Polyphasic Investigation of Aliiroseovarius salicola sp. nov., Isolated from Seawater.

A novel Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, short-rod-shaped, and chemo-organoheterotrophic bacterium, designated KMU-50T, was isolated from seawater gathered from Dadaepo Harbor in South Korea. The microorganism grew at 0-4.0% NaCl concentrations (w/v), pH 6.0-8.0, and 4-37 °C. The 16S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogenetic tree demonstrated that the strain KMU-50T is a novel member of the family Roseobacteraceae and were greatly related to Aliiroseovarius crassostreae CV919-312T with sequence similarity of 98.3%. C18:1 ω7c was the main fatty acid and ubiquinone-10 was the only isoprenoid quinone. The dominant polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, two unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminolipid, and an unidentified lipid. The genome size of strain KMU-50T was 3.60 Mbp with a DNA G+C content of 56.0%. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and average amino acid identity (AAI) values between the genomes of strain KMU-50T and its closely related species were 76.0-81.2% and 62.2-81.5%, respectively. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) value of strain KMU-50T with the strain of A. crassostreae CV919-312T was 25.1%. The genome of the strain KMU-50T showed that it encoded many genes involved in the breakdown of bio-macromolecules, thus showing a high potential as a producer of industrially useful enzymes. Consequently, the strain is described as a new species in the genus Aliiroseovarius, for which the name Aliiroseovarius salicola sp. nov., is proposed with the type strain KMU-50T (= KCCM 90480T = NBRC 115482T).

Thetidibacter halocola gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member within the family Roseobacteraceae isolated from seawater.

A Gram-staining-negative, strictly aerobic, dark beige-colored, rod-shaped, chemoorganoheterotrophic, and catalase- and oxidase-positive bacterium, designated as KMU-90T, was isolated from coastal seawater in the Republic of Korea, and subjected to a polyphasic study. The novel isolate was able to grow at 0-6.0% NaCl concentrations (w/v), pH 6.5-9.5, and 4-45 °C. The 16S rRNA gene sequences-based phylogeny revealed that the novel marine isolate belongs to the family Roseobacteraceae of class Alphaproteobacteria and that it shared the greatest sequence similarity (97.3%) with Aestuariicoccus marinus NAP41T. The novel strain could be distinguished phenotypically from related representatives of the family Roseobacteraceae. The major (> 10%) fatty acids of strain KMU-90T were C18:1 ω7c and C18:1 ω7c 11-methyl and the only respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-10 (Q-10). Strain KMU-90T contained phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, two unidentified aminolipids, an unidentified phospholipid, and three unidentified glycolipids as polar lipids. The assembled draft genome size of strain KMU-90T was 4.84 Mbp with a DNA G + C content of 66.5%. The average nucleotide identity, digital DNA-DNA hybridization, and average amino acid identity values between the genomes of strain KMU-90T and its closely related representatives were 77.0-79.0%, 14.6-20.0%, and 60.0-69.9%, respectively. From the polyphasic taxonomic results obtained, the strain is considered to represent a novel genus and a new species of the family Roseobacteraceae, for which the name Thetidibacter halocola gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type species is T. halocola, with the type strain KMU-90T (= KCCM 90287T = NBRC 113375T).

Spongiibacter thalassae sp. nov., a marine gammaproteobacterium isolated from seawater.

A bacterium, designated as KMU-166T, belonging to the class Gammaproteobacteria, was isolated from seawater collected on the coastline of Dadaepo, Republic of Korea. Strain KMU-166T was Gram-staining-negative, ovoid-shaped, motile, strictly aerobic, beige-colored, catalase-positive, and oxidase-negative; and had a chemoorganoheterotrophic metabolism. The novel isolate was found to grow at 1-4% NaCl concentrations (w/v), pH 6.5-9.5, and 10-40 °C. The 16S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogeny showed that strain KMU-166T affiliates to the family Spongiibacteraceae and that it shared the greatest sequence similarity (96.4%) with Spongiibacter marinus HAL40bT. The main (> 10%) cellular fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16:1ω7c and/or C16:1ω6c), C17:1ω8c, and C18:1ω7c. The predominant respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-8 (Q-8). Strain KMU-166T comprised phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, and two unidentified lipids. The assembled draft genome was 4.40 Mbp in size with a DNA G+C content of 55.7%. The average nucleotide identity, digital DNA-DNA hybridization, and average amino acid identity values of KMU-166T and Spongiibacter marinus HAL40bT, Spongiibacter tropicus CL-CB221T, and "Spongiibacter pelagi" KMU-158T were found to be 77.7-79.8%, 13.7-15.4%, and 66.1-70.9%, respectively. From the distinguishable polyphasic taxonomic results obtained, the strain is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Spongiibacter for which the name Spongiibacter thalassae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of S. thalassae sp. nov. is KMU-166T (= KCCM 90449T = NBRC 114308T).

