Genome Analysis and Pathobiology of Cassava-Infecting Torradoviruses Containing a Putative Maf/HAM1 Pyrophosphatase Domain.

Next generation sequencing has been used to identify and characterize the full genome sequence of a cassava-infecting torradovirus, revealing the presence of a Maf/HAM1 domain downstream of the RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp) domain in RNA1 in all isolates sequenced. A similar domain is also found in unrelated potyvirids infecting Euphorbiaceae hosts in the Americas and cassava in Africa. Even though cassava torrado-like virus (CsTLV) could not be mechanically transmitted to a series of herbaceous hosts, it can be efficiently transmitted by bud graft-inoculation to different cassava landraces. Our bioassays show that CsTLV has a narrow host range. Crystal-like structures of isometric virus-like particles were observed in cells of plants with single infection by CsTLV, and consistently induced chlorotic leaf spots and affected root yields significantly. Moreover, CsTLV infection induces changes in the accumulation of total sugars in storage roots. Field surveys indicated the presence of CsTLV in the main cassava growing regions of Colombia, and the occurrence of two different cassava-infecting torradovirus species. Profiles of small RNAs of 21 to 24 nucleotides in length, derived from CsTLV RNAs targeted by cassava RNA silencing defense mechanisms, are also reported.

Assessing the Reliability and Validity of Agility Testing in Team Sports: A Systematic Review.

ABSTRACT: Yepes, MM, Feliu, GM, Bishop, C, and Gonzalo-Skok, O. Assessing the reliability and validity of agility testing in team sports: A systematic review. J Strength Cond Res 36(7): 2035-2049, 2022-The aims of this systematic review were to (a) examine the reliability of the reactive agility tests and (b) analyze the discriminatory validity of the agility tests. A literature search was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). We explored PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Cochrane Plus databases looking for articles about agility in team sports. After filtering for article relevance, only 42 studies met the inclusion criteria; 37 of which assessed the reliability of agility tests and 22 assessing their validity. Reliability showed a high intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) in almost all studies (range 0.79-0.99) with the exception of 2 studies. In addition, other studies also assessed the reliability of decision time (ICC = 0.95), movement time (ICC = 0.92), and decision accuracy (ICC = 0.74-0.93), all of which exhibited acceptable reliability. Furthermore, these data show high discriminatory validity, with higher performance level players being faster than lower performance level players (mean = 6.4%, range = 2.1-25.3%), with a faster decision time (mean = 23.2%, range = 10.2-48.0%) with the exception of 1 study, and better decision accuracy (mean = 9.3%, range = 2.5-21.0%). Thus, it can be concluded that reactive agility tests show good reliability and discriminatory validity. However, most agility tests occur in simple contexts whereby only 2 possible responses are possible. Therefore, future research should consider creating more specific and complex environments that challenge the cognitive process of high-level athletes.

Perception of Breast Density Information Among Women in Miami, FL: a Qualitative Study.

The US Food and Drug Administration has proposed requiring that all women undergoing mammography receive written information about their breast density. Past research suggests many women may misperceive the meaning of breast density. Additionally, women with dense breasts may not understand the risks and benefits of pursuing additional imaging studies. The goal of this study was to explore women's beliefs about breast density and their preferences for how this information is conveyed. Women with increased breast density detected on mammography at a university-based breast imaging center in South Florida were recruited for a series of focus groups. Twenty-five women participated, ranging in age from 42 to 65 years. Nine women (36%) self-identified as Hispanic/Latina, eight (32%) as Black, four (16%) as White, three (12%) as Asian, and one as "other." Four focus groups were conducted in English and one in Spanish by professional moderators using a semi-structured format. A constant comparative method was used to identify common themes using a general inductive approach. Areas explored included understanding of the term breast density; personal reaction to being informed of dense breasts; questions about breast density; understanding of supplemental screening; and preferences for how to convey breast density information. Subthemes identified included a misperception that breast density is palpable; a feeling of fear on learning of increased breast density results; a concern about what causes increased breast density and whether it can be reversed; a desire to proceed with supplemental ultrasound imaging; and a preference for simple messages explaining the concept of breast density in multiple formats including video. Participants voiced the incorrect belief that caffeine intake could increase breast density and stated that they wanted to know specific details about their personal results. There is a need for better tools to communicate breast density in a way that allays anxiety while enabling women to make fully informed decisions about their breast health. Clinicians and cancer educators should be aware of misperceptions women may have about breast density. Policymakers should keep in mind potential public confusion about this complex topic when crafting density notification rules.

