ensuring the recovery of fertility in offspring, when hexaploid tritriale is used as a bridge to introduce rye genetic material into common wheat. At the same time, the potential application value of chromosomal structural variation materials should be also concerned.

Genome-wide association study reveals structural chromosome variations with phenotypic effects in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

Structural chromosome variations (SCVs) are large-scale genomic variations that can be detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). SCVs have played important roles in the genome evolution of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), but little is known about their genetic effects. In this study, a total of 543 wheat accessions from the Chinese wheat mini-core collection and the Shanxi Province wheat collection were used for chromosome analysis using oligonucleotide probe multiplex FISH. A total of 139 SCVs including translocations, pericentric inversions, presence/absence variations (PAVs), and copy number variations (CNVs) in heterochromatin were identified at 230 loci. The distribution frequency of SCVs varied between ecological regions and between landraces and modern cultivars. Structural analysis using SCVs as markers clearly divided the landraces and modern cultivars into different groups. There are very clear instances illustrating alien introgression and wide application of foreign germplasms improved the chromosome diversity of Chinese modern wheat cultivars. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified 29 SCVs associated with 12 phenotypic traits, and five (RT4AS•4AL-1DS/1DL•1DS-4AL, Mg2A-3, Mr3B-10, Mr7B-13, and Mr4A-7) of them were further validated using a doubled haploid population and advanced sib-lines, implying the potential value of these SCVs. Importantly, the number of favored SCVs that were associated with agronomic trait improvement was significantly higher in modern cultivars compared to landraces, indicating positive selection in wheat breeding. This study demonstrates the significant effects of SCVs during wheat breeding and provides an efficient method of mining favored SCVs in wheat and other crops.

The chromosome-level genome of Akebia trifoliata as an important resource to study plant evolution and environmental adaptation in the Cretaceous.

The environmental adaptation of eudicots is the most reasonable explanation for why they compose the largest clade of modern plants (>70% of angiosperms), which indicates that the basal eudicots would be valuable and helpful to study their survival and ability to thrive throughout evolutionary processes. Here, we detected two whole-genome duplication (WGD) events in the high-quality assembled Akebia trifoliata genome (652.73 Mb) with 24 138 protein-coding genes based on the evidence of intragenomic and intergenomic collinearity, synonymous substitution rate (KS ) values and polyploidization and diploidization traces; these events putatively occurred at 85.15 and 146.43 million years ago (Mya). The integrated analysis of 16 species consisting of eight basal and eight core eudicots further revealed that there was a putative ancient WGD at the early stage of eudicots (temporarily designated θ) at 142.72 Mya, similar to the older WGD of Akebia trifoliata, and a putative core eudicot-specific WGD (temporarily designated ω). Functional enrichment analysis of retained duplicate genes following the θ event is suggestive of adaptation to the extreme environment change in both the carbon dioxide concentration and desiccation around the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary, while the retained duplicate genes following the ω event is suggestive of adaptation to the extreme droughts, possibly leading to the rapid spread of eudicots in the mid-Cretaceous. Collectively, the A. trifoliata genome experienced two WGD events, and the older event may have occurred at the early stage of eudicots, which likely increased plant environmental adaptability and helped them survive in ancient extreme environments.

Molecular evidence for adaptive evolution of drought tolerance in wild cereals.

The considerable drought tolerance of wild cereal crop progenitors has diminished during domestication in the pursuit of higher productivity. Regaining this trait in cereal crops is essential for global food security but requires novel genetic insight. Here, we assessed the molecular evidence for natural variation of drought tolerance in wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum), wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides), and Brachypodium species collected from dry and moist habitats at Evolution Canyon, Israel (ECI). We report that prevailing moist vs dry conditions have differentially shaped the stomatal and photosynthetic traits of these wild cereals in their respective habitats. We present the genomic and transcriptomic evidence accounting for differences, including co-expression gene modules, correlated with physiological traits, and selective sweeps, driven by the xeric site conditions on the African Slope (AS) at ECI. Co-expression gene module 'circadian rhythm' was linked to significant drought-induced delay in flowering time in Brachypodium stacei genotypes. African Slope-specific differentially expressed genes are important in barley drought tolerance, verified by silencing Disease-Related Nonspecific Lipid Transfer 1 (DRN1), Nonphotochemical Quenching 4 (NPQ4), and Brassinosteroid-Responsive Ring-H1 (BRH1). Our results provide new genetic information for the breeding of resilient wheat and barley in a changing global climate with increasingly frequent drought events.