Erythrobacter rubeus sp. nov., a carotenoid-producing alphaproteobacterium isolated from coastal seawater.

A study based on a polyphasic taxonomic approach was carried out to identify and classify a novel marine alphaproteobacterium, designated as KMU-140T, isolated from coastal seawater collected at Jeju Island, Republic of Korea. Cells of strain KMU-140T were spherical, Gram-stain-negative, reddish-orange colored, strictly aerobic, catalase- and oxidase-positive, non-motile, and chemoorganoheterotrophic. The novel isolate was able to grow at NaCl concentrations of 0-5%, pH 6.0-9.5, and 10-45 °C. A phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain KMU-140T belongs to the family Erythrobacteraceae and was most closely related to Erythrobacter longus OCh101T (98.7%). Strain KMU-140T contained ubiquinone-10 (Q-10) as the only respiratory quinone and C18:1 ω7c, iso-C18:0, and C16:0 as the main (> 10%) cellular fatty acids. Strain KMU-140T produced carotenoid compounds that rendered the cell biomass a reddish-orange color. The assembled draft genome size of strain KMU-140T was 3.04 Mbp with G + C content of 60.6 mol%. The average nucleotide identity (ANI), digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH), and average amino acid identity (AAI) values of KMU-140T and the species of the genus Erythrobacter were found to be 76.6-78.4%, 14.0-18.7%, and 69.6-77.8%, respectively. Phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified phospholipid, and two unidentified lipids were identified as major polar lipids. On the basis of the polyphasic taxonomic features presented, the strain is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Erythrobacter for which the name Erythrobacter rubeus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of E. rubeus sp. nov. is KMU-140T (= KCCM 90479T = NBRC 115159T).

Spongiibacter pelagi sp. nov., a marine gammaproteobacterium isolated from coastal seawater.

A novel gammaproteobacterium, designated as KMU-158T, was isolated from seawater collected on the coastline of Dadaepo in the Republic of Korea, and characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Strain KMU-158T was Gram-staining-negative, pale beige-colored, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped, motile, and chemoorganoheterotrophic. The novel isolate was able to grow at 0-3% NaCl concentrations (w/v), pH 6.5-9.5, and 15-40 °C. The analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain KMU-158T belongs to the family Spongiibacteraceae and shared the highest similarity with Spongiibacter tropicus CL-CB221T (96.1%). The major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c) and C17:1 ω8c. The only respiratory quinone was identified as ubiquinone-8. The polar lipids of strain KMU-158T contained phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, and two unidentified lipids. The assembled draft genome size of strain KMU-158T was 3.29 Mbp with a DNA G + C content of 51.3%. The average nucleotide identity, digital DNA-DNA hybridization, and average amino acid identity values of KMU-158T and the representatives of the genus Spongiibacter were found to be 78.5-79.1%, 13.8-14.1%, and 66.6-66.8%, respectively. From the distinct phenotypic, phylogenetic, genomic, and chemotaxonomic properties, the strain KMU-158T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Spongiibacter, for which the name Spongiibacter pelagi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the species S. pelagi sp. nov. is KMU-158T (= KCCM 90448T = NBRC 114307T).

Identification and classification of Croceivirga thetidis sp. nov., a marine Flavobacteriaceae isolated from the hard coral Acropora.

