ELAVL4 promotes the tumorigenesis of small cell lung cancer by stabilizing LncRNA LYPLAL1-DT and enhancing profilin 2 activation.

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is one of the most malignant tumors that has an extremely poor prognosis. RNA-binding protein (RBP) and long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) have been shown to be key regulators during tumorigenesis as well as lung tumor progression. However, the role of RBP ELAVL4 and lncRNA LYPLAL1-DT in SCLC remains unclear. In this study, we verified that lncRNA LYPLAL1-DT acts as an SCLC oncogenic lncRNA and was confirmed in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, LYPLAL1-DT negatively regulates the expression of miR-204-5p, leading to the upregulation of PFN2, thus, promoting SCLC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. ELAVL4 has been shown to enhance the stability of LYPLAL1-DT and PFN2 mRNA. Our study reveals a regulatory pathway, where ELAVL4 stabilizes PFN2 and LYPLAL1-DT with the latter further increasing PFN2 expression by blocking the action of miR-204-5p. Upregulated PFN2 ultimately promotes tumorigenesis and invasion in SCLC. These findings provide novel prognostic indicators as well as promising new therapeutic targets for SCLC.

Temporal gene expression profiling during early-stage traumatic temporomandibular joint bony ankylosis in a sheep model.

BACKGROUND: Investigating the molecular biology underpinning the early-stage of traumatic temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis is crucial for discovering new ways to prevent the disease. This study aimed to explore the dynamic changes of transcriptome from the intra-articular hematoma or the newly generated ankylosed callus during the onset and early progression of TMJ ankylosis. METHODS: Based on a well-established sheep model of TMJ bony ankylosis, the genome-wide microarray data were obtained from samples at postoperative Days 1, 4, 7, 9, 11, 14 and 28, with intra-articular hematoma at Day 1 serving as controls. Fold changes in gene expression values were measured, and genes were identified via clustering based on time series analysis and further categorised into three major temporal classes: increased, variable and decreased expression groups. The genes in these three temporal groups were further analysed to reveal pathways and establish their biological significance. RESULTS: Osteoblastic and angiogenetic genes were found to be significantly expressed in the increased expression group. Genes linked to inflammation and osteoclasts were found in the decreased expression group. The various biological processes and pathways related to each temporal expression group were identified, and the increased expression group comprised genes exclusively involved in the following pathways: Hippo signaling pathway, Wnt signaling pathway and Rap 1 signaling pathway. The decreased expression group comprised genes exclusively involved in immune-related pathways and osteoclast differentiation. The variable expression group consisted of genes associated with DNA replication, DNA repair and DNA recombination. Significant biological pathways and transcription factors expressed at each time point postoperatively were also identified. CONCLUSIONS: These data, for the first time, presented the temporal gene expression profiling and reveal the important process of molecular biology in the early-stage of traumatic TMJ bony ankylosis. The findings might contributed to identifying potential targets for the treatment of TMJ ankylosis.

Plasma hepatocyte growth factor as a noninvasive biomarker in small cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a peptide-containing multifunctional cytokine, which is overexpressed and/or activated in multiple malignancies and is reported to be associated with tumor development and inferior survival. At present, the role of HGF in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) has not been fully explored yet. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The expression of HGF and its value in predicting survival in SCLC were explored from GEO database and in pan-cancer analysis. Furthermore, we detected the expression of HGF using tumor tissue and paired plasma samples from a validation cohort of 71 SCLC patients at our institute. Correlation between tumor and plasma HGF expression and the prognostic values were analyzed. RESULTS: GEO database analysis revealed that tumor tissue had lower HGF expression than paired normal tissue in SCLC. At our institute, immunohistochemical staining showed negative expression of HGF in tumor tissue of SCLC at our institute (47/47, 100%). The average baseline plasma HGF was 1.28 (range,0.42-4.35) ng/ml. However, plasma HGF was higher in SCLC patients with patients with N3, M1, liver metastasis (LM) and bone metastasis (BM) disease compared with those N0 - 2 (1.25 vs. 1.75 ng/mL, P = 0.000), M0 (1.26 vs. 1.63 ng/mL, P = 0.003), non-LM (1.32 vs. 2.06 ng/mL, P = 0.009), and non-BM (1.35 vs. 1.77 ng/mL, P = 0.047), respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed plasma HGF was an independent predictor for LM and prognostic factor of OS. CONCLUSION: Our results revealed that plasma HGF rather than tumor HGF exhibited a potential role in predicting metastasis and survival in SCLC. Plasma HGF might be used as a non-invasive detecting and monitoring tool for SCLC.