Genetic mapping of the wheat leaf rust resistance gene Lr19 and development of translocation lines to break its linkage with yellow pigment.

KEY MESSAGE: The leaf rust resistance gene Lr19, which is present on the long arm of chromosome 7E1 in Thinopyrum ponticum, was mapped within a 0.3-cM genetic interval, and translocation lines were developed to break its linkage with yellow pigmentation The leaf rust resistance locus Lr19, which was transferred to wheat (Triticum aestivum) from its relative Thinopyrum ponticum in 1966, still confers broad resistance to most known races of the leaf rust pathogen Puccinia triticina (Pt) worldwide. However, this gene has not previously been fine-mapped, and its tight linkage with a gene causing yellow pigmentation has limited its application in bread wheat breeding. In this study, we genetically mapped Lr19 using a bi-parental population from a cross of two wheat-Th. ponticum substitution lines, the Lr19-carrying line 7E1(7D) and the leaf rust-susceptible line 7E2(7D). Genetic analysis of the F2 population and the F2:3 families showed that Lr19 was a single dominant gene. Genetic markers allowed the gene to be mapped within a 0.3-cM interval on the long arm of Th. ponticum chromosome 7E1, flanked by markers XsdauK3734 and XsdauK2839. To reduce the size of the Th. ponticum chromosome segment carrying Lr19, the Chinese Spring Ph1b mutant was employed to promote recombination between the homoeologous chromosomes of the wheat chromosome 7D and the Th. ponticum chromosome 7E1. Two translocation lines with short Th. ponticum chromosome fragments carrying Lr19 were identified using the genetic markers closely linked to Lr19. Both translocation lines were resistant to 16 Pt races collected throughout China. Importantly, the linkage between Lr19 and yellow pigment content was broken in one of the lines. Thus, the Lr19 linked markers and translocation lines developed in this study are valuable resources in marker-assisted selection as part of common wheat breeding programs.

Sympatric speciation of wild emmer wheat driven by ecology and chromosomal rearrangements.

In plants, the mechanism for ecological sympatric speciation (SS) is little known. Here, after ruling out the possibility of secondary contact, we show that wild emmer wheat, at the microclimatically divergent microsite of "Evolution Canyon" (EC), Mt. Carmel, Israel, underwent triple SS. Initially, it split following a bottleneck of an ancestral population, and further diversified to three isolated populations driven by disruptive ecological selection. Remarkably, two postzygotically isolated populations (SFS1 and SFS2) sympatrically branched within an area less than 30 m at the tropical hot and dry savannoid south-facing slope (SFS). A series of homozygous chromosomal rearrangements in the SFS1 population caused hybrid sterility with the SFS2 population. We demonstrate that these two populations developed divergent adaptive mechanisms against severe abiotic stresses on the tropical SFS. The SFS2 population evolved very early flowering, while the SFS1 population alternatively evolved a direct tolerance to irradiance by improved ROS scavenging activity that potentially accounts for its evolutionary fate with unstable chromosome status. Moreover, a third prezygotically isolated sympatric population adapted on the abutting temperate, humid, cool, and forested north-facing slope (NFS), separated by 250 m from the SFS wild emmer wheat populations. The NFS population evolved multiple resistant loci to fungal diseases, including powdery mildew and stripe rust. Our study illustrates how plants sympatrically adapt and speciate under disruptive ecological selection of abiotic and biotic stresses.

An efficient Oligo-FISH painting system for revealing chromosome rearrangements and polyploidization in Triticeae.

