Tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites: new players in macrophage.

Metabolic remodeling is a key feature of macrophage activation and polarization. Recent studies have demonstrated the role of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolites in the innate immune system. In the current review, we summarize recent advances in the metabolic reprogramming of the TCA cycle during macrophage activation and polarization and address the effects of these metabolites in modulating macrophage function. Deciphering the crosstalk between the TCA cycle and the immune response might provide novel potential targets for the intervention of immune reactions and favor the development of new strategies for the treatment of infection, inflammation, and cancer.

Critical Phenomena in Dynamical Scalarization of Charged Black Holes.

We report a new black hole (BH) scalarization mechanism and disclose novel dynamical critical phenomena in the process of the nonlinear accretion of the scalar field into BHs. The accretion process can transform a seed BH into a final scalarized or bald BH, depending on the initial parameter of the scalar field p. There is a critical parameter p_{*} and near it all intermediate solutions are attracted to a critical solution (CS) and stay there for a time scaling as T∝-γln|p-p_{*}|. At late times, the solutions evolve into scalarized black holes (BHs) if p>p_{*}, or bald BHs if p