A taxonomic investigation using a polyphasic method was conducted to identify a novel marine flavobacterium, designated as DJ-13T, isolated from the hard coral Acropora sp. collected at Okinawa, Japan. Bacterial cells were Gram-stain-negative, yellow-colored, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped, catalase- and oxidase-positive, non-motile, and chemoorganoheterotrophic. The novel isolate grew at NaCl concentrations of 0.5-7%, pH 6.5-9.0, and 15-37 °C. A phylogenetic study on the basis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain DJ-13T belongs to the family Flavobacteriaceae and that it shared the greatest sequence similarity (95.9%) with Croceivirga lutea CSW06T. Strain DJ-13T comprised iso-C17:0 3-OH, iso-C15:0, and iso-C15:1 G as the main (> 10%) cellular fatty acids. Menaquinone-6 (MK-6) was the only respiratory quinone. The assembled draft genome size of strain DJ-13T was 3.71 Mbp with G + C content of 38.7 mol%. The average nucleotide identity (ANI), digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH), and average amino acid identity (AAI) values of DJ-13T and the species of the genus Croceivirga were found to be 74.9-75.5%, 13.4-14.7%, and 68.2-72.4%, respectively. Strain DJ-13T contained phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids, and five unidentified lipids as polar lipids. From the polyphasic taxonomic results presented, the strain is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Croceivirga for which the name Croceivirga thetidis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of C. thetidis sp. nov. is DJ-13T (= KCTC 72790T = NBRC 114252T).

Self-Driving Car Location Estimation Based on a Particle-Aided Unscented Kalman Filter.

Localization is one of the key components in the operation of self-driving cars. Owing to the noisy global positioning system (GPS) signal and multipath routing in urban environments, a novel, practical approach is needed. In this study, a sensor fusion approach for self-driving cars was developed. To localize the vehicle position, we propose a particle-aided unscented Kalman filter (PAUKF) algorithm. The unscented Kalman filter updates the vehicle state, which includes the vehicle motion model and non-Gaussian noise affection. The particle filter provides additional updated position measurement information based on an onboard sensor and a high definition (HD) map. The simulations showed that our method achieves better precision and comparable stability in localization performance compared to previous approaches.

Seonamhaeicola acroporae sp. nov., a marine species of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from the hard coral Acropora formosa.

A novel marine flavobacterial species, designated 3KA7-17T, was isolated from the hard coral Acropora formosa D. collected in Japan. The strain was pale-orange pigmented, Gram-stain negative, strictly aerobic, coccus shaped, and non-motile. Preliminary analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed an affiliation with the family Flavobacteriaceae of the phylum Bacteroidetes, and it had the greatest sequence similarity (96.0%) to Seonamhaeicola algicola Gy8T. The DNA G + C content was 34.3 mol%. MK-6 was the major menaquinone, with iso-C15:1 H and/or C13:0 3-OH (24.3%), iso-C15:0 (19.5%), iso-C15:0 3-OH (14.2%), and iso-C17:0 3-OH (15.9%) as the main (> 10%) cellular fatty acids. The major polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids, and two unidentified lipids. Based on distinct phylogenetic and phenotypic evidence, the strain represents a novel species of the genus Seonamhaeicola, for which the name Seonamhaeicola acroporae sp. nov. is proposed and the type strain is 3KA7-17T (= KCTC 62713T = NBRC 113410T).

Correction to: Coraliitalea coralii gen. nov., sp. nov., a Marine Bacterium of the Family Flavobacteriaceae Isolated from the Hard Coral Galaxea fascicularis.

In the original version of this paper, the Chemotaxonomic Characteristics in the Results and Discussion section and legend of Table 2 given in the above paper are incorrect. These errors are corrected with this erratum.

Spongiibacterium fuscum sp. nov., a marine Flavobacteriaceae isolated from the hard coral Galaxea fascicularis.

