Modulation of apoptosis and Inflammasome activation in chondrocytes: co-regulatory role of Chlorogenic acid.

BACKGROUND: The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) protein regulates programmed cell death throughout the disease conditions by upholding apoptotic pathways. However, the mechanism by which it's expressed in chondrocytes still needs to be studied in chondrocyte-related disorders. Additionally, exploring the potential therapeutic role of Chlorogenic acid (CGA) in confluence with Bcl-2 modulation is of significant interest. METHODS: In vivo and in vitro studies were performed according to our previous methodologies. The chondrocytes were cultured in specific growth media under standard conditions after expression verification of different microRNAs through high-throughput sequencing and verification of Bcl-2 involvement in tibial growth plates. The effect of Bcl-2 expression was investigated by transfecting chondrocytes with miR-460a, siRNA, and their negative controls alone or in combination with CGA. The RNA was extracted and subjected to a reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence assays were performed to visualize the intracellular localization of Bcl-2 and associated proteins related to apoptotic and inflammasome pathways. Moreover, apoptosis through flow cytometry was also performed to understand the modulation of concerning pathways. RESULTS: The suppression of Bcl-2 induced higher apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to IL-1ß maturation and affecting the inflammasome during chondrocyte proliferation. Conversely, overexpression attenuated the activation, as evidenced by reduced caspase activity and IL-1ß maturation. In parallel, CGA successfully reduced siRNA-induced apoptosis by decreasing Cytochrome C (Cyto C) release from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm, which in turn decreased Caspase-3 and Caspase-7 cleavage with Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax). Furthermore, siBcl-2 transfection and CGA therapy increased chondrocyte proliferation and survival. The CGA also showed a promising approach to maintaining chondrocyte viability by inhibiting siRNA-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: Targeting Bcl-2-mediated regulation might be a possible treatment for chondrocyte-related conditions. Moreover, these results add knowledge of the complicated processes underlying chondrocyte function and the pathophysiology of related diseases, highlighting the significance of target specific therapies. Video Abstract.

Thermal energy and electro-osmotic for biomimetic artificial olfactory cilia in tri-hybrid nanofluids: entropy-defying approaches.

Biomimetic artificial olfactory cilia have demonstrated potential in identifying specific volatile organic compounds linked to various diseases, including certain cancers, metabolic disorders, and respiratory conditions. These sensors may facilitate non-invasive disease diagnosis and monitoring. Cilia Motility is the coordinated movement of cilia, which are hair-like projections present on the surface of particular cells in different species. Cilia serve an important part in several biological functions, including motility, fluid movement, and sensory reception. Cilia motility is a complicated process that requires the coordinated interaction of structural components and molecular pathways. Cilia are made up of a highly structured structure known as the axoneme, which is made up of microtubules grouped in a unique pattern. The axoneme is made up of nine outer doublet microtubules and a core pair of singlet microtubules. This arrangement offers structural support and serves as a scaffold for the proteins involved in ciliary movement. Our latest endeavors investigate these Multiphysics phenomena in ciliary beating flows that are inspired by biology, utilizing copper, gold, and titania nanoparticles. We examine their functions in biological systems such as peristaltic transport computationally. Our models give precise two- and three-dimensional velocity, temperature, and concentration solutions by integrating transverse magnetohydrodynamics with laser heating. Furthermore, at the channel wall expressions, the skin friction coefficient, Sherwood number, Nusselt number and optimization of entropy generation are acquired and analyzed. Important properties of the velocity and scalar profiles are revealed by a thorough analysis of dimensionless parameters. The simplified examination provides more insight into the trapping patterns that result from the complex interaction between nanofluid rheology and optics. These findings greatly contribute to our knowledge and improvement of nanofluidic transport technologies in a variety of fields supporting industry, sustainability, and medicine. Our combined computational and experimental methodology clarifies the complex dynamics in these systems and provides design guidance for the engineering of improved fluidic devices that make use of multifunctional nanomaterial interfaces and peristaltic motion.

