Centering PrEP: utilizing ADAPT-ITT to inform group PrEP care for sex workers in Chicago.

BACKGROUND: Sex workers, those who trade sex for monetary or nonmonetary items, experience high rates of HIV transmission but have not been adequately included in HIV prevention and Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) adherence program development research. Community-empowered (C.E.) approaches have been the most successful at reducing HIV transmission among sex workers. Centering Healthcare (Centering) is a C.E. model proven to improve health outcomes and reduce health disparities in other populations, such as pregnant women, people with diabetes, and sickle cell disease. However, no research exists to determine if Centering can be adapted to meet the unique HIV prevention needs of sex workers. OBJECTIVE: We aim to explain the process by which we collaboratively and iteratively adapted Centering to meet the HIV prevention and PrEP retention needs of sex workers. METHODS: We utilized the Assessment, Decision, Adaptation, Production, Topical Experts, Integration, Training, Testing (ADAPT-ITT) framework, a model for adapting evidence-based interventions. We applied phases one through six of the ADAPT-ITT framework (Assessment, Decision, Adaptation, Production, Topical Experts, Integration) to the design to address the distinct HIV prevention needs of sex workers in Chicago. Study outcomes corresponded to each phase of the ADAPT-ITT framework. Data used for adaptation emerged from collaborative stakeholder meetings, individual interviews (n = 36) and focus groups (n = 8) with current and former sex workers, and individual interviews with care providers (n = 8). In collaboration with our community advisory board, we used a collaborative and iterative analytical process to co-produce a culturally adapted 3-session facilitator's guide for the Centering Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (C-PrEP +) group healthcare model. RESULTS: The ADAPT-ITT framework offered structure and facilitated this community-empowered innovative adaptation of Centering Healthcare. This process culminated with a facilitator's guide and associated materials ready for pilot testing. CONCLUSIONS: In direct alignment with community empowerment, we followed the ADAPT-ITT framework, phases 1-6, to iteratively adapt Centering Healthcare to suit the stated HIV Prevention and PrEP care needs of sex workers in Chicago. The study represents the first time the first time Centering has been adapted to suit the HIV prevention and PrEP care needs of sex workers. Addressing a gap in HIV prevention care for sex workers, Centering PrEP harnesses the power of community as it is an iteratively adapted model that can be piloted and replicated regionally, nationally, and internationally.

Professionalism in pre-licensure nursing education: Core values, didactic coursework and clinical training.

AIM: To discuss professionalism for pre-licensure nursing students and identify recommendations for inclusion in core values, didactic coursework and clinical training. BACKGROUND: Professionalism is part of the nursing identity that encompasses integrity and honesty. This concept has been difficult to translate into formal education in nursing programs and clinical practice. DESIGN: A discursive paper. DATA SOURCES: A search of national literature without date restrictions in PubMed, CINAHL, Google Scholar and frameworks for nursing education. We explored principles of professionalism in nursing education and practice. DISCUSSION: Evidence-based literature supports the integration of core values of altruism, autonomy, human dignity, integrity, honesty and social justice into didactic curricula, and clinical training. Principles of professionalism can be incorporated intentionally in nursing education to maintain patient safety and trust. CONCLUSION: The principles of professionalism, related to core values of the nursing profession, are abundantly described in the literature. However, these principles represent core values that have not been formally conceptualized. With the changing landscape of healthcare, there is a need for deliberate, measurable integration of professionalism into pre-licensure education. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: There was no patient or public involvement in the design or drafting of this discursive paper.

Feasibility and acceptability of studying full-time nurse faculty salaries.

