RESUMO
The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the leading cause of viral encephalitis. Although there are four classes of vaccines against JEV, all of them are administered by s.c or i.m injection. Here, the effectiveness of sublingual (s.l.) administration of a JEV live-attenuated vaccine or recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vaccine, including JEV prM/E, was investigated. The mice were immunized three times i.m. or s.c. One week after the final immunization by both s.l. and i.m. routes, the titers of IgG1 induced by the recombinant MVA vaccine were higher than those induced by the live-attenuated vaccine, whereas the titers of IgG2a induced by the live-attenuated vaccine were higher than those induced by the recombinant MVA vaccine. However, both vaccines induced neutralizing antibodies when given by either s.l. or i.m. routes, indicating that both vaccines induce appropriate Th1 and Th2 cell responses through the s.l. and i.m. routes. Moreover, both vaccines protected against induction of proinflammatory cytokines and focal spleen white pulp hyperplasia after viral challenge. Virus-specific IFN-γ+ CD4+ and CD8+ T cells appeared to increase in mice immunized via both s.l. and i.m. routes. Interestingly, virus-specific IL-17+ CD4+ T cells increased significantly only in the mice immunized via the s.l. route; however, the increased IL-17 did not affect pathogenicity after viral challenge. These results suggest that s.l. immunization may be as useful as i.m. injection for induction of protective immune responses against JEV by both live-attenuated and recombinant MVA vaccines.
Assuntos
Imunidade Celular , Imunidade Humoral , Vacinas contra Encefalite Japonesa/administração & dosagem , Vacinas contra Encefalite Japonesa/imunologia , Administração Sublingual , Animais , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/sangue , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Feminino , Esquemas de Imunização , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Vacinas Atenuadas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Atenuadas/imunologia , Vacinas Sintéticas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Sintéticas/imunologiaRESUMO
The level of antibody production induced by a vaccine involves a variety of host factors. One of these, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), plays an important role in lymphocyte maturation and antibody expression. Here, we investigated the role of macrophage-derived IGF-1 in the induction of influenza vaccine-specific antibodies using macrophage-derived IGF-1 gene knockout (MIKO) mice. The titers of vaccine-specific total immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgG1 after immunization were about two- to fourfold lower in MIKO mice than in WT mice. Moreover, MIKO mice showed a relatively weak booster effect of repeated immunization. In contrast, antigen-nonspecific total IgG was about threefold higher in MIKO mice than in WT mice. After viral challenge, the viral titer and the pathological damage in lungs of MIKO mice were higher than those in WT mice despite vaccination. Interestingly, the proportions of proinflammatory immune cells including M1 macrophages, Th1 and Th17 cells was higher in unvaccinated MIKO mice than in unvaccinated WT mice. This suggests that nonspecific activation of immune cells may paradoxically impair the response to the vaccine. In addition, although the proportions of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and GL-7+ germinal center (GC) B cells were higher in MIKO mice than in WT mice, the population of CD138+B220+ antibody-secreting plasmablasts was lower in MIKO mice, which may be a cause of the low influenza-specific antibody titer in MIKO mice. Taken together, these results suggest that macrophage-derived IGF-1 might play an important role in the vaccine-triggered immune response by regulating immune cell homeostasis.
Assuntos
Homeostase , Vacinas contra Influenza/imunologia , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like I/genética , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like I/metabolismo , Macrófagos/imunologia , Potência de Vacina , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Linfócitos B/imunologia , Feminino , Centro Germinativo/citologia , Centro Germinativo/imunologia , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like I/deficiência , Pulmão/imunologia , Pulmão/patologia , Pulmão/virologia , Macrófagos/fisiologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Knockout , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/prevenção & controle , Plasmócitos/imunologia , Células Th1/imunologia , Células Th17/imunologiaRESUMO
Apios americana Medik (hereinafter Apios) has been reported to treat diseases, including cancer, hypertension, obesity, and diabetes. The therapeutic effect of Apios is likely to be associated with its anti-inflammatory activity. This study was conducted to evaluate the protective effects of Apios in animal models of acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza A virus (H1N1). Mice were exposed to LPS or H1N1 for 2-4 days to induce acute lung injury. The treatment groups were administered Apios extracts via oral injection for 8 weeks before LPS treatment or H1N1 infection. To investigate the effects of Apios, we assessed the mice for in vivo effects of Apios on immune cell infiltration and the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and histopathological changes in the lung. After induction of acute lung injury, the numbers of neutrophils and total cells were lower in the Apios-treated groups than in the non-Apios-treated LPS and H1N1 groups. The Apios groups tended to have lower levels of tumor necrosis factor-a and interleukin-6 in BAL fluid. In addition, the histopathological changes in the lungs were markedly reduced in the Apios-treated groups. These data suggest that Apios treatment reduces LPS- and H1N1-induced lung inflammation. These protective effects of Apios suggest that it may have therapeutic potential in acute lung injury.