Robust Output Feedback Stabilization and Tracking for an Uncertain Nonholonomic Systems with Application to a Mobile Robot.

This paper presents a novel robust output feedback control that simultaneously performs both stabilization and trajectory tracking for a class of underactuated nonholonomic systems despite model uncertainties, external disturbance, and the absence of velocity measurement. To solve this challenging problem, a generalized normal form has been successfully created by employing an input-output feedback linearization approach and a change in coordinates (diffeomorphism). This research mainly focuses on the stabilization problem of nonholonomic systems that can be transformed to a normal form and pose several challenges, including (i) a nontriangular normal form, (ii) the internal dynamics of the system are non-affine in control, and (iii) the zero dynamics of the system are not in minimum phase. The proposed scheme utilizes combined backstepping and sliding mode control (SMC) techniques. Furthermore, the full-order high gain observer (HGO) has been developed to estimate the derivative of output functions and internal dynamics. Then, full-order HGO and the backstepping SMC have been integrated to synthesize a robust output feedback controller. A differential-drive type (2,0) the wheeled mobile robot has been considered as an example to support the theoretical results. The simulation results demonstrate that the backstepping SMC exhibits robustness against bounded uncertainties.

Cryptosporidium infection induced the dropping of SCFAS and dysbiosis in intestinal microbiome of Tibetan pigs.

The infection of Cryptosporidium in pigs causes digestive system ailments, diarrhea and weight loss serving as an economic burden, especially in newborn animals. The bacterial fermentation products of short-chain fatty acids have important roles in immune function, microbiota regulation, osmotic balance and metabolism. However, till now little knowledge is available about the effect of Cryptosporidium infection on microbiota and SCFAs in plateau pigs. Hence, we performed this study to explore the response of microbiota and SCFAs in the natural infection of Cryptosporidium in Tibetan pigs. Cryptosporidium positive (infected, G) and negative samples (healthy, J) in our previous study were used for high throughputsequencing and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer analysis. Over 81 000 and 74 000 filtered sequences were detected in healthy and infected Tibetan pigs, respectively. Lower sample richness and evenness were observed in Cryptosporidium infection, as alpha diversity analysis found that chao1 (p < 0.05), faith_pd (p < 0.05), and observed_features in group G were significantly lower than pigs in group J. A total of 4 and 27 significant different phyla and genera were found between group G and J. The changed genera were Psychrobacter, Desemzia, Succiniclasticum, Treponema, Campylobacter, Atopobium, Olsenella, Pediococcus, Peptococcus, Sharpea, Desulfovibrio, Acinetobacter, Rhodococcus, Anaerostipes, Turicibacter, Lactobacillus, RFN20, Phascolarctobacterium, Roseburia, Megasphaera, Streptococcus, Blautia, Lachnospira, rc4_4, Gemmiger, Dorea, Oribacterium and Prevotella, which affected the microbiota functions with 360 abundance changed enzymes, and pathways in L1, L2 and L3 levels of KEGG. The concentration of acetic acid (p < 0.01), butyric acid (p < 0.05) and caproic acid (p < 0.01) were lower in group G. In conclusion, the present study herein uncovered that the host responses to Cryptosporidium infection in Tibetan pigs with 27 of significantly changed genera decreased SCFAs in pigs, which may provide insights in further developing novel therapy against this protozoan.

Mixed convection of two layers with radiative electro-magnetohydrodynamics nanofluid flow in vertical enclosure.

Mixed convection flow of two layers nanofluid in a vertical enclosure is studied. The channel consists of two regions. Region I is electrically conducting while Region II is electrically non-conducting. Region I is filled with base fluid water with copper oxides nanoparticles and Region II is filled with base fluid kerosene oil with iron oxides. The simultaneous effects of electro-magnetohydrodynamics and Grashof number are also taken into account. The governing flow problem consists of nonlinear coupled differential equations which is tackled using analytical technique. Analytical results have been obtained by the homotopy analysis method (HAM). The results for the leading parameters, such as the Hartmann numbers, Grashof numbers, ratio of viscosities, width ratio, volume fraction of nanoparticles, and the ratio of thermal conductivities for three different electric field scenarios under heat generation/absorption were examined. It is found that the effect of the negative electric load parameter assists the flow while the effect of the positive electric load parameter opposes the flow as compared to the case when the electric load parameter is zero. All outcomes for significant parameters on velocity and temperature are discussed graphically.