A chromosome-specific painting technique has been developed which combines the most recent approaches of the companion disciplines of molecular cytogenetics and genome research. We developed seven oligonucleotide (oligo) pools derivd from single-copy sequences on chromosomes 1 to 7 of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and corresponding collinear regions of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The seven groups of pooled oligos comprised between 10 986 and 12 496 45-bp monomers, and these then produced stable fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) signals on chromosomes of each linkage group of wheat and barley. The pooled oligo probes were applied to high-throughput karyotyping of the chromosomes of other Triticeae species in the genera Secale, Aegilops, Thinopyrum, and Dasypyrum, and the study also extended to some wheat-alien amphiploids and derived lines. We demonstrated that a complete set of whole-chromosome oligo painting probes facilitated the study of inter-species chromosome homologous relationships and visualized non-homologous chromosomal rearrangements in Triticeae species and some wheat-alien species derivatives. When combined with other non-denaturing FISH procedures using tandem-repeat oligos, the newly developed oligo painting techniques provide an efficient tool for the study of chromosome structure, organization, and evolution among any wild Triticeae species with non-sequenced genomes.

Fine mapping and candidate gene analysis of dwarf gene Rht14 in durum wheat (Triticum durum).

Semi-dwarf and dwarf genes were widely used in wheat breeding for improving lodging resistant and increasing yield. Rht14 dwarf gene was identified and deployed in durum wheat, where it showed advantage on important agronomic potential. The reciprocal F2 populations derived of Castelporziano (CP) and Langdon (L) were used for mapping of Rht14, which was located in intervals 4.8 cM and 10.38 cM by KASP (Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR) markers, respectively, where corresponding to 312-454 Mbp on chromosome 6A, and finally, it was mapped to the genomic region of 402 ~ 408 Mbp in Durum Wheat Svevo RefSeq Rel. 1.0 (i.e., 405 ~ 411 Mbp in Chinese Spring RefSeq v.1.0) using recombinants by indel markers. The expression of TdGA2oxA9 was higher in dwarf line than tall lines and the bioactive GA1 was lower. No sequence difference was observed in the promoter and coding region of GA2oxA9 between the dwarf and tall parent, while obvious DNA methylation difference was found in its promoter. Two methylation-related genes with high confidence located in the candidate region and expressed differently between the tall and dwarf ones. This study proposed that Rht14 might regulate the expression of GA2oxA9 by DNA methylation in its promoter, which provided a way to clone Rht14 and to further investigate the mechanism behind.

Genetic incorporation of genes for the optimal plant architecture in common wheat.

Wheat grain yield is affected by plant height, which is the total length of spike, the uppermost internode, and other elongated internodes. In this study, a population of recombinant inbred lines generated from a cross between two advanced winter wheat breeding lines were phenotyped over four locations/years and genotyped by using markers of genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) and Diversity Array Technology (DArT) for mapping of genes for three traits, including spike length, the uppermost internode length, and plant height. Five genomic regions or quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were associated with candidate genes for these traits. A major QTL was associated with Q5A, and two novel haplotypes of Q5A were identified, one for a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at position -2,149 in promoter region and the other for copy number variation. Compared with one copy Q5A on chromosome 5A in Chinese Spring, the novel haplotype of Q5A with two copies Q5A was found to generate spikes that are extremely compacted. A major QTL was associated with allelic variation in the recessive vrn-A1 alleles involving in protein sequences, and this QTL was associated with increased uppermost internode length but not with plant height. A major QTL for plant height was associated with Rht-B1b on chromosome 4B, but its effects could be compromised by two new minor QTLs on chromosome 7. Collectively, the favorable alleles from the four loci can be used to establish the optimal plant height in wheat. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-022-01336-2.

Molecular and Cytogenetic Identification of Stem Rust Resistant Wheat-Thinopyrum intermedium Introgression Lines.