Post-therapeutic circulating tumor cell-associated white blood cell clusters predict poor survival in patients with advanced driver gene-negative non-small cell lung cancer.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the clinical utility of diverse aneuploid circulating tumor cell (CTC) subtypes and particularly CTC-associated white blood cell (CTC-WBC) clusters in predicting treatment response, prognosis and real-time monitoring disease progression in advanced driver gene-negative non-small lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 74 eligible patients were prospectively enrolled and serial blood samples were collected at pre-treatment(t0), after two cycles of therapy (t1) and at post-four-to-six treatment cycles (t2). Co-detection of diverse subtypes of aneuploid CTCs and CTC-WBC clusters was conducted in advanced NSCLC patients receiving first-line treatment. RESULTS: At baseline, CTCs were detected in 69 (93.24%) patients and CTC-WBC clusters were detected in 23 (31.08%) patients. Patients with CTCs < 5/6ml or with CTC-WBC clusters undetectable exhibited a better treatment response than patients with pre-therapeutic aneuploid CTCs ≥ 5/6ml or harboring CTC-WBC clusters (p = 0.034 and p = 0.012, respectively). Before treatment, patients bearing tetraploid CTCs ≥ 1/6ml showed significantly inferior progression-free survival (PFS) [hazard ratio (HR):2.420, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.426-4.106; p = 0.001] and overall survival (OS) compared to patients with tetraploid CTCs < 1/6ml (HR:1.907, 95%CI: 1.119-3.251; p = 0.018). A longitudinal study demonstrated that post-therapeutic patients harboring CTC-WBC clusters displayed the reduced PFS and OS compared with those without CTC-WBC clusters, and subgroup analysis showed that the presence of CTC-WBC clusters indicated a worse prognosis in both lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) patients. After adjusting for multiple significant factors, post-therapeutic CTC-WBC clusters were the only independent predictor of both PFS (HR:2.872, 95% CI: 1.539-5.368; p = 0.001) and OS (HR:2.162, 95% CI: 1.168-4.003; p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS: In addition to CTCs, longitudinal detection of CTC-WBC clusters provided a feasible tool to indicate initial treatment response, dynamically monitor disease progression and predict survival in driver gene-negative advanced NSCLC patients.

Mutation status analysis of 58 patients with advanced ALK fusion gene positive non small cell lung cancer.

PURPOSE: To analyze the characteristics and prognostic values of Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) fusion gene partner, gene subtype and abundance in tumor tissues of advanced Non Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) patients with positive ALK fusion gene and to explore the best treatment mode of ALK-Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors(TKIs). METHODS: Cases of advanced NSCLC patients with ALK positive confirmed by both Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) and immunohistochemistry were retrospectively collected. The relationships of Overall Survival (OS)/Progression Free Survival (PFS) between different mutation subtypes, mutation abundance, clinicopathological features were analyzed. OS/PFS between different treatment mode of ALK inhibitors were compared. RESULTS: Fifty-eight patients were enrolled. There were diverse fusion partners. Five subtypes of Echinoderm Microtubule-associated protein-Like 4 gene (EML4)-ALK fusion mutation were detected: V1,V2,V3,V5 and V7. The mutation abundance ranged from 0.13 to 27.77%, with a median of 5.34%. The abundance of V2 and V5 was higher than V1 and V3 respectively. There was no difference in OS between the low abundance group(≤ 5.34%) and the high abundance group(>5.34%) (P = 0.434). PFS of second-generation ALK inhibitors as first-line treatment was longer than that of Crizotinib as first-line (P<0.001). Never smokers had longer OS than current smokers(P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: There are differences in abundance between different fusion partners and subtypes in advanced NSCLC with positive ALK. OS is not associated with subtypes, mutation abundance and first line treatment option of either generation of ALK inhibitors. Smoking is a poor prognostic factor.

A single center analysis of first-line treatment in advanced KRAS mutant non-small cell lung cancer: real-world practice.