BACKGROUND: The nursing shortage is driven, in part, by the critical shortage of nursing faculty. Consequently, qualified potential nursing students are being turned away from nursing schools each year. The preeminent issue influencing the United States nurse faculty workforce shortage is salary; financial compensation is higher in clinical and private-sector settings than educational settings. The purpose of this study is to describe current full-time nurse faculty salary, sources of income, and perceived need for more income, as well as the feasibility and acceptability of research focused on full-time nurse faculty salaries, so to guide future nursing faculty workforce research. METHODS: Using a cross-sectional study design, full-time nursing faculty working in a Midwestern state in the United States completed a survey inclusive of fixed choice and free text response options focused on income (individual gross, faculty, and secondary), demographics, and feasibility/acceptability of the survey instrument. Descriptive statistics were used to describe salary, sources of income, and perceived need for additional income. Feasibility and acceptability were evaluated by descriptive statistics examining three feasibility and acceptability questions, and by comparing demographic differences between participants who answered income questions compared to those who did not using t tests, x2 tests, and Wilcoxon signed rank tests. RESULTS: One hundred and eighty-three full-time nurse faculty completed the survey in six weeks, representing 27% of the full-time nurse faculty workforce in the state. Over half of participants, 57%, reported having another job(s) in addition to their full-time faculty position to support basic living expenses. Most respondents reported willingness to share financial/salary data and viewed the survey to be acceptable. CONCLUSIONS: Research focused on nursing faculty salaries was feasible and acceptable to those who chose to participate in the study. Perceived income needs may be an important factor driving career decisions for nursing faculty. Future research should focus on delineating how salary influences the decision to enter or stay in the nursing faculty workforce. Further, this study can inform policy recommendations on how to best measure and report nurse faculty salary and the gap between clinical salaries and faculty salaries.

Contraceptive decision-making through the lens of social determinants of health among female sex workers: A qualitative descriptive study.

AIMS: The aim of the study was to examine how female sex worker's motivations, desires, intentions and behaviours towards childbearing and childbearing avoidance inform their contraceptive decision-making. We explored the influence of social determinants of health in the domains of social context (sexual partners and experiences of violence), healthcare access, economic instability on the contraceptive decision-making process. DESIGN: We conducted a qualitative descriptive study informed by Miller's Theory of Childbearing Motivations, Desires and Intentions through the lens of social determinants of health. METHODS: Participants were recruited from a parent study, EMERALD, in July-September, 2020. Data were collected from 22 female sex workers ages 18-49 using semi-structured 45 to 60-min audio-recorded interviews and transcribed verbatim. Theory guided the development of the study's interview guide and thematic analytic strategy. RESULTS: Five themes emerged related to contraceptive decision-making: Motivations (value of fatherhood), Desires (relationships with love), Intentions and Behaviours (drugs overpower everything, contraceptive strategies and having children means being a protector). Women's contraceptive decision-making often included intentions to use contraception. However, social determinants such relationships with clients and intimate partners, interpersonal violence and challenges accessing traditional health care offering contraceptive services often interfered with these intentions and influenced contraceptive behaviours. CONCLUSION: Women's contraceptive decision-making process included well-informed desires related to childbearing and contraceptive use. However, social determinants across domains of health interfered with autonomous contraceptive decision-making. More effort is needed to examine the influence of social determinants on the reproductive health of this population. IMPACT: Findings from this study build on existing research that examines social determinants impacting reproductive health among female sex workers. Existing theoretical frameworks may not fully capture the influence constrained reproductive autonomy has on contraceptive decision-making. Future studies examining interpersonal and structural barriers to contraception are warranted. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: The parent study, EMERALD, collaborated with community service providers in the study intervention.

'If the Partner Finds Out, then there's Trouble': Provider Perspectives on Safety Planning and Partner Interference When Offering HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) to Women Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence (IPV).