An Improved Multimodal Biometric Identification System Employing Score-Level Fuzzification of Finger Texture and Finger Vein Biometrics.

This research work focuses on a Near-Infra-Red (NIR) finger-images-based multimodal biometric system based on Finger Texture and Finger Vein biometrics. The individual results of the biometric characteristics are fused using a fuzzy system, and the final identification result is achieved. Experiments are performed for three different databases, i.e., the Near-Infra-Red Hand Images (NIRHI), Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HKPU) and University of Twente Finger Vein Pattern (UTFVP) databases. First, the Finger Texture biometric employs an efficient texture feature extracting algorithm, i.e., Linear Binary Pattern. Then, the classification is performed using Support Vector Machine, a proven machine learning classification algorithm. Second, the transfer learning of pre-trained convolutional neural networks (CNNs) is performed for the Finger Vein biometric, employing two approaches. The three selected CNNs are AlexNet, VGG16 and VGG19. In Approach 1, before feeding the images for the training of the CNN, the necessary preprocessing of NIR images is performed. In Approach 2, before the pre-processing step, image intensity optimization is also employed to regularize the image intensity. NIRHI outperforms HKPU and UTFVP for both of the modalities of focus, in a unimodal setup as well as in a multimodal one. The proposed multimodal biometric system demonstrates a better overall identification accuracy of 99.62% in comparison with 99.51% and 99.50% reported in the recent state-of-the-art systems.

Influence of photoperiod variations on the mRNA expression pattern of melatonin bio-synthesizing enzyme genes in the pineal organ and retina: A study in relation to the serum melatonin profile in the tropical carp Catla catla.

Surface-dwelling C. catla were exposed to different photoperiods (8L:16D, 12L:12D, 12D:12L and 16L:8D) and the mRNA level profile of enzymes involved in melatonin synthesis was evaluated in the pineal gland and retina. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of the serum melatonin profile with the mRNA level was also performed. The results indicated diurnal variations in the transcripts of tph1, aanat and hiomt in the pineal organ and retina, and these variations change with the change in lighting regime. The serum melatonin profile showed rhythmicity in the natural photoperiod, but the serum melatonin level increased proportionally with increasing daylength. In short photoperiods, the peak value (though lower than in long photoperiods) of melatonin maintains a longer duration in serum. Moreover, the comparative analysis revealed a similar profile of mRNA of pineal aanat1 and aanat2 with serum melatonin under the same lighting conditions. This indicates that serum melatonin is produced by the pineal gland. Our results specify the importance of day length and the timing of onset or offset of the dark for maintaining the oscillating levels of serum melatonin and mRNA levels of melatonin biosynthesizing enzyme genes in the pineal organ and retina as well. The findings in this study highlight the distinctive pattern of mRNA levels in the pineal organ and retina under different photoperiods. The pineal melatonin biosynthesizing enzyme genes showed a similar pattern with serum melatonin levels while the retinal genes changed dramatically with photoperiod. We also revealed a light-dependent transcriptional regulation of pineal aanat genes in C. catla. Moreover, our results suggest that ALAN and skyglow can influence the levels of serum melatonin and its biosynthesis, resulting in desynchronization of the entire biological clock as well as the overall physiology of the animal.