Thinopyrum intermedium (JJJsJsStSt, 2n = 6x = 42), a wild relative of common wheat, possesses many desirable agronomic genes for wheat improvement. The production of wheat-Thinopyrum intermedium introgression lines is a key step for transferring these beneficial genes into wheat. In this study, we characterized three wheat-Thinopyrum intermedium introgression lines TA3681, TA5566, and TA5567 using non-denaturing fluorescence in situ hybridization, genomic in situ hybridization, PCR-based landmark unique gene, and intron targeting markers. Our results showed that TA3681 is a wheat-Thinopyrum intermedium 1St disomic addition line, TA5566 is a wheat-Thinopyrum intermedium non-Robertsonian translocation line carrying two pairs of 3A-7Js translocation chromosomes, and that TA5567 is a wheat-Thinopyrum intermedium non-Robertsonian translocation line carrying a pair of 3A-7Js translocation chromosomes. We developed 13, 36, and 15 Thinopyrum intermedium chromosome-specific markers for detecting the introgressed Thinopyrum chromosomes in TA3681, TA5566, and TA5567, respectively. Stem rust assessment revealed that TA3681 exhibited a high level of seedling resistance to Chinese-prevalent Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici pathotypes, and both TA5566 and TA5567 were highly resistant to Australian P. graminis f. sp. tritici pathotypes, indicating that Thinopyrum intermedium chromosomes 1St and 7Js might carry new stem rust resistance genes. Therefore, the new identified introgression lines may be useful for improving wheat stem rust resistance.

Extraordinarily conserved chromosomal synteny of Citrus species revealed by chromosome-specific painting.

Reliable identification of individual chromosomes in eukaryotic species is the foundation for comparative chromosome synteny and evolutionary studies. Unfortunately, chromosome identification has been a major challenge for plants with small chromosomes, such as the Citrus species. We developed oligonucleotide-based chromosome painting probes for all nine chromosomes in Citrus maxima (Pummelo). We were able to identify all C. maxima chromosomes in the same metaphase cells using multiple rounds of sequential fluorescence in situ hybridization with the painting probes. We conducted comparative chromosome painting analysis in six different Citrus and related species. We found that each painting probe hybridized to only a single chromosome in all other five species, suggesting that the six species have maintained a complete chromosomal synteny after more than 9 million years of divergence. No interchromosomal rearrangement was identified in any species. These results support the hypothesis that karyotypes of woody species are more stable than herbaceous plants because woody plants need a longer period to fix chromosome structural variants in natural populations.

A universal karyotypic system for hexaploid and diploid Avena species brings oat cytogenetics into the genomics era.

BACKGROUND: The identification of chromosomes among Avena species have been studied by C-banding and in situ hybridization. However, the complicated results from several cytogenetic nomenclatures for identifying oat chromosomes are often contradictory. A universal karyotyping nomenclature system for precise chromosome identification and comparative evolutionary studies would be essential for genus Avena based on the recently released genome sequences of hexaploid and diploid Avena species. RESULTS: Tandem repetitive sequences were predicted and physically located on chromosomal regions of the released Avena sativa OT3098 genome assembly v1. Eight new oligonucleotide (oligo) probes for sequential fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were designed and then applied for chromosome karyotyping on mitotic metaphase spreads of A. brevis, A. nuda, A. wiestii, A. ventricosa, A. fatua, and A. sativa species. We established a high-resolution standard karyotype of A. sativa based on the distinct FISH signals of multiple oligo probes. FISH painting with bulked oligos, based on wheat-barley collinear regions, was used to validate the linkage group assignment for individual A. sativa chromosomes. We integrated our new Oligo-FISH based karyotype system with earlier karyotype nomenclatures through sequential C-banding and FISH methods, then subsequently determined the precise breakage points of some chromosome translocations in A. sativa. CONCLUSIONS: This new universal chromosome identification system will be a powerful tool for describing the genetic diversity, chromosomal rearrangements and evolutionary relationships among Avena species by comparative cytogenetic and genomic approaches.

Physical mapping of chromosome 7J and a purple coleoptile gene from Thinopyrum intermedium in the common wheat background.