PURPOSE: For the first-line treatment of KRAS mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, immunotherapy or platinum-based chemotherapy are the main treatment method. Here, we investigated the clinical efficacy and prognosis those two regimens as first-line treatment in real-world practice. METHODS: KRAS mutant NSCLC patients received chemotherapy or immunotherapy as first-line treatment from September 2014 to March 2022 were enrolled. Clinical characteristics, treatment scheme, clinical curative effect and follow-up data of enrolled patients were collected for analysis. RESULTS: Fifty patients received immunotherapy and 115 patients received chemotherapy were enrolled. Patients who received immunotherapy (HR = 0.350, 95%CI 0.156-0.781, P = 0.010), or pemetrexed-based regimen (HR = 0.486, 95%CI 0.255-0.928, P = 0.029), or antiangiogenic therapy (HR = 0.355, 95%CI 0.159-0.790, P = 0.011) were at a low risk of disease progression. And patients received antiangiogenic therapy had lower risk of death than those not (HR = 0.333, 95%CI 0.120-0.926, P = 0.035). Subgroup analysis revealed the immunotherapy compared to chemotherapy alone had lower risk of disease progression (HR = 0.377, 95%CI 0.166-0.856, P = 0.020) in PD-L1 expression ≥1% subgroup. And in non-G12C KRAS subgroup, but not in G12C KRAS subgroup, patients who received antiangiogenic therapy had lower risk of disease progression (HR = 0.254, 95%CI 0.098-0.656, P = 0.005) and death than those not (HR = 0.197, 95%CI 0.056-0.692, P = 0.011). In terms of different chemotherapy regimen, platinum-paclitaxel combined with antiangiogenic therapy achieved the highest ORR and DCR (P < 0.05), while the platinum-pemetrexed combined with antiangiogenic therapy had the longest PFS and OS (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: For the first-line treatment of KRAS mutant NSCLC patients, immunotherapy, antiangiogenic therapy, and pemetrexed-based regimen could obtain more benefits. Subgroup analysis revealed the benefits of immunotherapy compared to chemotherapy were applicable in PD-L1 expression≥1% subgroup, and antiangiogenic therapy could benefit non-G12C KRAS subgroup, but not G12C KRAS subgroup. In terms of different chemotherapy regimen, platinum-pemetrexed combined with antiangiogenic therapy may be the preferred chemotherapy regimen.

Soluble SORLA Enhances Neurite Outgrowth and Regeneration through Activation of the EGF Receptor/ERK Signaling Axis.

SORLA is a transmembrane trafficking protein associated with Alzheimer's disease risk. Although SORLA is abundantly expressed in neurons, physiological roles for SORLA remain unclear. Here, we show that cultured transgenic neurons overexpressing SORLA feature longer neurites, and accelerated neurite regeneration with wounding. Enhanced release of a soluble form of SORLA (sSORLA) is observed in transgenic mouse neurons overexpressing human SORLA, while purified sSORLA promotes neurite extension and regeneration. Phosphoproteomic analyses demonstrate enrichment of phosphoproteins related to the epidermal growth factor (EGFR)/ERK pathway in SORLA transgenic mouse hippocampus from both genders. sSORLA coprecipitates with EGFR in vitro, and sSORLA treatment increases EGFR Y1173 phosphorylation, which is involved in ERK activation in cultured neurons. Furthermore, sSORLA triggers ERK activation, whereas pharmacological EGFR or ERK inhibition reverses sSORLA-dependent enhancement of neurite outgrowth. In search for downstream ERK effectors activated by sSORLA, we identified upregulation of Fos expression in hippocampus from male mice overexpressing SORLA by RNAseq analysis. We also found that Fos is upregulated and translocates to the nucleus in an ERK-dependent manner in neurons treated with sSORLA. Together, these results demonstrate that sSORLA is an EGFR-interacting protein that activates EGFR/ERK/Fos signaling to enhance neurite outgrowth and regeneration.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT SORLA is a transmembrane trafficking protein previously known to reduce the levels of amyloid-ß, which is critical in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. In addition, SORLA mutations are a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Interestingly, the SORLA ectodomain is cleaved into a soluble form, sSORLA, which has been shown to regulate cytoskeletal signaling pathways and cell motility in cells outside the nervous system. We show here that sSORLA binds and activates the EGF receptor to induce downstream signaling through the ERK serine/threonine kinase and the Fos transcription factor, thereby enhancing neurite outgrowth. These findings reveal a novel role for sSORLA in promoting neurite regeneration through the EGF receptor/ERK/Fos pathway, thereby demonstrating a potential neuroprotective mechanism involving SORLA.