Validity of a Magnet-Based Timing System Using the Magnetometer Built into an IMU.

Inertial measurement units (IMUs) represent a technology that is booming in sports right now. The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity of a new application on the use of these wearable sensors, specifically to evaluate a magnet-based timing system (M-BTS) for timing short-duration sports actions using the magnetometer built into an IMU in different sporting contexts. Forty-eight athletes (22.7 ± 3.3 years, 72.2 ± 10.3 kg, 176.9 ± 8.5 cm) and eight skiers (17.4 ± 0.8 years, 176.4 ± 4.9 cm, 67.7 ± 2.0 kg) performed a 60-m linear sprint running test and a ski slalom, respectively. The M-BTS consisted of placing several magnets along the course in both contexts. The magnetometer built into the IMU detected the peak-shaped magnetic field when passing near the magnets at a certain speed. The time between peaks was calculated. The system was validated with photocells. The 95% error intervals for the total times were less than 0.077 s for the running test and 0.050 s for the ski slalom. With the M-BTS, future studies could select and cut the signals belonging to the other sensors that are integrated in the IMU, such as the accelerometer and the gyroscope.

Global Cropland Connectivity: A Risk Factor for Invasion and Saturation by Emerging Pathogens and Pests.

The geographic pattern of cropland is an important risk factor for invasion and saturation by crop-specific pathogens and arthropods. Understanding cropland networks supports smart pest sampling and mitigation strategies. We evaluate global networks of cropland connectivity for key vegetatively propagated crops (banana and plantain, cassava, potato, sweet potato, and yam) important for food security in the tropics. For each crop, potential movement between geographic location pairs was evaluated using a gravity model, with associated uncertainty quantification. The highly linked hub and bridge locations in cropland connectivity risk maps are likely priorities for surveillance and management, and for tracing intraregion movement of pathogens and pests. Important locations are identified beyond those locations that simply have high crop density. Cropland connectivity risk maps provide a new risk component for integration with other factors-such as climatic suitability, genetic resistance, and global trade routes-to inform pest risk assessment and mitigation.

Time Spent by Breast Imaging Radiologists to Perform Value-Added Activities at an Academic Cancer Center.

BACKGROUND: Health care reform in the United States has generated a paradigm shift in the practice of radiology aimed at increasing the degree of patient-centered care. We conducted a study to quantify the amount of time breast imaging radiologists spend on value-added activities at an academic comprehensive cancer center located in Miami, Florida, and accredited by the American College of Radiology as a Breast Imaging Center of Excellence. METHODS: A prospective, observational study was conducted during a period of 20 consecutive workdays. Three participating breast imaging radiologists maintained a real-time log of each activity performed. A generalized linear model was used to perform a 1-way analysis of variance. An alpha level of .05 was used to determine statistical significance. RESULTS: The average daily time dedicated to these activities was 92.1 minutes (range, 56.4-132.2). The amount of time significantly differed among breast imaging radiologists and correlated with their assigned daily role (P < .001 for both) but was independent of their years of experience. The daily role that required the most time was the interpretation of diagnostic imaging studies, which is when most interactions with patients, their relatives, and referring physicians occurred. The specific activity that required the most time was preparing for and participating in tumor boards. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the breast imaging radiologists who participated in this study dedicated a significant amount of their time to value-added activities to help improve patients' experience across the continuity of their care. We propose that similar studies be conducted at other institutions to better assess the magnitude of this finding across different breast imaging care settings.

Complete genome sequence of bean leaf crumple virus, a novel begomovirus infecting common bean in Colombia.