Emerging nanotechnology role in the development of innovative solutions against COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 outbreak is creating severe impressions on all facets of the global community. Despite strong measures worldwide to try and re-achieve normalcy, the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to survive sturdy ecological settings may contribute to its rapid spread. Scientists from different aspects of life are working together to develop effective treatment strategies against SARS-CoV-2. Apart from using clinical devices for patient recovery, the key focus is on developing antiviral drugs and vaccines. Given the physical size of the SARS-CoV-2 pathogen and with the vaccine delivery platform currently undergoing clinical trials, the link between nanotechnology is clear, and previous antiviral research using nanomaterials confirms this link. Nanotechnology based products can effectively suppress various pathogens, including viruses, regardless of drug resistance, biological structure, or physiology. Thus, nanotechnology is opening up new dimensions for developing new strategies for diagnosing, preventing, treating COVID-19 and other viral ailments. This article describes the application of nanotechnology against the COVID-19 virus in terms of therapeutic purposes and vaccine development through the invention of nanomaterial based substances such as sanitizers (handwashing agents and surface disinfectants), masks and gowns, amongst other personal protective equipment, diagnostic tools, and nanocarrier systems, as well as the drawbacks and challenges of nanotechnology that need to be addressed.

Melatonin biosynthesizing enzyme genes and clock genes in ovary and whole brain of zebrafish (Danio rerio): Differential expression and a possible interplay.

The present study on zebrafish (Danio rerio) is the first attempt to demonstrate the circadian mRNA expression of melatonin biosynthesizing enzyme genes (Tph1a, Aanat1, Aanat2 and Hiomt) and clock associated genes (Bmal1a, Clock1a, Per1b, Per2 and Cry2a) in the ovary with a comparison to whole brain in normal (LD=12h L:12h D) and altered photic conditions (continuous dark, DD; continuous light, LL). Moreover, the present study also confirmed the ability of zebrafish ovary to biosynthesize melatonin both in vivo and in vitro with a significant difference at day and night. qRT-PCR analysis of genes revealed a dark acrophase of Aanat2 in both organs while Tph1 is in whole brain in LD condition. On the contrary, Bmal1a and Clock1a giving their peak in light, thereby showing a negative correlation with Tph1a and Aanat2. In LD-ovary, the acrophase of Tph1a, Bmal1a and Clock1a is in light and thus display a positive correlation. This trend of relationship in respect to Tph1a is not changing in altered photic conditions in both organs (except in DD-ovary). On the other hand this association for Aanat2 is varying in ovary under altered photic conditions but only in DD-whole brain. Both in LD and LL the expression of Aanat2 in brain presenting an opposite acrophase with both Bmal1a and Clock1a of ovary and consequently displaying a strong negative correlation among them. Interestingly, all ovarian clock associated genes become totally arrhythmic in DD, representing a loss of correlation between the melatonin synthesizing genes in brain and clock associated genes in ovary. The result is also indicating the formation of two heterodimers namely Clock1a:Bmal1a and Per2:Cry2a in the functioning of clock genes in both organs, irrespective of photic conditions, as they are exhibiting a strong significant positive correlation. Collectively, our data suggest that ovary of zebrafish is working as peripheral oscillator having its own melatonin biosynthesizing machinery and signifying a possible correlation with central oscillating system in various photic conditions.

Gastric varices: Classification, endoscopic and ultrasonographic management.

Gastric varices (GV) are responsible for 10-30% of all variceal hemorrhage. However, they tend to bleed more severely with higher mortality. Around 35-90% rebleed after spontaneous hemostasis. Approximately 50% of patients with cirrhosis of liver harbor gastroesophageal varices. In this review, new treatment modalities in the form of endoscopic treatment options and interventional radiological procedures have been discussed besides discussion on classification and pathophysiology of GV.

Efficient simulation of Time-Fractional Korteweg-de Vries equation via conformable-Caputo non-Polynomial spline method.

This research presents a novel conformable-Caputo fractional non-polynomial spline method for solving the time-fractional Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation. Emphasizing numerical analysis and algorithm development, the method offers enhanced precision and modeling capabilities. Evaluation via the Von Neumann method demonstrates unconditional stability within defined parameters. Comparative analysis, supported by contour and 2D/3D graphs, validates the method's accuracy and efficiency against existing approaches. Quantitative assessment using L2 and L∞ error norms confirms its superiority. In conclusion, the study proposes a robust solution for the time-fractional KdV equation.

