Energy-growth hypothesis: testing non-linearity by considering production function approach for Spanish economy.

Targeting output growth is among one of the prime concerns of any economy in both the developing and developed world. Energy utilization and exports are important drivers that would help in boosting production activities in any economy. Therefore, beyond labor force and capital formation, exports and energy utilization can be among the important inputs for accelerating economic growth in any economy. This research is conducted to investigate the linear impact of exports and the non-linear effect of energy consumption on economic growth considering the production function approach in the Spanish economy. After considering the bounds test for a period from 1980 to 2019, the study provides evidence of the inverted-U-shaped effect of energy consumption on economic growth. The findings also expose that exports, labor force and capital formation significantly accelerate economic growth in Spain. These findings are consistent with the diagnostics applied in the study. This research proposes that energy consumption should not be increased beyond a certain threshold for reaping the positive fruits of economic growth. Beyond that cutoff, it will become harmful to economic growth. Policy advisors may consider exports to target economic growth in Spain as it helps in expanding production activities in the Spanish economy.

Smartphone Addiction among Students and its Harmful Effects on Mental Health, Oxidative Stress, and Neurodegeneration towards Future Modulation of Anti-Addiction Therapies: A Comprehensive Survey based on SLR, Research Questions, and Network Visualization Techniques.

BACKGROUND: Addiction is always harmful to the human body. Smartphone addiction also affects students' mental and physical health. AIM: This study aims to determine the research volume conducted on students who are affected by smartphone addiction and design a database. We intended to highlight critical problems for future research. In addition, this paper enterprises a comprehensive and opinion-based image of smartphone-addicted students. METHODOLOGY: We used two types of methods, such as systematic literature review and research questions based on the Scopus database to complete this study. We found 27 research articles and 11885 subjects (mean ±SD: 440.19 ± 513.58) using the PRISMA technique in this study. Additionally, we have deeply investigated evidence to retrieve the current understanding of smartphone addiction from physical changes, mental changes, behavioural changes, impact on performance, and significant concepts. Furthermore, the effect of this addiction has been linked to cancers, oxidative stress, and neurodegenerative disorders. RESULTS: This work has also revealed the future direction and research gap on smartphone addiction among students and has also tried to provide goals for upcoming research to be accomplished more significantly and scientifically. CONCLUSION: This study suggests future analysis towards identifying novel molecules and pathways for the treatment and decreasing the severity of mobile addiction.

Cellular Prion Protein Role in Cancer Biology: Is It A Potential Therapeutic Target?

Cancers are worldwide health concerns, whether they are sporadic or hereditary. The fundamental mechanism that causes somatic or oncogenic mutations and ultimately aids cancer development is still unknown. However, mammalian cells with protein-only somatic inheritance may also contribute to cancerous malignancies. Emerging data from a recent study show that prion-like proteins and prions (PrPC) are crucial entities that have a functional role in developing neurological disorders and cancer. Furthermore, excessive PrPC expression profiling has also been detected in non-neuronal tissues, such as the lymphoid cells, kidney, GIT, lung, muscle, and mammary glands. PrPC expression is strongly linked with the proliferation and metastasis of pancreatic, prostate, colorectal, and breast malignancies. Similarly, experimental investigation presented that the PrPC expression, including the prion protein-coding gene (PRNP) and p53 ag are directly associated with tumorigenicity and metastasis (tumor suppressor gene). The ERK2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway also confers a robust metastatic capability for PrPC-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Additionally, prions could alter the epigenetic regulation of genes and overactive the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, which promotes the development of cancer in humans. Protein overexpression or suppression caused by a prion and prion-like proteins has also been linked to oncogenesis and metastasis. Meanwhile, additional studies have discovered resistance to therapeutic targets, highlighting the significance of protein expression levels as potential diagnostic indicators and therapeutic targets.