A copy of the complete genome of a novel bipartite begomovirus infecting common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Colombia was obtained by rolling-circle amplification (RCA), cloned, and sequenced. The virus is associated with leaf crumple symptoms and significant yield losses in Andean and Mesoamerican beans. Such symptoms have been reported increasingly in Colombia since at least 2002, and we detected the virus in leaf material collected since 2008. Sequence analysis showed that the virus is a member of a distinct species, sharing 81% and 76% nucleotide (nt) sequence identity (in DNA-A and DNA-B, respectively) to other begomoviruses infecting common bean in the Americas. The data obtained support the taxonomic status of this virus (putatively named 'bean leaf crumple virus', BLCrV) as a member of a novel species in the genus Begomovirus.

Role of the 52 KDa thioredoxin protein disulfide isomerase of Toxoplasma gondii during infection to human cells.

Toxoplasma protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is a 52 KDa thioredoxin of interest because have a great immunogenicity for humans. We cloned and produced a recombinant protein (recTgPDI) used to test its effect during infection to different human cell lines (epithelial and retinal). We also determine if there were differences in gen expression during in vitro infection. Expression of the gen was lower after entry into the host cells. PDI's inhibitors bacitracin and nitroblue tetrazolium reduced the percent of infected cells and small amounts of recTgPDI proteins interfered with the invasion step. All these results support a role of Toxoplasma PDI during the first steps of infection (adhesion and invasion). Toxoplasma PDI is a protein linked to early steps of invasion, it would be of importance to identify the host proteins substrates during invasion steps.

Can mammographic and sonographic imaging features predict the Oncotype DX™ recurrence score in T1 and T2, hormone receptor positive, HER2 negative and axillary lymph node negative breast cancers?

To determine whether mammographic or sonographic features can predict the Oncotype DX™ recurrence scores (RS) in patients with TI-II, hormone receptor (HR) positive, HER2/neu negative and node negative breast cancers. Institutional board review was obtained and informed consent was waived for this retrospective study. Seventy-eight patients with stage I-II invasive breast cancer that was HR positive, HER2 negative, and lymph node negative for whom mammographic and or sonographic imaging and Oncotype DX™ assay scores were available were included in the study Four breast dedicated radiologists blinded to the RS retrospectively described the lesions according to BI-RADS lexicon descriptors. Multivariable logistic regression was used to test for significant independent predictors of low (<18) versus intermediate to high range (≥18). Two imaging features reached statistical significance in predicting low from intermediate or high risk RS: pleomorphic microcalcifications within a mass (P = 0.017); OR 8.37, 95 % CI (1.47-47.79) on mammography and posterior acoustic enhancement in a mass on ultrasound (P = 0.048); OR 4.35, 95 % CI (1.01-18.73) on multivariable logistic regression. A mass with pleomorphic microcalcifications on mammography or the presence of posterior acoustic enhancement on ultrasound may predict an intermediate to high RS as determined by the Oncotype DX(TM) assay in patients with stage I-II HR positive, HER2 negative, and lymph node negative invasive breast cancer.

Diagnostic performance of CT attenuation values of focal 18F-FDG avid breast lesions detected on whole-body PET-CT in postoperative breast cancer patients.

To assess whether CT attenuation values help in differentiating benign from malignant etiology of focal (18) F-FDG avid breast lesions detected on whole-body PET/CT exam in postoperative breast cancer patients. Institutional review board approval and waived informed consent were obtained for this HIPAA-compliant retrospective study. Between January 2009 and July 2011, a total of 85 patients had 97 focal (18) F-FDG avid breast lesions on whole-body PET/CT. Of these, 54 (56%) lesions were biopsy-proven primary invasive breast carcinoma that had not undergone treatment at the time of PET/CT, 35 (36%) were benign lesions, and 8 were locally recurrent breast carcinoma. Mean attenuation values were retrospectively measured in Hounsfield units (HU) for the correlative lesion on the CT portion of the exam. Receiver-operating characteristic curves (ROC) were calculated to determine the optimal cutoff values of HU that would best discriminate between benign and malignant lesions. Interobserver agreement for measured mean attenuation values was assessed by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Mean HU for the benign lesions group and the local recurrence lesions group was -11.0 ± 30.3 versus 32.9 ± 6.87 (p < 0.0002). ROC curve analysis comparing benign breast lesions to local recurrence lesions found an optimal cutoff value of 17 HU (area under curve = 0.982, p < 0.0001, Sensitivity = 100%, Specificity = 89%). ICC with regard to interobserver agreement in measuring the mean HU of the benign lesions was 0.84 (95% confidence interval 0.64-0.93) and for the malignant lesions was 0.88 (95% confidence interval 0.77-0.94). A CT attenuation threshold value of less than 17 HU suggests benign etiology of focal (18) FDG avid breast lesions in postoperative breast cancer patients. If confirmed by additional studies, these findings may provide additional information to guide the treating physician regarding decisions for supplementary imaging or the need to biopsy.