Pre-exposure prophylaxis is an effective women-controlled HIV prevention strategy but women experiencing intimate partner violencefear partners' interference and subsequent violence could limit its utility. This study explores provider perceptions of safety planning strategies to prevent escalating violence, mitigate partner interference, and promote daily oral PrEP adherence. We conducted interviews (N = 36) with healthcare providers (n = 18) and IPV service providers (n = 18) in Baltimore and New Haven. Using the Contextualized Assessment for Strategic Safety Planning model we organized data into two categories: the appraisal process and strategic safety planning. Themes revealed during the appraisal process, providers conduct routine IPV screening, facilitate HIV risk perception, and offer PrEP. Strategic safety planning utilizes concealment tactics, informal sources of support, role playing and cover stories. Future interventions to enhance PrEP services among women exposed to IPV should implement safety planning strategies, integrate PrEP care with IPV services, and employ novel PrEP modalities to maximize effectiveness.

RESUMEN: La profilaxis previa a la exposición (PrEP) es una estrategia eficaz de prevención del VIH controlada por las mujeres, pero las mujeres que experimentan violencia de pareja íntima (IPV) temen que la interferencia de la pareja y la posterior violencia puedan limitar su utilidad. Este estudio explora las percepciones de los proveedores sobre las estrategias de planificación de seguridad para prevenir la escalada de violencia, mitigar la interferencia de la pareja y promover la adherencia diaria a la PrEP oral. Realizamos entrevistas (N = 36) con proveedores de atención médica (n = 18) y proveedores de servicios de IPV (n = 18) en Baltimore y New Haven. Utilizando el modelo de Evaluación contextualizada para la planificación estratégica de la seguridad, organizamos los datos en dos categorías: el proceso de evaluación y la planificación estratégica de la seguridad. Temas revelados durante el proceso de evaluación, los proveedores realizan pruebas de detección de VPI de rutina, facilitan la percepción del riesgo de VIH y ofrecen PrEP. La planificación estratégica de seguridad utiliza tácticas de ocultación, fuentes informales de apoyo, juegos de roles e historias de cobertura. Las intervenciones futuras para mejorar los servicios de PrEP entre las mujeres expuestas a IPV deben implementar estrategias de planificación de seguridad, integrar la atención de PrEP con los servicios de IPV y emplear nuevas modalidades de PrEP para maximizar la efectividad.

Telehealth and the Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner: Beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: Examine the advantages, disadvantages, and challenges of telehealth for the psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner (PMHNP) in practice and student education. Describe areas for future research and policy development regarding telehealth in PMHNP practice and training during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Review current evidence, standards of practice, and education for the PMHNP. RESULTS: Recent rapid pandemic-related shifts in utilization of telehealth for clinical practice and student education have highlighted the advantages, disadvantages, and areas in need of additional study. CONCLUSIONS: Postpandemic telehealth care delivery will likely persist or expand. PMHNPs must advocate for high practice and education standards.

Sex Work Patterns Among Transgender and Gender Diverse People: A Latent Class Analysis.

Sex work is a diverse profession encompassing a broad range of people, and services. Though overrepresented in sex work communities, transgender and gender diverse (TGD) individuals are underrepresented in sex work literature. Further, sex work literature continues to underrepresent the heterogeneity evident in the sex work community and the practices that occur within it. The present study utilized data from the 2015 United States Transgender Survey (USTS) to conduct a latent class analysis (LCA) to identify patterns of different types of sex work among TGD adults (N = 2,153) and understand the demographic characteristics associated with engagement in different types of sex work. Conceptual and statistical fit indices indicated an ideal 5-class model. Classes include (1) High Online Primary, (2) Low Online Primary, (3) Varied Sex Work, (4) Erotic Dancer, and (5) Street Primary. Results also revealed multiple differences in class membership based on demographic variables including gender identity, race/ethnicity, and sexual orientation. For example, individuals in Class 5 were significantly more likely to report no income, or income below $10,000, compared to all other classes. Taken together, the current findings highlight the varied and diverse settings, activities, and circumstances of TGD sex workers. Findings also point to a continued need to acknowledge, account for, and value the voices of sex workers across the industry when conducting research, health services, and advocacy.

Perceptions of Women in Opioid Recovery Regarding Policies and Laws on Sexual and Reproductive Health.