Effect of punicalagin on the autophagic cell death in triple-negative breast cancer cells.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly heterogeneous disease defined by the absence of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2), resulting in poor clinical outcomes and high mortality. The present study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Punicalagin (PCG), a polyphenol obtained from the Punica granatum, against TNBC. We evaluated the therapeutic potential of PCG in TNBC (MDA-MB-231, BT-20) and ER + (MCF-7) breast cancer cells. A dose-dependent inhibition of MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation was observed with PCG (12.5-100 µM). However, only 50 and 100 µM doses of PCG inhibited the growth of BT-20 and MCF-7 cells. PCG significantly increased mitochondrial ROS in TNBC cells and induced autophagy across all cell lines, as evidenced by an increase in autophagic vacuoles and a decrease in the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I. PCG suppressed PI3K/Akt and activated phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK) signaling. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that PCG is capable of significantly inhibiting the proliferation of TNBC cells through the suppression of the PI3K/Akt pathway as well as the initiation of the JNK pathway. PCG could thus be potentially useful as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of TNBC.

Effects of Botulinum Toxin-A for Spasticity and Nociceptive Pain in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the protective effects of botulinum toxin-A (Botox-A) on spasticity and nociceptive pain in individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCIs). PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched from inception to July 2023. The primary outcome of interest was spasticity and nociceptive pain. We pooled the available data using the generic inverse variance method, and we used a fixed-effect/random-effects model. We then calculated standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) to estimate the effect size. A total of fourteen studies meeting the inclusion criteria comprised two randomized controlled trials, five pre-post studies, and seven case reports. Across the various study designs, the majority of trials were assessed to have fair to high quality. The meta-analysis shows that Botox-A significantly decreased spasticity (SMD, -1.73; 95% CI, -2.51 to -0.95; p<0.0001, I2=48%) and nociceptive pain (SMD, -1.79; 95% CI, -2.67 to -0.91; p<0.0001, I2=0%) in SCI patients. Furthermore, Botox-A intervention improved motor function, activities of daily living (ADL), and quality of life. Our study suggests that Botox-A may alleviate spasticity and nociceptive pain in SCI patients. Moreover, the observed improvements in motor function, ADL, and overall quality of life following Botox-A intervention underscore its pivotal role in enhancing patient outcomes.

Seroprevalence and risk factor analysis of brucellosis among dairy farmers in Aligarh region, North India: creating awareness of a neglected disease.

Introduction. Brucellosis, a globally distributed zoonotic disease, is caused by the Gram-negative bacteria known as Brucella. Humans acquire infection through direct contact with the blood, urine and placenta of animals, inhalation of dust or aerosols at infected animal farms, and raw milk and meat intake. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of brucellosis in dairy farmers in and around the Aligarh region of North India, to document various clinical signs and symptoms in Brucella-positive individuals, and to create awareness in dairy farmers concerning brucellosis and ways to prevent it. Methods. This was an observational study that included 125 dairy farmers in and around the Aligarh region. Serum samples were taken from this high-risk group after obtaining informed consent. Further, a pre-designed proforma was used to collect information about their knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) concerning brucellosis and assess the risk factors for the disease. The Rose Bengal test (RBT), serum agglutination test (SAT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were performed to detect the seroprevalence of brucellosis. Result.Brucella infection was diagnosed in 64 (51.20 %) cases by indirect ELISA (IgM+IgG), 41 (32.8 %) by RBT and 4 (3.2 %) by SAT. Significant clustering of patients was seen in the 20-55 years age group. The most common symptoms in ELISA IgM-positive patients were joint pain (16.07 %), fatigue (14.28 %), anorexia (12.50 %), weight loss (8.92 %), malaise (5.35 %), undulant fever (3.57 %), night sweats (3.57 %) and headache (1.78 %). The findings of this study indicate that ELISA (IgM+IgG) exhibits great sensitivity as compared to SAT and RBT. KAP was very poor among dairy farmers. Conclusion. In India, Brucella is a frequent but severely underreported illness. ELISA is the most sensitive serological test for diagnosing brucellosis. No potential vaccine has yet been introduced for humans against brucellosis. Thus, it is necessary to impart awareness and sensitize high-risk groups concerning brucellosis.