Appropriate Use of Medical Interpreters in the Breast Imaging Clinic.

More than 25 million Americans have limited English-language proficiency (LEP) according to the U.S. Census Bureau. This population experiences challenges accessing health care and is least likely to receive preventive health care, including screening mammogram. In a setting where the breast radiologist does not speak the language of their patient, using certified medical interpreter services is fundamental. Medical interpreter use is associated with improved clinical care and patient satisfaction and can potentially increase adherence to screening mammograms and follow-up in patients with LEP. Title VI of the Civil Rights Act requires interpreter services for patients with LEP who are receiving federal financial assistance. Failure to provide interpretative services when necessary is considered discriminatory and illegal. The use of untrained medical interpreters, including ad hoc interpreters (eg, family, friends, or untrained staff), is associated with more medical errors, violation of confidentiality, and poor health outcomes. Types of medical interpretation services available to address language barriers include in-person interpretation, telephone and video remote interpretation, and qualified bilingual staff. Proper training and certification of medical interpreters is essential to prevent misinterpretations and ensure patient safety. When using an interpreter service, speak to and maintain eye contact with the patient, address the patient directly and seat the interpreter next to or slightly behind the patient, use visual aids whenever possible, and have the patient repeat the information to verify comprehension. Breast radiologists can address disparities in breast cancer screening and treatment by promoting effective communication.

Sampling strategies for genotyping common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Genebank accessions with DArTseq: a comparison of single plants, multiple plants, and DNA pools.

Introduction: Genotyping large-scale gene bank collections requires an appropriate sampling strategy to represent the diversity within and between accessions. Methods: A panel of 44 common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) landraces from the Alliance Bioversity and The Alliance of Bioversity International and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) gene bank was genotyped with DArTseq using three sampling strategies: a single plant per accession, 25 individual plants per accession jointly analyzed after genotyping (in silico-pool), and by pooling tissue from 25 individual plants per accession (seq-pool). Sampling strategies were compared to assess the technical aspects of the samples, the marker information content, and the genetic composition of the panel. Results: The seq-pool strategy resulted in more consistent DNA libraries for quality and call rate, although with fewer polymorphic markers (6,142 single-nucleotide polymorphisms) than the in silico-pool (14,074) or the single plant sets (6,555). Estimates of allele frequencies by seq-pool and in silico-pool genotyping were consistent, but the results suggest that the difference between pools depends on population heterogeneity. Principal coordinate analysis, hierarchical clustering, and the estimation of admixture coefficients derived from a single plant, in silico-pool, and seq-pool successfully identified the well-known structure of Andean and Mesoamerican gene pools of P. vulgaris across all datasets. Conclusion: In conclusion, seq-pool proved to be a viable approach for characterizing common bean germplasm compared to genotyping individual plants separately by balancing genotyping effort and costs. This study provides insights and serves as a valuable guide for gene bank researchers embarking on genotyping initiatives to characterize their collections. It aids curators in effectively managing the collections and facilitates marker-trait association studies, enabling the identification of candidate markers for key traits.

Genome-wide association study of cassava brown streak disease resistance in cassava germplasm conserved in South America.

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a vital carbohydrate source for over 800 million people globally, yet its production in East Africa is severely affected by cassava brown streak disease (CBSD). Genebanks, through ex-situ conservation, play a pivotal role in preserving crop diversity, providing crucial resources for breeding resilient and disease-resistant crops. This study genotyped 234 South American cassava accessions conserved at the CIAT genebank, previously phenotyped for CBSD resistance by an independent group, to perform a genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) to identify genetic variants associated with CBSD resistance. Our GWAS identified 35 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers distributed across various chromosomes, associated with disease severity or the presence/absence of viral infection. Markers were annotated within or near genes previously identified with functions related to pathogen recognition and immune response activation. Using the SNP candidates, we screened the world's largest cassava collection for accessions with a higher frequency of favorable genotypes, proposing 35 accessions with potential resistance to CBSD. Our results provide insights into the genetics of CBSD resistance and highlight the importance of genetic resources to equip breeders with the raw materials needed to develop new crop varieties resistant to pests and diseases.