OBJECTIVE: To explore perceptions of policies and laws on sexual and reproductive health among women in recovery from opioid use disorder (OUD). DESIGN: Qualitative descriptive. SETTING: Telephone interviews conducted in a midsized urban area in the midwestern region of the United States. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-two women ages 18 to 49 years who self-identified as being in recovery from OUD. METHODS: We conducted individual, semistructured telephone interviews and analyzed the data using reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS: We identified three themes: Barriers to OUD Treatment and Recovery, Pregnancy as a Gateway to Treatment and Recovery, and The Dobbs Effect. Participants described OUD treatment barriers such as inadequate recovery resources for women and the criminalization of drug use. Many participants described pregnancy as a gateway to recovery because of improved access to treatment services and enhanced motivation for engaging in recovery. Participants described unintended pregnancy as a threat to recovery that made them seek woman-controlled contraceptive methods they could use without negotiating with a partner (e.g., intrauterine devices) after the Supreme Court overturned constitutionally protected access to abortion. CONCLUSION: Opioid use disorder is a public and mental health crisis in the United States that affects reproductive-age women. Participants in our study closely connected recovery from OUD with sexual and reproductive health policy and laws. There is a need for regulation to support the unique needs of women in OUD treatment. The recent Supreme Court decision that overturned constitutionally protected abortion creates challenges for women in recovery from OUD. Nurses are ideally positioned to advocate for recovery and sexual and reproductive health policies and laws that improve the physical and mental health of women in recovery.

Telehealth resources and utilization interest among women who sell sex: An explanatory sequential mixed methods study.

Objective: Among a sample of women who sell sex (WSS), we examined unmet health needs, resources for telehealth, utilization interest, and attributes associated with interest in using telehealth. Study design: Explanatory sequential mixed methods. Methods: WSS (N = 52) completed a fixed choice survey and focus group (N = 6, 26 individuals) from drop-in centers serving WSS. Chi-square/t-tests and results from the survey data informed the semi-structured focus group interview guide. Thematic analysis of focus group data was conducted to identify themes. Results: Over half (58 %) of participants expressed interest in using telehealth; however, some lack the necessary resources for use. While 60 % of participants own mobile phones and 46 % have access to a computer, only 35 % have a secure, private space for telehealth appointments. Interest in telehealth was higher among participants who self-identified as having high risk for HIV compared to low risk for HIV (79 % versus 46 %, p = 0.024), and among those considering PrEP for HIV prevention versus not considering PrEP (68 % versus 32 %, p = 0.046). Focus group participants preferred face-to-face encounters for complex medical concerns but expressed interest in telehealth for improved access to healthcare providers for routine care and mental health. Conclusion: Incorporating telehealth into community organizations could be one strategy to address health inequities experienced by WSS. Access to resources, including technology and safe spaces may be well-accepted if offered at trusted community organizations. Such accessibility addresses a gap in care for WSS and paves the way for new avenues for HIV prevention, mental health support, and research related to unmet health needs among WSS.

Sex Workers' Experiences of Screening for Intimate Partner Violence.

OBJECTIVE: To examine experiences of intimate partner violence (IPV) screening among women who sell sex. DESIGN: A qualitative descriptive study. SETTING: Telephone interviews during the COVID-19 pandemic (June 2020 to October 2020). PARTICIPANTS: Women aged 18 to 49 years who sold or traded sex for food, drugs, money, or shelter at least three times during the past 3 months before recruitment (N = 22). METHODS: We used individual, semistructured telephone interviews to collect data about participants' experiences with IPV and IPV screening during health care encounters. We used reflexive thematic analysis to examine these data. RESULTS: We identified two overarching themes related to IPV screening experiences: Preferences for IPV Screening and Barriers to Disclosure of IPV Experiences. Participants described a preference for IPV screening done face-to-face with providers who show a genuine interest in their responses. Stigma was a barrier of IPV disclosure. CONCLUSION: Health care providers are a trusted safety net for disclosure of IPV experiences. Providing screening in a trauma-informed, nonstigmatizing manner may facilitate disclosure of IPV by women who sell sex. Future research among marginalized populations is needed to examine ways to address IPV in clinical settings with a harm reduction empowerment lens.