Cirrhosis histology and Laennec staging system correlate with high portal pressure.

AIMS: To correlate cirrhosis histology and Laennec fibrosis scoring with portal pressure, as determined by hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG). METHODS AND RESULTS: One hundred and four patients with biopsy-proven cirrhosis and known HVPG were included in the study. Semiquantitative scoring of 12 histological parameters and quantitative assessment by morphometry for septal thickness and nodule diameter and image analysis for fibrosis were performed. Laennec histological subgrading and clinical staging of cirrhosis were also performed. There were significant positive correlations between HVPG and Laennec histological grade of cirrhosis (P < 0.001), micronodularity (P < 0.001), the presence of thick fibrous septa (P = 0.015), the amount of collagen in the space of Disse (P < 0.001), and the extent of fibrosis by image analysis (P = 0.003). Multivariate analysis, to predict high HVPG (≥16 mmHg), showed that degree of collagen in the space of Disse [P = 0.007, odds ratio (OR) 19.3], histological grade of cirrhosis (P = 0.017, OR 3.9) and micronodularity (P = 0.02, OR 3.5) independently predicted high HVPG. CONCLUSIONS: Histological subclassification of cirrhosis, collagen in the space of Disse and micronodularity are independent predictors of high portal pressure. The Laennec histological subclassification of cirrhosis correlates well with clinical severity of cirrhosis, and can provide useful prognostic information.

Antitumor Effects of Dietary Compounds.

Cancer is reported to be a major cause of death worldwide, accounting for 10 million in 2020 based on 19 [...].

Effects of isoflurane and xylazine on inducing cerebral ischemia by the model of middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice.

Preclinical ischemic stroke studies extensively utilize the intraluminal suture method of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). General anesthesia administration is an essential step for MCAo, but anesthetic agents can lead to adverse effects causing death and making a considerable impact on inducing cerebral ischemia. The purpose of this study was to comparatively assess the effect of isoflurane and xylazine on transient cerebral ischemia in a mouse model of MCAo. Twenty animals were randomly divided into four groups: sham group (no MCAo), control group (MCAo under isoflurane, no agent till reperfusion), isoflurane group (MCAo under isoflurane continued till reperfusion), xylazine group (MCAo under isoflurane, and administration of xylazine till reperfusion). The survival rate, brain infarct volume, and neurologic deficits were studied to assess the effect of isoflurane and xylazine on the stroke model. Our results showed that the body weight showed statistically significant change before and 24 h after surgery in the control and Isoflurane groups, but no difference in the Xylazine group. Also, the survival rate, brain infarct volume, and neurologic deficits were slightly reduced in the isoflurane group at 24 h after reperfusion injury. However, the xylazine and control groups showed similar BIV and neurologic deficits. Interestingly, a high survival rate was observed in the xylazine group. Our results indicate that the modified method of inhalation anesthetics combined with xylazine can reduce the risk of mortality and develop a reproducible MCAo model with predictable brain ischemia. In addition, extended isoflurane anesthesia after MCAo is associated with the risk of mortality.

Novel Capturer-Catalyst Microreactor System with a Polypyrrole/Metal Nanoparticle Composite Incorporated in the Porous Honeycomb-Patterned Film.