A novel marine bacterium, designated 04OKA-3-218T, was isolated from the hard coral Galaxea fascicularis L. collected in Japan. The strain was dark-brown-pigmented, Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, curved-rod-shaped and non-motile. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed the affiliation of the isolate with members of the family Flavobacteriaceae of the phylum Bacteroidetes, with the highest sequence similarity (95.2%) to Spongiibacterium pacificum SW169T. The DNA G+C content was 42.9 mol%; MK-6 was the major menaquinone; with iso-C17:0 3-OH (28.8%), iso-C15:0 (26.8%) and iso-C15:1 H and/or C13:0 3-OH (21.2%) as the main (>  10%) cellular fatty acids. The major polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids, two unidentified phosphoaminolipids and three unidentified lipids. On the basis of distinct phylogenetic and phenotypic evidences, the strain represents a novel species of the genus Spongiibacterium, for which the name Spongiibacterium fuscum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of S. fuscum sp. nov. is 04OKA-3-218T (= KCTC 62504T = NBRC 113248T).

Citreibacter salsisoli gen. nov., sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from marine soil.

A Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, yellow-colored, rod-shaped, chemoheterotrophic bacterium, designated SNA426T, was isolated from marine soil in the Republic of Korea. Preliminary analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the novel marine isolate was affiliated with the family Flavobacteriaceae of phylum Bacteroidetes and that it shared the highest (96.2%) sequence similarity with Gillisia mitskevichiae KMM 6034T. The strain could be differentiated phenotypically from related members of the family Flavobacteriaceae. The major fatty acids of strain SNA426T were iso-C15:0, C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c and iso-C17:0 3-OH. The DNA G+C content of the strain was 39.6 mol% and the major respiratory quinone was menaquinone 6 (MK-6). Strain SNA426T had phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, three unidentified aminolipids and nine unidentified lipids as polar lipids. From the distinct phylogenetic position and combination of genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, the strain is considered to represent a novel genus in the family Flavobacteriaceae, for which the name Citreibacter gen. nov. is proposed. The type species is Citreibacter salsisoli sp. nov., with the type strain SNA426T (= KCCM 90269T = CGMCC 1.16129T).

Description of Lacinutrix salivirga sp. nov., a marine member of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from seawater.

A novel marine bacterium, designated KMU-57T, was isolated from seawater collected from the Republic of Korea, and it was characterized using polyphasic taxonomic methods. Strain KMU-57T was Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped, motile and dark-yellow-pigmented. Comparative analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed the affiliation of the isolate with members of the family Flavobacteriaceae of the phylum Bacteroidetes, and it had the greatest sequence similarity (97.6%) to Lacinutrix jangbogonensis PAMC 27137T. The DNA-DNA relatedness value between strain KMU-57T and L. jangbogonensis PAMC 27137T was 37.8 ± 2.2%. The DNA G + C content of strain KMU-57T was 29.9 mol%; MK-6 was the major menaquinone with; iso-C15:1 G (18.6%) and C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c (15.8%) as the major (> 10%) cellular fatty acids. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, three unidentified aminolipids, and five unidentified lipids. The strain represents a novel species of the genus Lacinutrix for which the name Lacinutrix salivirga sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of L. salivirga sp. nov. is KMU-57T (= KCTC 52878T = NBRC 112845T).

Terasakiella salincola sp. nov., a marine alphaproteobacterium isolated from seawater, and emended description of the genus Terasakiella.

A Gram-reaction-negative, S-shaped, motile, poly-ß-hydroxybutyrate-accumulating, facultatively anaerobic, beige-pigmented bacterium, designated strain KMU-80T, was isolated from seawater collected from the Republic of Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the novel isolate was affiliated with the family Methylocystaceae, of the class Alphaproteobacteria, and that it possessed the greatest sequence similarity (96.7 %) to Terasakiella pusilla NBRC 13613T. The DNA G+C content of KMU-80T was 48.3 mol%, and ubiquinone 10 was the sole respiratory quinone. The predominant cellular fatty acids consisted of C18 : 1ω7c (60.2 %), C16 : 0 (13.4 %) and C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c (11.1 %). Strain KMU-80T had phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified aminolipid, an unidentified phospholipid and four unidentified lipids as polar lipids. Based on its distinct phylogenetic position and the combination of genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, this strain is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Terasakiella, for which the name Terasakiella salincola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of T. salincola sp. nov. is KMU-80T (= KCCM 90274T = NBRC 112846T). An amended description of the genus Terasakiella is also provided.