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on U.S. Women's Mental Health.

Background: Women are more likely than men to be diagnosed with depression and anxiety with rates increasing since the COVID-19 pandemic. This study sought to understand how women's intersecting identities, personal strengths, and COVID-19-related stressors were associated with their anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms early in the pandemic. Methods: During May-June 2020, American women (N = 398) recruited via MTurk completed an online questionnaire assessing mental health (PTSD, anxiety, and depression), demographic characteristics, personal strengths (coping, hope, social support), and experiences with COVID-19-specific stressors. Results: Women who had a child younger than 18 years of age, lived in rural or urban areas (compared with suburban), and identified as sexual minority reported increased levels of PTSD, depression, and anxiety symptoms. Social support and hope (Agency) were associated with fewer mental health symptoms. Engagement in maladaptive coping and greater perception of COVID-19 threat and perceived stress was associated with more PTSD, depression, and anxiety symptoms. COVID-19-related illness events and difficulty accessing living essentials were associated with increased anxiety symptoms. COVID-19-related disruption to living and income were associated with increased PTSD symptoms. Loneliness was associated with increased anxiety and depression symptoms. Conclusions: Results of this study can inform prevention and intervention efforts to address depression and anxiety among women with intersecting identities during times of stress. Specifically, supporting the development of women's resilience and adaptive coping and intervening to address maladaptive coping strategies, such as drinking, provide paths to supporting women's mental health.

Contraceptive Use Among Women Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence and Reproductive Coercion: The Moderating Role of PTSD and Depression.

Women experiencing reproductive coercion (RC) report more unintended pregnancies and mental health symptoms that can influence contraceptive use patterns. We examined associations between RC and contraceptive use among intimate partner violence (IPV) exposed women aged 18-35 (N = 283). We tested depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and co-morbid depression and PTSD as effect modifiers. Though no association was found between RC and contraception, PTSD significantly modified this relationship. Among Black women (n = 112), those reporting RC and either PTSD or comorbid PTSD and depression were less likely to use partner-independent contraception compared to those reporting RC without mental health symptoms. PTSD could be a barrier to contraceptive choice among this population.

Recent Economic Intimate Partner Violence and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Among a Racially and Ethnically Diverse Sample of U.S. Women Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent consequence of physical and sexual intimate partner violence (IPV); however, little is known about the unique contributions of economic IPV. Furthermore, women's economic self-sufficiency may explicate the potential relationship between economic IPV and PTSD symptoms. Guided by the Stress Process Theory and Intersectionality, this study examined associations between economic IPV and women's PTSD symptoms and assessed economic self-sufficiency as a mediator. Participants were 255 adult women experiencing IPV recruited from metropolitan Baltimore, MD, and the state of CT who participated in two different studies. Participants completed surveys on IPV, economic self-sufficiency, and PTSD. Path analyses were conducted to examine direct and indirect associations of economic IPV with economic self-sufficiency and PTSD. Economic IPV was uniquely associated with PTSD symptoms while controlling for other forms of IPV. Economic self-sufficiency significantly partially mediated the association between economic IPV and PTSD symptoms such that economic IPV was associated with PTSD symptoms through economic self-sufficiency. Economic IPV may limit women's ability to make autonomous decisions related to finances, which could be distressing. The mental health impact of economic IPV may be particularly debilitating for women with low economic self-sufficiency as their posttraumatic stress occurs within the context of feeling unable to meet their financial goals and also having a partner control their economic resources. Fostering economic empowerment and asset building may be a strengths-based approach to reduce the PTSD symptomatology among women experiencing IPV.

Experiences of Sex Workers in Chicago during COVID-19: A Qualitative Study.

