Interaction effects on cytochrome P450 both in vitro and in vivo studies by two major bioactive xanthones from Halenia elliptica D. Don.

The major components, 1-hydroxy-2,3,5-trimethoxy-xanthone (HM-1) and 1,5-dihydroxy-2,3-dimethoxy-xanthone (HM-5) isolated from Halenia elliptica D. Don (Gentianaceae), could cause vasodilatation in rat coronary artery with different mechanisms. In this work, high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LCMS-IT-TOF) was used to clarify the metabolic pathways, and CYP450 isoform involvement of HM-1 and HM-5 were also studied in rat. At the same time, in vivo inhibition effects of HM-1 and ethyl acetate extracts from origin herb were studied. Three metabolites of HM-5 were found in rat liver microsomes (RLMs); demethylation and hydroxylation were the major phase I metabolic reactions for HM-5. Multiple CYP450s were involved in metabolism of HM-1 and HM-5. The inhibition study showed that HM-5 inhibited Cyp1a2, 2c6 and 2d2 in RLMs. HM-1 inhibited activities of Cyp1a2, Cyp2c6 and Cyp3a2. In vivo experiment demonstrated that both HM-1 and ethyl acetate extracts could inhibit Cyp3a2 in rats. In conclusion, the metabolism of xanthones from the origin herb involved multiple CYP450 isoforms; in vitro, metabolism of HM-5 was similar to that of its parent drug HM-1, but their inhibition effects upon CYP450s were different; in vivo, Cyp3a2 could be inhibited by HM-1 and ethyl acetate extracts.

Microbial transformation of oleanolic acid by Trichothecium roseum.

Microbial transformation of the oleanolic acid (1) using Trichothecium roseum (pers.) Link (M 95.56) has resulted in the isolation of two new hydroxylated type metabolites, characterized as 15α-hydroxy-3-oxo-olean-12-en-28-oic acid (2) and 7ß,15α-dihydroxy-3-oxo-olean-12-en-28-oic acid (3). The structure elucidation of these metabolites was based primarily on HR-EIMS, 1D NMR, and 2D NMR analyses.

Exploring Novel Genome Instability-associated lncRNAs and their Potential Function in Pan-Renal Cell Carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: Genomic instability can drive clonal evolution, continuous modification of tumor genomes, and tumor genomic heterogeneity. The molecular mechanism of genomic instability still needs further investigation. This study aims to identify novel genome instabilityassociated lncRNAs (GI-lncRNAs) and investigate the role of genome instability in pan-Renal cell carcinoma (RCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A mutator hypothesis was employed, combining the TCGA database of somatic mutation (SM) information, to identify GI-lncRNAs. Subsequently, a training cohort (n = 442) and a testing cohort (n = 439) were formed by randomly dividing all RCC patients. Based on the training cohort dataset, a multivariate Cox regression analysis lncRNAs risk model was created. Further validations were performed in the testing cohort, TCGA cohort, and different RCC subtypes. To confirm the relative expression levels of lncRNAs in HK-2, 786-O, and 769-P cells, qPCR was carried out. Functional pathway enrichment analyses were performed for further investigation. RESULTS: A total of 170 novel GI-lncRNAs were identified. The lncRNA prognostic risk model was constructed based on LINC00460, AC073218.1, AC010789.1, and COLCA1. This risk model successfully differentiated patients into distinct risk groups with significantly different clinical outcomes. The model was further validated in multiple independent patient cohorts. Additionally, functional and pathway enrichment analyses revealed that GI-lncRNAs play a crucial role in GI. Furthermore, the assessments of immune response, drug sensitivity, and cancer stemness revealed a significant relationship between GI-lncRNAs and tumor microenvironment infiltration, mutational burden, microsatellite instability, and drug resistance. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we discovered four novel GI-lncRNAs and developed a novel signature that effectively predicted clinical outcomes in pan-RCC. The findings provide valuable insights for pan-RCC immunotherapy and shed light on potential underlying mechanisms.

[Optimization on the production of analgesic peptide from Buthus martensii Karsch in Pichia pastoris].

The technology of liquid fermentation for producing the recombinant analgesic peptide BmK AngM1 from Buthus martensii Karsch in Pichia pastoris was studied by single-factor and orthogonal test. The results showed that the optimal culture conditions were as follows: 1.2% methanol, 0.6% casamino acids, initial pH 6.0, and three times of basal inoculation volume. Under the above culture conditions, the expression level of recombinant BmK AngM1 in Pichia pastoris was above 500 mg x L(-1), which was more than three times of the control. The study has laid a foundation for the large-scale preparation of BmK AngM1 to meet the needs of theoretical research of BmK AngM1 and development of new medicines.

[Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Paecilomyces hepiali and Cordyceps sinensis].

Phylogenetic relationship between Paecilomyces hepiali and Cordyceps sinensis was studied by analyzing the sequence of rDNA-ITS. The samples of C. sinensis were collected from Hualong County in Qinghai Province and Kangding County in Sichuan Province in May and June, respectively. The rDNA-ITS fragments were obtained by PCR amplification with the template genomic DNA of the fresh stroma or caterpillar body of the collected samples and the cultured mycelium of P. hepiali, with the universal fungal primers ITS1/ITS4. The amplified fragments were cloned into pMD18-T Vector and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis was performed with these sequences and those from GenBank. The result showed that all of the 46 clones randomly chosen from the amplification of C. sinensis shared identical or almost identical rDNA-ITS regions and had over 99% identity with some rDNA-ITS sequences of Hirsutella sinensis and C. sinensis registered in GenBank, but all of them had only about 72% identity with that of P. hepiali. Two pairs of specific primers were designed based on the rDNA-ITS sequence of P. hepiali, then PCR and Nest-PCR were performed with the template genomic DNA of the stroma or caterpillar body of C. sinensis samples mentioned above. The apparent bands amplified by Nest-PCR were obtained from all of the samples, and the sequences showed 100% identity with the rDNA-ITS sequence of P. hepiali. In addition, another pair of specific primers were designed based on the rDNA-ITS sequence registered in GenBank as the marker of C. sinensis (accession no. AB067740) but the latter only shared 87.3% identity with that of H. sinensis (accession no. AJ309353). This pair of primers was used to amplify the C. sinensis samples by PCR, and the amplified sequence showed 100% identity with that of AB067740. The result indicated that H. sinensis is the main body of C. sinensis, while some other endoparasitic fungi such as P. hepiali commonly exist in the natural C. sinensis.

[Biotransformation of dehydroepiandrosterone by hairy root cultures of Anisodus tanguticus].

AIM: To modify the structure of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). METHODS: Using hairy root cultures of Anisodus tanguticus to perform biotransformation of DHEA, using chromatographic and spectral techniques to isolate and identify the products. RESULTS: (1) The MS medium without plant hormone was suitable for the growth of the hairy root. (2) DHEA was converted into five products: androst-4-ene-3, 17-dione (I); 6alpha-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3, 17-dione (II); 6alpha, 17beta-dihydroxyandrost-4-ene-3-one (III); androst-4-ene-3, 6, 17-trione (IV) and 17beta-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3-one (V). CONCLUSION: It is the first time to use hairy root cultures of Anisodus tanguticus for the biotransformation of DHEA and five DHEA-related compounds were obtained.

Microbial O-demethylation, hydroxylation, sulfation, and ribosylation of a xanthone derivative from Halenia elliptica.

1-Hydroxy-2,3,5-trimethoxyxanthone (1), one of the major xanthone derivatives isolated from Halenia elliptica, was biotransformed by two fungi, Trichothecium roseum and Paecilomyces marquandii. Transformation of 1 by T. roseumgave 1,5-dihydroxy-2,3-dimethoxyxanthone (2), 5-O-sulfate-1-hydroxy-2,3-dimethoxyxanthone (3), 5-O-sulfate-1-hydroxy-2,3,7-trimethoxyxanthone (4), 5-O-beta-ribofuranosyl-1-hydroxy-2,3-dimethoxyxanthone (5), and 1,5,6-trihydroxy-2,3-dimethoxyxanthone (6). Compound 2 was also formed by P. marquandii. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses. Among the five microbial-converted compounds, 3, 4, 5, and 6 are new compounds.

Molecular cloning and expression of putrescine N-methyltransferase from the hairy roots of Anisodus tanguticus.

A full-length cDNA encoding putrescine N-methyltransferase (PMT) was isolated from the hairy roots of A. tanguticus. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the cloned cDNA revealed an open reading frame of 1017 bp encoding 338 amino acids with high homology to other known PMTs. A. tanguticus PMT was expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant AtPMT was purified and exhibited S-adenosyl-methionine-dependent N-methyltransferase activity.