Coraliitalea coralii gen. nov., sp. nov., a Marine Bacterium of the Family Flavobacteriaceae Isolated from the Hard Coral Galaxea fascicularis.

A polyphasic taxonomic study was performed on a novel strain designated as 04OKA-3-121T, which was isolated from the hard coral Galaxea fascicularis L. collected at Akajima, Okinawa, Japan. These bacterial cells were observed to be pale-yellow, Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, chemoheterotrophic, non-spore forming, non-motile, and rod-shaped. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the novel marine isolate is affiliated with the family Flavobacteriaceae of the phylum Bacteroidetes and that it shared the highest (93.6%) sequence similarity with Pseudozobellia thermophila KMM 3531T. The strain could be phenotypically differentiated from related members of the family Flavobacteriaceae. Major fatty acids of strain 04OKA-3-121T were iso-C15:0, iso-C15:1 G, and C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c. The DNA G + C content of the strain was determined to be 38.8 mol% and the major respiratory quinone was identified as menaquinone 6 (MK-6). Strain 04OKA-3-121T had phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids, and eight unidentified lipids as polar lipids. From the distinct phylogenetic position and combination of genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, the strain is considered to represent a novel genus in the family Flavobacteriaceae, for which the name Coraliitalea coralii gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of C. coralii gen. nov., sp. nov. is 04OKA-3-121T (= KCTC 52378T = NBRC 112329T).

Erythrobacter alti sp. nov., a marine alphaproteobacterium isolated from seawater.

A polyphasic taxonomic study was performed on strain KMU-34T, which was isolated from seawater in the Republic of Korea. The bacterial cells were Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, chemoheterotrophic, yellow-pigmented and rod-shaped. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that the novel marine strain was affiliated with the family Erythrobacteraceae of the class Alphaproteobacteria and that it showed highest sequence similarity (98.6%) to Erythrobacter atlanticus s21-N3T. The DNA-DNA relatedness values between strains KMU-34T and E. atlanticus KCTC 42697T were 8.6 ± 1.2%. The DNA G + C content of strain KMU-34T was determined to be 60.4 mol%. Ubiquinone 10 (Q-10) was the sole respiratory quinone. The predominant cellular fatty acids were C18:1 ω7c (43.8%) and C16:1 ω7c (16.8%). Strain KMU-34T had phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, a sphingoglycolipid, an unidentified phospholipid and two unidentified lipids as polar lipids. From the distinct phylogenetic position and combination of genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, the strain is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Erythrobacter for which the name Erythrobacter alti sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of E. alti sp. nov. is KMU-34T (= KCCM 90261T = NBRC 111903T).

Aurantibacter crassamenti gen. nov., sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from marine sediment.

A Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, orange-colored, rod-shaped, chemoheterotrophic bacterium, designated HG732T, was isolated from marine sediment in Japan. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that the novel marine strain was affiliated with the family Flavobacteriaceae of the phylum Bacteroidetes and that it shared the highest (94.1 %) sequence similarity with Kriegella aquimaris KMM 3665T. The strain could be differentiated phenotypically from related members of the family Flavobacteriaceae. Major fatty acids of strain HG732T were iso-C15:1 G, iso-C15:0 and iso-C17:0 3-OH. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylglycerol, three unidentidied aminolipids and two unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C content of the strain was determined to be 35.2 mol%, and the major respiratory quinone was identified as menaquinone 6 (MK-6). From the distinct phylogenetic position and combination of genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, the strain is considered to represent a novel genus in the family Flavobacteriaceae, for which the name Aurantibacter crassamenti gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of A. crassamenti gen. nov., sp. nov. is HG732T (= KCTC 52207T = NBRC 112211T).

Litorivivens aequoris sp. nov., a gammaproteobacterium isolated from seawater.

A Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, beige-pigmented, motile, chemoheterotrophic, rod-shaped or ovoid bacterium, designated strain KMU-37T, was isolated from seawater at Najeong Beach in the Republic of Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the novel isolate was affiliated with the genus Litorivivens, class Gammaproteobacteria, showing highest sequence similarity (97.4%) to Litorivivens lipolytica HJTF-7T. The DNA-DNA relatedness values between strains KMU-37T and L. lipolytica HJTF-7T were 11.5 ± 0.4%. The DNA G+C content of strain KMU-37T was determined to be 53.8 mol%. Ubiquinone 8 (Q-8) was the sole respiratory quinone. The predominant cellular fatty acids were C17:1 ω8c and C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c. Strain KMU-37T had phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and an unidentified lipid as polar lipids. From the distinct phylogenetic position and combination of genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, the strain is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Litorivivens for which the name Litorivivens aequoris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of L. aequoris sp. nov. is KMU-37T (= KCCM 90262T = NBRC 111904T).

Frondibacter mangrovi sp. nov., a member of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from seawater by in situ cultivation, and emended description of Frondibacter aureus.

A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile, strictly aerobic, chemoheterotrophic, light-yellow-pigmented bacterium, designated strain 02OK1/10-76T, was isolated from a mangrove estuary in Japan by use of an in situ cultivation technique. Preliminary analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the novel isolate was affiliated with the family Flavobacteriaceae of the phylum Bacteroidetes and that it showed highest sequence similarity (96.9 %) to Frondibacter aureus A5Q-67T. The DNA G+C content of strain 02OK1/10-76T was 35 mol%; MK-6 was the only menaquinone; and iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and iso-C16 : 0 3-OH were the major (>10 %) cellular fatty acids. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, three unidentified aminolipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid and an unidentified lipid. From the distinct phylogenetic position and combination of genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, the strain represents a novel species of the genus Frondibacter, for which the name Frondibacter mangrovi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 02OK1/10-76T (= KCTC 52666T = NBRC 112695T). An emended description of F. aureus is also provided.

Characterization of Marinovum faecis sp. nov., an alphaproteobacterium isolated from marine sediment.

A Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, chemoheterotrophic, beige-pigmented, ovoid bacterium, designated YP194T, was isolated from marine sediment in the Republic of Korea. A phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that the novel marine strain belongs to the family Rhodobacteraceae of the class Alphaproteobacteria, with high sequence similarity (98.4%) to Marinovum algicola FF3T. The DNA-DNA relatedness values between strains YP194T and M. algicola FF3T were 34.1 ± 2.7%. The DNA G+C content of strain YP194T was 63.1 mol%. Ubiquinone 10 (Q-10) was the sole respiratory quinone. The predominant cellular fatty acid was C18:1 ω7c (77.6%). Strain YP194T produced phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, an unidentified aminolipid, an unidentified phospholipid and two unidentified lipids as polar lipids. From the combination of genotypic and phenotypic characteristics and the distinct phylogenetic position, the strain is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Marinovum for which the name Marinovum faecis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of M. faecis sp. nov. is YP194T (= KCCM 90263T = NBRC 111905T).

Spongiimicrobium salis gen. nov., sp. nov., a bacterium of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from a marine sponge.

A Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, pale-yellow pigmented, rod-shaped, chemoheterotrophic bacterium, designated A6F-11(T), was isolated from a marine sponge collected in Japan. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that the novel marine strain was affiliated with the family Flavobacteriaceae of the phylum Bacteroidetes and that it shared the highest (92.9 %) sequence similarity with Arenibacter palladensis LMG 21972(T). The strain could be differentiated phenotypically from related members of the family Flavobacteriaceae. The major fatty acids of strain A6F-11(T) were iso-C15:1 G, iso-C15:0, C16:1 ω6c and/or C16:1 ω7c and iso-C17:0 3-OH. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylglycerol, two unidentified aminolipids and two unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C content was 34.7 mol%, and the major respiratory quinone was menaquinone 6 (MK-6). From the distinct phylogenetic position and combination of genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, the strain is considered to represent a novel taxon in the family Flavobacteriaceae, for which the name Spongiimicrobium salis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of S. salis gen. nov., sp. nov. is A6F-11(T) (= KCTC 42753(T) = NBRC 111401(T)).