Effects of adding dual-task or sport-specific task constrains to jump-landing tests on biomechanical parameters related to injury risk factors in team sports: a systematic review.

Background: Jumping and landing tests are frequently used as a tool to assess muscle function. However, they are performed in a controlled and predictable environment. The physical tests commonly used as part of the criteria for return to sport after injury are often performed with little or no cognitive load and low coordinative demand compared to game-specific actions. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the influence of performing a dual task (DT) or sport-specific task constrains during jump-landing tests on biomechanical variables related to lower limb injury risk in team sports. Methods: This systematic review followed the specific methodological guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The search was conducted in the databases Medline (PubMed), Web of Science, Cochrane Plus, and SportDiscus for studies published from 2013 until June 30, 2023. To be eligible, studies had to include: (1) kinematic and/or kinetic assessment of injury risk factors in the lower extremity; (2) a comparison between a simple jump or landing test and a DT jump or landing test which included cognitive information. The risk of bias in the selected articles was analyzed using the recommendations of the Cochrane Collaboration. Results: Of the 656 records identified, 13 met the established criteria. Additionally, two more articles were manually included after screening references from the included articles and previous related systematic reviews. Regarding the Risk of bias assessment, 12 studies did not surpass a score of 3 points (out of a total of 7). Only three studies exceeded a score of 3 points, with one article achieving a total score of 6. From the included studies, comparative conditions included actions influenced by the inclusion of a sports ball (n = 6), performing tasks in virtual environments or with virtual feedback (n = 2), participation in cognitive tasks (n = 6), and tasks involving dual processes (n = 7). The execution of decision-making (DM) during the jump-landing action resulted in biomechanical changes such as lower peak angles of hip flexion and knee flexion, along with increased vertical ground reaction force, knee abduction, and tibial internal rotation. Regarding limitations, discrepancies arise in defining what constitutes DT. As a result, it is possible that not all studies included in this review fit all conceptual definitions of DT. The inclusion of DT or constraints in jump-landing tests significantly alters biomechanical variables related to lower extremity injury risk in team sports. In future research, it would be beneficial to incorporate tasks into jumping tests that simulate the specific cognitive demands of team sports. This systematic review was registered in PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42023462102) and this research received no external funding.

Paget's disease of the nipple.

Paget's disease of the breast is a disorder of the nipple-areola complex that, while rare, is often associated with an underlying carcinoma. It is characterized by eczematoid changes of the nipple. Two theories have been proposed to explain the pathogenesis of Paget's disease. The Epidermotropic, which is the most accepted theory, suggests that Paget's cells originate from ductal cancer cells that had migrated from the underlying breast parenchyma. It is supported by the predominance of breast cancer markers found in Paget's disease. This article provides an overview of Paget's disease of the breast with special attention to immunohistochemistry and raises the question of new therapeutic approaches.

Culturally Competent Care in the Breast Imaging Clinic: Hispanic/Latino Patients.

Hispanic/Latino people represent 19% of the U.S. population, and this proportion is expected to increase to 26% by 2050. Hispanic/Latino people comprise a diverse ethnic group that includes individuals from all races, religions, languages, cultural identities, and nationalities. Barriers to health care that have created significant disparities in this community include language, low socioeconomic status, and inability to afford health insurance. Health coverage for Hispanic/Latino people has been a longstanding problem in the U.S., stopping many of these patients from seeking preventive care such as screening mammography. Breast cancer is the most common cancer among Hispanic/Latino women in the U.S. and the leading cause of cancer death in this group. Five-year breast cancer survival in Hispanic/Latino women is slightly lower than that in non-Hispanic White women. Some of the factors that account for the ethnic disparities in breast cancer include lower levels of adherence to screening mammography of Hispanic/Latino women as a consequence of inadequate insurance coverage, language barriers, lack of transportation, being unable to leave work, and lack of childcare. By promoting a culturally sensitive clinical environment, breast radiologists can increase patient engagement, utilization of preventive services, treatment adherence rates, and overall health status.