COVID-19 exacerbated health disparities, financial insecurity, and occupational safety for many within marginalized populations. This study, which took place between 2019 and 2022, aimed to explore the way in which sex workers (n = 36) in Chicago were impacted by COVID-19. We analyzed the transcripts of 36 individual interviews with a diverse group of sex workers using thematic analysis. Five general themes emerged regarding the detrimental impact of COVID-19 on sex workers: (1) the impact of COVID-19 on physical health; (2) the economic impact of COVID-19; (3) the impact of COVID-19 on safety; (4) the impact of COVID-19 on mental health; and (5) adaptive strategies for working during COVID-19. Participants reported that their physical and mental health, economic stability, and safety worsened due to COVID-19 and that adaptive strategies did not serve to improve working conditions. Findings highlight the ways in which sex workers are particularly vulnerable during a public health crisis, such as COVID-19. In response to these findings, targeted resources, an increased access to funding, community-empowered interventions and policy changes are needed to protect the health and safety of sex workers in Chicago.

Satisfaction and effectiveness of opioid pain management among adults with cystic fibrosis: A mixed methods study.

BACKGROUND: Chronic pain is common among people living with cystic fibrosis (CF) and associated with worse clinical outcomes. Despite this, little is known about how pain is managed and how opioids are used to treat pain. The purpose of this convergent mixed methods study was to examine self-reported satisfaction and effectiveness of pain management strategies among a sample of adults with CF who are prescribed opioids. METHODS: We developed an online survey querying 4 domains - demographics, pain characteristics, pain communication, and management strategies. This was distributed nationally to adults with CF (n=48) via various online platforms. We obtained quantitative and qualitative responses regarding satisfaction and effectiveness of pain management. Emerged themes from qualitative data were compared with responses from quantitative survey domains. RESULTS: Participants reported high levels of satisfaction and effectiveness with their opioid pain management plans. However, qualitative themes emerged regarding fears of addiction, experiences of feeling stigmatized by the healthcare system and ineffectiveness and inefficiency of alternative therapies for adequate pain relief. CONCLUSIONS: Adults with CF reported opioids as an important component of their current pain management plans despite risks associated with opioid use. CF-specific pain management guideline development is warranted as is further research exploring pain development.

Sex workers as mothers: Correlates of engagement in sex work to support children.

Background: Globally, most female sex workers (FSW) are mothers but are rarely considered as such in public health and social service programs and research. We aimed to quantitatively describe FSW who are mothers and to examine correlates of current engagement in sex work to support children among a cohort of FSW in Baltimore, Maryland, United States (U.S.). Methods: The study utilized baseline survey and HIV/STI testing data from the Sex workers And Police Promoting Health In Risky Environments (SAPPHIRE) study of women engaged in street-based sex work in Baltimore, Maryland. Variable selection and interpretation were guided by Connell's theory of Gender and Power. We used bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses to examine correlates of engagement in sex work to support children among FSW mothers. Results: Our sample included 214 FSW with children, of whom 27% reported supporting children as a reason for the current engagement in sex work. Median age was 36 years, and mean number of children was 2.88. 20.6% were currently living with any of their minor aged children, and this was significantly more common among mothers engaged in sex work to support children (57.9% vs. 7%; p<0.001). 38.7% had ever lost legal custody of children, which was significantly less common among those supporting children through sex work (26.8% vs. 42.9%; p=0.033). In multivariate analyses, the following were independently associated with engaging in sex work to support children: African-American versus white race (aOR=2.62; 95% CI:1.18-5.82; p=0.018); less housing instability (aOR=0.42; 95% CI:0.20-0.89; p=0.024); initiating sex work at age <23 (aOR=2.59; 95% CI:1.23-5.46; p=0.012); less frequent intoxication during sex with clients (aOR=0.31; 95% CI:0.14-0.67; p=0.003); and reporting mental health as most important health concern (aOR=2.37; 95% CI:1.09-5.17; p=0.029). Conclusions: FSW mothers who report engagement in sex work to support children are distinct from their counterparts in key areas related to HIV and other health outcomes. Neglecting to account for this important social role may lead to missed opportunities to meaningfully promote physical and mental health and to engage women on their own terms. Future research and interventions should seek to address FSW as whole social beings and center their experiences and needs as mothers.