Microarray Analysis of Differential Gene Expression Between Traumatic Temporomandibular Joint Fibrous and Bony Ankylosis in a Sheep Model.

BACKGROUND The type of traumatic temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis depends on the degree of severity of TMJ trauma. Here, we performed comprehensive differential molecular profiling between TMJ fibrous and bony ankylosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Six sheep were used and a bilateral different degree of TMJ trauma was performed to induce fibrous ankylosis in one side and bony ankylosis in the other side. The ankylosed calluses were harvested at days 14 and 28 postoperatively and analyzed by Affymetrix OviGene-1_0-ST microarrays. DAVID was used to perform the Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis for the different expression genes (DEGs). The DEGs were also typed into protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks to get the interaction data. Ten DEGs, including 7 hub genes from PPI analysis, were confirmed by real-time PCR. RESULTS We found 90 and 323 DEGs at least 2-fold at days 14 and 28, respectively. At day 14, bony ankylosis showed upregulated DEGs, such as TLR8, SYK, NFKBIA, PTPRC, CD86, ITGAM, and ITGAL, indicating a stronger immune and inflammatory response and cell adhesion, while genes associated with anti-adhesion (PRG4) and inhibition of osteoblast differentiation (SFRP1) had higher expression in fibrous ankylosis. At day 28, bony ankylosis showed increased biological process related to new bone formation, while fibrous ankylosis was characterized by a prolonged immune and inflammatory reaction. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a differential gene expression profile between TMJ fibrous and bony ankylosis. Further study of these key genes may provide new ideas for future treatment of TMJ bony ankylosis.

Absorbance or organization into ankylosis: a microarray analysis of haemarthrosis in a sheep model of temporomandibular joint trauma.

BACKGROUND: Traumatic haemarthrosis was hypothesized to be the etiology of temporomandibular (TMJ) ankylosis. Here, taking haematoma absorbance as a control, we aimed to reveal the molecular mechanisms involved in haematoma organizing into ankylosis using transcriptome microarray profiles. MATERIAL/METHODS: Disk removal was performed to building haematoma absorbance (HA) in one side of TMJ, while removal of disk and articular fibrous layers was performed to induced TMJ ankylosis through haematoma organization (HO) in the contralateral side in a sheep model. Haematoma tissues harvested at days 1, 4 and 7 postoperatively were examined by histology, and analyzed by Affymetrix OviGene-1_0-ST microarrays. The DAVID were recruited to perform the Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis for the different expression genes (DEGs). The DEGs were also typed into protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks to get the interaction data. Six significant genes screened from PPI analysis, were confirmed by real-time PCR. RESULTS: We found 268, 223 and 17 DEGs at least twofold at days 1, 4 and 7, respectively. At day 1, genes promoting collagen ossification (POSTN, BGN, LUM, SPARC), cell proliferation (TGF-ß), and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (BMP-2) were up-regulated in the HO side. At day 4, several genes involved in angiogenesis (KDR, FIT1, TEK) shower higher expression in the HO side. While HA was characterized by a continuous immune and inflammatory reaction. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of haematoma in the onset and progress of TMJ ankylosis. The study will contribute to explaining why few injured TMJs ankylose and most do not from the molecular level.

Familial paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia is associated with mutations in the KCNA1 gene.

Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) is a heterogeneous movement disorder characterized by recurrent dyskinesia attacks triggered by sudden movement. PRRT2 has been identified as the first causative gene of PKD. However, it is only responsible for approximately half of affected individuals, indicating that other loci are most likely involved in the etiology of this disorder. To explore the underlying causative gene of PRRT2-negative PKD, we used a combination strategy including linkage analysis, whole-exome sequencing and copy number variations analysis to detect the genetic variants within a family with PKD. We identified a linkage locus on chromosome 12 (12p13.32-12p12.3) and detected a novel heterozygous mutation c.956 T>G (p.319 L>R) in the potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 1, KCNA1. Whole-exome sequencing in another 58 Chinese patients with PKD who lacked mutations in PRRT2 revealed another novel mutation in the KCNA1 gene [c.765 C>A (p.255 N>K)] within another family. Biochemical analysis revealed that the L319R mutant accelerated protein degradation via the proteasome pathway and disrupted membrane expression of the Kv1.1 channel. Electrophysiological examinations in transfected HEK293 cells showed that both the L319R and N255K mutants resulted in reduced potassium currents and respective altered gating properties, with a dominant negative effect on the Kv1.1 wild-type channel. Our study suggests that these mutations in KCNA1 cause the Kv1.1 channel dysfunction, which leads to familial PKD. The current study further extended the genotypic spectrum of this disorder, indicating that Kv1.1 channel dysfunction maybe one of the underlying defects in PKD.