Are change of direction speed and agility different abilities from time and coordinative perspectives?

This study aimed to test whether agility and change of direction speed (COD) are independent capacities using the same movement pattern (1) in terms of the completion time and (2) the entropy. Seventeen semi-professional female football players participated in the study. The agility task consisted of a Y-shaped (45° COD) task with three possible exit options (center, right and left) performed pre-planned or in reaction to the movement of two testers (i.e., blocking exit gates). Players' acceleration was measured using an inertial measurement unit. Entropy was calculated from the acceleration signal and completion time was extracted using a magnet-based timing system. Significantly greater times and lower entropy (p<0.001) were found during agility runs to pre-planned COD runs. Furthermore, weak to moderate correlations were found between COD and agility for both completion time (r = 0.29, p<0.001) and entropy (r = 0.53, p<0.001, r2 = 28.1%). These results highlight that COD speed and agility are independent capacities and skills, and as such, should be tested and trained as distinct, separate qualities. Modifying task constraints including a reactive stimulus (i.e., cognitive factors), is essential for increasing task complexity by altering the biomechanical and coordinative aspects of the action.

Adding mechanical vibration to a half squat with different ballasts and rhythms increases movement variability.

The aim of this study was to determine whether whole body vibration increases movement variability while performing a half squat with different ballasts and rhythms through entropy. A total of 12 male athletes (age: 21.24 ± 2.35 years, height: 176.83 ± 5.80 cm, body mass: 70.63 ± 8.58 kg) performed a half squat with weighted vest, dumbbells and bar with weights suspended with elastic bands, with and without vibration at the squat rhythm of 40 and 60 bpm. Each ballast corresponded to 15% of the body mass. The movement variability was analysed by calculating the sample entropy of the acceleration signal, recorded at the waist using an accelerometer. With vibration, differences were found between weighted vest and dumbbells (t(121) = -8.81, p < 0.001 at 40 bpm; t(121) = -8.18, p < 0.001 at 60 bpm) and between weighted vest and bar at both rhythms (t(121) = -8.96, p < 0.001 at 40 bpm; t(121) = -8.83, p < 0.001 at 60 bpm). Furthermore, a higher sample entropy was obtained at 40 bpm with all ballasts (t(121) = 5.65, p < 0.001 with weighted vest; t(121) = 6.27, p < 0.001 with dumbbells; t(121) = 5.78, p < 0.001 with bar). No differences were found without vibration. These findings reveal that adding mechanical vibration to a half squat produces a non-proportional increase in movement variability, being larger when the ballast is placed on the upper limbs and when performed at a slow rhythm.

Identifying genetically redundant accessions in the world's largest cassava collection.

Crop diversity conserved in genebanks facilitates the development of superior varieties, improving yields, nutrition, adaptation to climate change and resilience against pests and diseases. Cassava (Manihot esculenta) plays a vital role in providing carbohydrates to approximately 500 million people in Africa and other continents. The International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) conserves the largest global cassava collection, housing 5,963 accessions of cultivated cassava and wild relatives within its genebank. Efficient genebank management requires identifying and eliminating genetic redundancy within collections. In this study, we optimized the identification of genetic redundancy in CIAT's cassava genebank, applying empirical distance thresholds, and using two types of molecular markers (single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and SilicoDArT) on 5,302 Manihot esculenta accessions. A series of quality filters were applied to select the most informative and high-quality markers and to exclude low-quality DNA samples. The analysis identified a total of 2,518 and 2,526 (47 percent) distinct genotypes represented by 1 to 87 accessions each, using SNP or SilicoDArT markers, respectively. A total of 2,776 (SNP) and 2,785 (SilicoDArT) accessions were part of accession clusters with up to 87 accessions. Comparing passport and historical characterization data, such as pulp color and leaf characteristic, we reviewed clusters of genetically redundant accessions. This study provides valuable guidance to genebank curators in defining minimum genetic-distance thresholds to assess redundancy within collections. It aids in identifying a subset of genetically distinct accessions, prioritizing collection management activities such as cryopreservation and provides insights for follow-up studies in the field, potentially leading to removal of duplicate accessions.