Interpersonal Violence and Contraceptive Method Use by Women Sex Workers.

OBJECTIVE: More than one-half of women sex workers (sex workers) in the United States experience interpersonal violence, defined as physical or sexual violence, by sexual partners, including clients or intimate partners. Women experiencing interpersonal violence by intimate partners often choose hidden, woman-controlled contraception (e.g., intrauterine devices, pills, or sterilization) because fear of violence can impede condom negotiation. Yet, little is known about how interpersonal violence relates to contraception among sex workers who may have different sexual partner perpetrators (clients and intimate partners). The purpose of this study was to examine associations between interpersonal violence perpetrated by clients or intimate partners and contraceptive use. STUDY DESIGN: Data are from an observational, prospective cohort of sex workers, aged 18 to 49 in Baltimore, Maryland (N = 218). Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression were used to assess associations between lifetime interpersonal violence and past 3-month contraceptive use. The outcome was any woman-controlled contraceptive use versus partner-controlled or no contraception. RESULTS: Nearly all sex workers (96.5%) reported contraceptive use, with most using male condoms (69%), nearly one-half using woman-controlled methods (43%), and 25% using dual methods (e.g., condoms and a woman-controlled method). Lifetime experiences of interpersonal violence by clients (58%) and intimate partners (52%) were prevalent. Sex workers who experienced interpersonal violence by intimate partners had over twice the odds of woman-controlled contraceptive use (adjusted odds ratio, 2.48; 95% confidence interval, 1.36-4.54). CONCLUSIONS: Findings highlight the importance of relationship context in the associations between interpersonal violence and use of woman-controlled contraceptive methods among sex workers, because only violence experiences by intimate partners were associated with increased odds of woman-controlled contraceptive method use.

Systematic Review of Contraceptive Use Among Sex Workers in North America.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the literature regarding contraceptive use by sex workers in North America and to understand factors that limit reproductive agency and affect contraceptive use and decision making. DATA SOURCES: We searched PubMed, CINAHL, and Embase databases using the search terms "sex work(ers)," "transactional sex," "exchange sex," "prostitution," "contraception," "contraceptive agents," "birth control," "female," and "women." STUDY SELECTION: Articles were eligible for inclusion in this review if they (a) reported quantitative or qualitative studies based in North America, (b) were written in English, (c) included sex workers (self-identified sex workers or engaged in sex work behavior) as the primary or secondary population of the study, (d) included a population assigned female sex at birth, (e) reported contraceptive outcomes for sex workers, and (f) were published in peer-reviewed journals. The initial search yielded 2,455 articles, and seven met the inclusion criteria. DATA EXTRACTION: Two authors independently reviewed the articles and organized data in a table to capture study design, sample size and study population, study aims, and contraceptive use. We applied Connell's theory of gender and power as an analytic framework to further identify factors that limited reproductive agency. DATA SYNTHESIS: Condoms were the most common method of contraceptive used across studies. The use of contraceptives varied by partner type (client vs. nonpaying intimate partners). Access to highly effective contraception was limited by perceived stigma, financial constraints, and substance use. Reproductive and harm reduction services that were co-located where women worked improved contraceptive use. Contraceptive use was affected by factors that limited reproductive agency, including stigma, substance use, intimate partner violence, and condom coercion. CONCLUSION: The reliance of sex workers on partner-dependent contraception, such as condoms, combined with factors that limit reproductive agency over contraceptive use and decision making contribute to high potential for contraceptive failure and unintended pregnancy. More research is needed to understand the influence of different sexual partner types, pregnancy intention, and contraceptive decision making on the reproductive agency of sex workers.