MAIN CONCLUSION: A physical map of Thinopyrum intermedium chromosome 7J was constructed using translocation mapping, and a new seedling purple coleoptile gene was mapped to the bin of FL 0.35-0.63 of 7JS. Thinopyrum intermedium (2n = 6x = 42, JJJsJsStSt), a wild relative of common wheat, harbors numerous beneficial genes for wheat improvement. Previous studies showed that wheat-Th. intermedium partial amphiploid TAF46 and its derived addition line L1 had a purple coleoptile, which was derived from Th. intermedium chromosome 7J. To identify and physically map the purple coleoptile gene, 12 wheat-Th. intermedium 7J translocation lines were analyzed by sequential multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (mc-FISH), PCR-based landmark unique gene (PLUG) and intron targeting (IT) markers. A physical map of the 7J chromosome was constructed, consisting of eight chromosomal bins with 89 markers. Seedling evaluation of the coleoptile colors of all tested materials indicated that the purple coleoptile gene was located to the bin with a fraction length (FL) of 0.35-0.63 on chromosome 7JS. Furthermore, based on the syntenic relationships between Th. intermedium and wheat chromosomes, we developed a new chromosome 7J-specific EST-PCR marker from the chromosomal region corresponding to the purple coleoptile gene through the Triticeae multi-omics database. The approach of designing chromosome-specific markers has facilitated fine mapping of the Thinopyrum-specific purple coleoptile gene, and these translocation lines will be valuable for studying the function of the purple coleoptile gene in anthocyanin biosynthesis.

Karyotyping Dasypyrum breviaristatum chromosomes with multiple oligonucleotide probes reveals the genomic divergence in Dasypyrum.

The perennial species Dasypyrum breviaristatum (genome Vb) contains many potentially valuable genes for the improvement of common wheat. Construction of a detailed karyotype of D. breviaristatum chromosomes will be useful for the detection of Dasypyrum chromatin in wheat background. We established the standard karyotype of 1Vb-7Vb chromosomes through nondenaturing fluorescence in situ hybridization (ND-FISH) technique using 28 oligonucleotide probes from the wheat - D. breviaristatum partial amphiploid TDH-2 (AABBVbVb) and newly identified wheat - D. breviaristatum disomic translocation and addition lines D2138 (6VbS.2VbL), D2547 (4Vb), and D2532 (3VbS.6VbL) by comparative molecular marker analysis. The ND-FISH with multiple oligo probes was conducted on the durum wheat - D. villosum amphiploid TDV-1 and large karyotype differences between D. breviaristatum and D. villosum was revealed. These ND-FISH probes will be valuable for screening the wheat - Dasypyrum derivative lines for chromosome identification, and the newly developed wheat - D. breviaristatum addition lines may broaden the gene pool of wheat breeding. The differences between D. villosum and D. breviaristatum chromosomes revealed by ND-FISH will help us understand evolutionary divergence of repetitive sequences within the genus Dasypyrum.

Genetic Dissection of Adult Plant Resistance to Sharp Eyespot Using an Updated Genetic Map of Niavt14 × Xuzhou25 Winter Wheat Recombinant Inbred Line Population.

Wheat sharp eyespot, a disease mainly caused by soilborne fungus Rhizoctonia cerealis, is a threat to world wheat production. Wheat's genetic resistance to sharp eyespot is a potential approach to reducing the application of fungicides and farming practice inputs. To identify the genetic basis of sharp eyespot resistance in Niavt14, a recombinant inbred line population comprising 215 F8 lines from Niavt14 × Xuzhou25, was developed. An earlier linkage map (148 simple sequence repeat markers) was updated with 5,792 polymorphic Affymetrix Axiom 55K single-nucleotide polymorphisms to a new map of 5,684.2 centimorgans with 1,406 nonredundant markers. The new linkage map covered all 21 chromosomes of common wheat and showed a good collinearity with the IWGSC RefSeq v1.0 genome. We conducted quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping for sharp eyespot resistance using the adult plant response data from the field of five consecutive growing seasons and one greenhouse test. Two stable QTL on chromosomes 2B and 7D that were identified in the previous study were confirmed, and three novel, stable QTL, explaining 4.0 to 17.5% phenotypic variation, were mapped on 1D, 6D, and 7A, which were independent of QTL for phenology and plant height. The QTL on 1D, 2B, 6D, and 7A showed low frequencies in 384 landraces (0 to 10%) and 269 elite cultivars (5 to 23%) from the southern winter wheat region and the Yellow and Huai River Valley facultative wheat region in China, respectively. These identified QTL could be used in wheat breeding programs for improving sharp eyespot resistance through marker-assisted selection.

