RESUMO
The most prevalent glycoprotein on the influenza virus envelope is called hemagglutinin (HA), yet little is known about its involvement in the pathophysiology and etiology of severe influenza pneumonia. Here, after stimulating human bronchial epithelial cells (16-HBE) and mice with HA of H1N1 for 12 h, we investigated the proliferation, migration, inflammatory cytokines expression, and apoptosis in 16-HBE and the pathological damage in mouse lung tissue. The expression of inflammatory cytokines plasminogen activator inhibitor 1(PAI-1), urokinase-type (uPA) and tissue-type (tPA) plasminogen activators, and apoptosis were all enhanced by HA, which also prevented the proliferation and migration of bronchial epithelial cells. HA enhanced up-regulated PAI-1, uPA, and tPA protein expression within mouse lung tissue and caused lung injury. In conclusion, HA alone, but not the whole H1N1 virus, induces lung tissue injury by inhibiting cell proliferation and migration, while promoting the expression of inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis.
Assuntos
Apoptose , Proliferação de Células , Glicoproteínas de Hemaglutininação de Vírus da Influenza , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1 , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Glicoproteínas de Hemaglutininação de Vírus da Influenza/metabolismo , Glicoproteínas de Hemaglutininação de Vírus da Influenza/genética , Movimento Celular , Citocinas/metabolismo , Células Epiteliais/metabolismo , Células Epiteliais/virologia , Pulmão/metabolismo , Pulmão/virologia , Pulmão/patologia , Linhagem Celular , Pneumonia Viral/virologia , Pneumonia Viral/metabolismo , Pneumonia Viral/patologia , Influenza Humana/metabolismo , Influenza Humana/virologia , Ativador de Plasminogênio Tipo Uroquinase/genética , Ativador de Plasminogênio Tipo Uroquinase/metabolismo , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/metabolismo , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/virologia , Inibidor 1 de Ativador de Plasminogênio/metabolismo , Inibidor 1 de Ativador de Plasminogênio/genética , Pneumonia/metabolismo , Pneumonia/virologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of malaria control in Shayang County from 1995 to 2014, so as to provide the evidence for the strategy revision of the elimination of malaria prevention and control. METHODS: The data of malaria surveillance were collected and analyzed in Shayang County from 1995 to 2014. RESULTS: During the 20 years, 582 malaria patients (9 imported patients) were reported. The average annual incidence rate was 0.53/ten thousand. Through the comprehensive prevention and control measures, the incidence of malaria decreased from 2.30/ten thousand in 1997 to 0.02/ten thousand in 2010, and the decreasing rate was 99.13%. The proportion of malaria cases in the total infectious diseases cases also decreased from 21.23% in 1997 to 0.07% in 2010, and the decreasing rate was 99.67%. There were no local malaria patients from 2010 to 2014. However, the imported malaria patients were increased year by year during the recent years. CONCLUSIONS: This county has reached the national malaria control and elimination standards, and the malaria control work has been transferred from the control period to the elimination phase. We should implement the prevention and control measures and strictly control imported malaria, so as to consolidate the malaria control results.