Development of poly ADP-ribose polymerase-1 inhibitor with anti-cervical carcinoma activity.

This research aimed to discover and identify new poly ADP-ribose polymerase-1 (PARP) inhibitors with potent anti-cervical carcinoma activity, and then explore their potential biological roles on cervical carcinoma cell. For this purpose, we identified a new PARP inhibitor from a high-throughput virtual screening method and found that the compound strongly inhibited cervical carcinoma HeLa cell. Cell proliferation was evaluated by an MTT assay, and the cell apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry. Results showed that PARP1 is a poly ADP-ribose catalyzing enzyme in eukaryotic cells, which is activated during DNA damage and repair, and plays an important role in DNA repair and cell apoptosis. Herein we report the first discovery of a new PARP inhibitor from a high-throughput virtual screening method, then the compound was measured its anti-cervical carcinoma activity by using an MTT assay, which suggested that the compound strongly inhibited HeLa cell proliferation, the IC50 value is 0.65 µM. In addition, the compound induced HeLa cell apoptosis in a dose-response manner. All these data suggested that the compound is a promising lead compound, which deserves further investigation. It is concluded that the compound discover herein is a promising PARP-1 inhibitor with potent anti-cervical carcinoma activity, which deserves further investigation.

Progesterone ameliorates the endometrial polyp by modulating the signaling pathway of Wnt and ß-catenin via regulating the expression of H19 and miR-152.

BACKGROUND: MicroRNAs and long noncoding RNAs are believed to play important roles in the pathogenesis of various diseases. This study aimed to explore the potential mechanism of the involvement of H19 and miR-152 in an endometrial polyp. METHODS: Luciferase assay was conducted to determine the effect of progesterone. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot were performed to detect the influence of progesterone on miR-152 and Wnt1. MTT assay and flow cytometry (FCM) were utilized to detect the effect of progesterone on cell proliferation and apoptosis. In silicon analysis, luciferase assay, real-time PCR, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed to explore the regulatory relationship between H19 and miR-152 or miR-152 and Wnt1. RESULTS: Progesterone dose-dependently increased the H19 expression level through driving the promoter efficiency of H19. Then, progesterone upregulated Wnt1 level and downregulated miR-152 in a dose-dependent manner in ECC1 and HEC1A cells. Administration of progesterone inhibited cell viability and promoted cell apoptosis. H19 negatively regulated miR-152 expression by binding to miR-152. Furthermore, Wnt1 was identified as a virtual target gene of miR-152 and was inhibited by miR-152. Progesterone receptors mRNA and miR-152 were lowly expressed in participants with an endometrial polyp, while the levels of H19 and Wnt1 were much higher in the endometrial polyp group compared with normal controls. H19 negatively regulated miR-152 and miR-152 negatively regulated Wnt1, with the negative correlation coefficients being -0.500 and -0.500, respectively. Using IHC, it was found that Wnt1 and Bcl-2 protein were highly expressed in the endometrial polyp group compared with normal controls. CONCLUSION: The results suggested that H19 was associated with endometrial polyp via mediating cell proliferation and apoptosis.

Genetic variants of TSPAN12 gene in patients with retinopathy of prematurity.

Genetic susceptibility to retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) has been reported. However, no virulence genes are currently known for ROP. This study aimed to assess FZD4, LRP5, TSPAN12, and NDP, which are known virulence genes involved in familial exudative vitreoretinopathy, an ailment that shares some symptoms with ROP. After approval from the parents of diseased infants, blood samples from 29 Han patients with ROP were collected for genomic DNA extraction. Direct sequencing was used to assess the four candidate genes, namely FZD4, LRP5, TSPAN12, and NDP. Finally, genetic mutations were screened. Changes of three nucleotide sequences were found in the four candidate genes; notably, a c.954G>A hybrid mutation in the TSPAN12 gene was predicted to cause protein structure and function alterations. The molecular pathogenesis of ROP is complex, and likely involves the c.954G>A mutation in TSPAN12.