A composite of polypyrrole/metal nanoparticles (PPy/MNPs) was selectively incorporated into the pores of a honeycomb-patterned porous polycaprolactone polymer film to fabricate a novel capturer-catalyst microreactor system. This fabrication involved a modified breath figure method, where the polymer solution containing metal ions as an oxidizing agent was cast under humid conditions along with the pyrrole monomer through an interfacial reaction in a one-step in situ process. The higher hydrophilicity of the metal ions compared to the polymer solution led to their self-assembly around the pore surface, resulting in the selective incorporation of the PPy/MNP composite into the porous film. Copper (Cu), silver (Ag), and gold (Au) were used for the PPy/MNP fabrication. Various methods characterized the fabricated film. Strong catalytic degradations of methylene blue and methyl orange were obtained with PCL-PPy/MNPs. Recycling experiments showed no loss of activity even after five cycles of recycling. Comparative analysis of PCL-PPy, PCL-MNP, and PCL-PPy/MNP results indicated the synergistic action of PPy and MNPs in dye degradation. High-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy analyses confirmed dye degradation after treatment with a fabricated microreactor. PPy might have acted as a capturer of the dye molecule and MNPs as a catalyst, thereby enhancing the efficiency of dye degradation. Additionally, the PCL-PPy/Cu composite exhibited strong antimicrobial properties against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) with no cytotoxicity as measured by the MTT assay. Therefore, the fabricated microreactor film has promising applications in various fields.

Effect of Daily Coffee Consumption on the Risk of Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a highly prevalent neurodegenerative disorder that affects millions of individuals globally. The identification of the lifestyle factors that potentially help prevent or postpone disease onset is of interest to the researchers. Although the study results are inconsistent, one such factor that has been extensively studied is coffee consumption. Therefore, this meta-analysis primarily aimed to investigate the effects of coffee consumption on the risk of AD. Pubmed, Embase, and Web of Science (Only Writing Web of Science is Fine) databases were searched for relevant studies with the keywords in various combinations, including "coffee", "caffeine", and "Alzheimer's disease". This meta-analysis included 11 studies. The relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was calculated to estimate the effect size. The study used the restricted maximum-likelihood method for a generic-inverse-variance analysis with random-effect (when heterogeneity, I2 > 50%) or fixed-effect (when heterogeneity, I2 < 50%) modeling. The study protocol has been registered at International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42023429016). Individuals that regularly consumed 1-2 cups and 2-4 cups coffee/day demonstrated a significantly lower risk of developing AD (1-2 cups/day: RR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.54 to 0.83, I2 = 50.99%, p = 0.00 [the software used for analysis, shows the results of p value like this (0.00), I prefer not to change this as this is also fine]; 2-4 cups/day: RR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.56 to 1.02, I2 = 71.79%, p = 0.00). However, individuals who consumed > 4 cups/day demonstrated an increased risk of developing AD (RR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.91 to 1.17, I2 = 0.00%, p = 0.00). This meta-analysis indicates that limited (1-4 cups/day) daily coffee consumption reduces the risk of AD, whereas excessive consumption (> 4 cups/day) might increase the risk.

Development and Characterization of Natural Chromite Coating on Metal Substrate Using the Plasma Spray Process.

Natural materials are gaining interest as coating feedstock because their "quality to cost" ratio is better and they are more environmentally friendly than most of the synthetic ceramics. They give sufficient protection to metal surfaces against harsh conditions such as corrosion, wear, and high temperature. In the current study, chromite mineral was beneficiated and reduced to two different sizes to be used as feedstock material for thermal spray coating. Powders were upgraded by gravity and magnetic separation, respectively, and thermally sprayed onto mild steel samples by using atmospheric plasma spray (APS) equipment. Morphology, structure, phases, elemental distribution of chromite powder, and coatings were studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Tribological properties of APS chromite coatings were investigated by using a ball-on-disk tribometer, and corrosion resistance properties were evaluated by carrying out potentiodynamic polarization testing in 3.5% NaCl solution. It is observed that the coating has better wear and corrosion resistance and is worn by abrasive wear that includes scratching and particles pull out. Coating efficiency, surface morphology, and microhardness of the coating developed by fine powder were better than those of coarse powder coating.