Molecular cytogenetic characterization of a novel wheat-Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng T3DS-5NsL•5NsS and T5DL-3DS•3DL dual translocation line with powdery mildew resistance.

BACKGROUND: Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng (2n = 2x = 14, NsNs) carries many outstanding agronomic traits, therefore is a valuable resource for wheat genetic improvement. Wheat-P. huashanica translocation lines are important intermediate materials for wheat breeding and studying the functions of alien chromosomes. However, powdery mildew resistance in these translocation lines has not been reported previously. RESULTS: This study developed a novel wheat-P. huashanica translocation line TR77 by selecting a F7 progeny from the cross between heptaploid hybrid H8911 (2n = 7x = 49, AABBDDNs) and durum wheat line Trs-372. Chromosome karyotype of 2n = 42 = 21II was observed in both mitotic and meiotic stages of TR77. Genomic in situ hybridization analysis identified two translocated chromosomes that paired normally at meiosis stage in TR77. Molecular marker analysis showed that part of chromosome 5D was replaced by part of alien chromosome fragment 5Ns. It meant replacement made part 5DL and part 5NsL·5NsS existed in wheat background, and then translocation happened between these chromosomes and wheat 3D chromosome. Fluorescence in situ hybridization demonstrated that TR77 carries dual translocations: T3DS-5NsL·5NsS and T5DL-3DS·3DL. Analysis using a 15 K-wheat-SNP chip confirmed that SNP genotypes on the 5D chromosome of TR77 matched well with these of P. huashanica, but poorly with common wheat line 7182. The translocation was physically located between 202.3 and 213.1 Mb in 5D. TR77 showed longer spikes, more kernels per spike, and much better powdery mildew resistance than its wheat parents: common wheat line 7182 and durum wheat line Trs-372. CONCLUSIONS: TR77 is a novel stable wheat-P. huashanica T3DS-5NsL·5NsS and T5DL-3DS·3DL dual translocation line and showed significant improved spike traits and resistance to powdery mildew compared to its parents, thus, it can be an useful germplasm for breeding disease resistance and studying the genetic mechanism of dual translocations.

Molecular dissection of Secale africanum chromosome 6Rafr in wheat enabled localization of genes for resistance to powdery mildew and stripe rust.

BACKGROUND: Introgression of chromatin from Secale species into common wheat has for decades been a successful strategy for controlling the wheat diseases. The wild Secale species, Secale africanum Stapf., is a valuable source for resistance to foliar disease of wheat. A wheat-S. africanum chromosome 6Rafr substitution line displayed resistance to both powdery mildew and stripe rust at the adult-plant stage. RESULTS: Wheat-S. africanum chromosome 6Rafr deletion and translocation lines were produced and identified by sequential non-denaturing fluorescence in situ hybridization (ND-FISH) using multiple Oligo-based probes. Different ND-FISH patterns were observed between S. cereale 6R and S. africanum 6Rafr. With reference to the physical map of the draft genome sequence of rye inbred line Lo7, a comprehensive PCR marker analysis indicated that insertions and deletions had occurred by random exchange between chromosomes 6R and 6Rafr. A survey of the wheat- S. africanum 6Rafr lines for disease resistance indicated that a powdery mildew resistance gene(s) was present on the long arm of 6Rafr at FL0.85-1.00, and that a stripe rust resistance gene(s) was located in the terminal region of 6RafrS at FL0.95-1.00. The wheat-S. africanum 6Rafr introgression lines also displayed superior agronomic traits, indicating that the chromosome 6Rafr may have little linkage drag in the wheat background. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of molecular and cytogenetic methods allowed to precisely identify the chromosome rearrangements in wheat- S. africanum 6Rafr substitution, deletion and translocation lines, and compare the structural difference between chromosomes 6R and 6Rafr. The wheat- S. africanum 6Rafr lines containing gene(s) for powdery mildew and stripe rust resistance could be used as novel germplasm for wheat breeding by chromosome engineering.