Investigating the mechanism by which SMAD3 induces PAX6 transcription to promote the development of non-small cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the function of SMAD3 (SMAD family member 3) in regulating PAX6 (paired box 6) in non-small cell lung cancer. METHODS: First, qRT-PCR was employed to detect SMAD3 expression in cancer tissues along with normal tissues and four cell lines, including BEAS-2B, H125, HCC827 and A549 cells. SMAD3 was knocked down by small interference RNA (siRNA), and then its expression was determined via qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis. The correlation between SMAD3 and PAX6 was determined by double luciferase reporter experiments and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. Cell viability was evaluated by CCK-8 and colony forming assays, while cell migration and invasion were detected by Transwell analysis. RESULTS: SMAD3 and PAX6 were upregulated in lung cancer tissues and cancer cells. Knocking down SMAD3 and PAX6 by transfection with siRNAs specifically suppressed the expression of SMAD3 and PAX6 mRNA and protein levels. SMAD3 could promote PAX6 transcriptional activity by binding to its promoter. Reduced expression of SMAD3 led to the downregulation of PAX6 mRNA and protein levels along with decreased cell migration, invasion, proliferation and viability in A549 and HCC827 cells. PAX6 overexpression altered the si-SMAD3-induced inhibition of cell migration, invasion, proliferation and viability in A549 and HCC827 cells. Additionally, PAX6 knockdown alone also repressed the cell migration, invasion, proliferation and viability of the cell lines. CONCLUSIONS: SMAD3 promotes the progression of non-small cell lung cancer by upregulating PAX6 expression.

BNIP3 Protein Suppresses PINK1 Kinase Proteolytic Cleavage to Promote Mitophagy.

Mutations in PINK1 (PTEN-induced putative kinase 1) cause early onset familial Parkinson's disease (PD). PINK1 accumulates on the outer membrane of damaged mitochondria followed by recruiting parkin to promote mitophagy. Here, we demonstrate that BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19-kDa interacting protein 3 (BNIP3), a mitochondrial BH3-only protein, interacts with PINK1 to promote the accumulation of full-length PINK1 on the outer membrane of mitochondria, which facilitates parkin recruitment and PINK1/parkin-mediated mitophagy. Inactivation of BNIP3 in mammalian cells promotes PINK1 proteolytic processing and suppresses PINK1/parkin-mediated mitophagy. Hypoxia-induced BNIP3 expression results in increased expression of full-length PINK1 and mitophagy. Consistently, expression of BNIP3 in Drosophila suppresses muscle degeneration and the mitochondrial abnormality caused by PINK1 inactivation. Together, the results suggest that BNIP3 plays a vital role in regulating PINK1 mitochondrial outer membrane localization, the proteolytic process of PINK1 and PINK1/parkin-mediated mitophagy under physiological conditions. Functional up-regulation of BNIP3 may represent a novel therapeutic strategy to suppress the progression of PD.

Effects of Commonly Used Pesticides in China on the Mitochondria and Ubiquitin-Proteasome System in Parkinson's Disease.

Evidence continues to accumulate that pesticides are the leading candidates of environmental toxins that may contribute to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. The mechanisms, however, remain largely unclear. According to epidemiological studies, we selected nine representative pesticides (paraquat, rotenone, chlorpyrifos, pendimethalin, endosulfan, fenpyroximate, tebufenpyrad, trichlorphon and carbaryl) which are commonly used in China and detected the effects of the pesticides on mitochondria and ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) function. Our results reveal that all the nine studied pesticides induce morphological changes of mitochondria at low concentrations. Paraquat, rotenone, chlorpyrifos, pendimethalin, endosulfan, fenpyroximate and tebufenpyrad induced mitochondria fragmentation. Furthermore, some of them (paraquat, rotenone, chlorpyrifos, fenpyroximate and tebufenpyrad) caused a significant dose-dependent decrease of intracellular ATP. Interestingly, these pesticides which induce mitochondria dysfunction also inhibit 26S and 20S proteasome activity. However, two out of the nine pesticides, namely trichlorphon and carbaryl, were found not to cause mitochondrial fragmentation or functional damage, nor inhibit the activity of the proteasome, which provides significant guidance for selection of pesticides in China. Moreover, our results demonstrate a potential link between inhibition of mitochondria and the UPS, and pesticide-induced Parkinsonism.

[Apply of RetCam â ¡ and color Doppler imaging in persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the manifestations of RetCam Ⅱ and color Doppler imaging (CDI) in a retrospective case series of persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV). METHODS: Retrospective study. The medical records of 9 eyes/9 patients with PHPV went through RetCamⅡ and CDI from 2009 to 2014. RESULTS: There were 6 young boys and 3 young girl in this study, age from 2 months to 5 years. All the patients were born at full term. 9 eyes had complication (cataract). The manifestations of RetCam Ⅱ: There were pale in optic disc. There were white fibre rod connected with optic disc, then prolonged to vitreous cavity, connected with posterior lens capsule. CDI showed arterial blood stream signal in band-shaped echogenic structure within vitreous cavity, prolonged to lens from the optic disc, or showed funnel-shaped echogenic mass at the posterior surface of lens and anterior of vitreous body, adhered to ciliary body, lens and the optic disc. CONCLUSIONS: PHPV is congenital ocular anomalies because of a failure of primary vitreous and the hyaloids vascular system to regress. It manifests as unilateral and boys. We diagnosis PHPV by RetCamⅡ and CDI.

Effects of neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with radical laparoscopic surgery with quality nursing care on clinical efficacy and sex hormones in patients with cervical cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with radical laparoscopic surgery with quality nursing care on the clinical efficacy and sex hormones of cervical cancer patients. METHODS: The clinical data of 107 patients with cervical cancer admitted to Yanan University Affiliated Hospital between January 2017 and January 2020 were retrospectively analyzed in this study. Among them, 50 patients received only laparoscopic radical surgery (surgical group), and the other 57 received neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with laparoscopic radical surgery (Joint group); patients in both groups received quality nursing care. The baseline and surgical data of the two groups were compared, and the changes in tumor markers and sex hormones before and after treatment were analyzed. Cox regression was used to analyze the independent prognostic factors affecting patients' 2-year survival. RESULTS: The patients in the two groups did not show statistical differences in baseline and surgical data (all P > 0.05). After treatment, the levels of squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC-Ag), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and serum glycan antigen 125 (CA125) were significantly reduced in both groups. However, the reduction was more pronounced in the joint group than that in the surgical group (P < 0.0001). Meanwhile, estrogen (E2) levels decreased more significantly in the Joint group, while follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) increased more significantly (all P < 0.0001). Multifactorial Cox regression analysis revealed that E2, LH and SCC-Ag were independent prognostic factors affecting 2-year survival (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with laparoscopic radical surgery is more effective in reducing the levels of tumor markers and significantly affects the levels of sex hormones. E2, LH, and SCC-Ag are the independent prognostic factors for 2-year survival in patients with cervical cancer. This study provides evidence to support the comprehensive treatment of cervical cancer.

SNX17 Mediates Dendritic Spine Maturation via p140Cap.

Sorting nexin17 (SNX17) is a member of the sorting nexin family, which plays a crucial role in endosomal trafficking. Previous research has shown that SNX17 is involved in the recycling or degradation of various proteins associated with neurodevelopmental and neurological diseases in cell models. However, the significance of SNX17 in neurological function in the mouse brain has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we generated Snx17 knockout mice and observed that the homozygous deletion of Snx17 (Snx17-/-) resulted in lethality. On the other hand, heterozygous mutant mice (Snx17+/-) exhibited anxiety-like behavior with a reduced preference for social novelty. Furthermore, Snx17 haploinsufficiency led to impaired synaptic transmission and reduced maturation of dendritic spines. Through GST pulldown and interactome analysis, we identified the SRC kinase inhibitor, p140Cap, as a potential downstream target of SNX17. We also demonstrated that the interaction between p140Cap and SNX17 is crucial for dendritic spine maturation. Together, this study provides the first in vivo evidence highlighting the important role of SNX17 in maintaining neuronal function, as well as regulating social novelty and anxiety-like behaviors.