"Unscrupulous and Morally Ill-Prepared" Laymen or Professionals? Controlling Pharmacists during the Brazilian Military Dictatorship.

This article traces the transformation of the system of control and repression of Brazilian pharmaceutical activities between the 1930s and the 1970s, through a Foucauldian framework of "differential management of illegalisms." The period between 1930 and 1960 can be understood as a process of negotiation between pharmacists and state agencies that achieved a compromise on the differential management of illegalisms in relation to drugs, with a clear distinction between "laymen" and "professionals." This compromise came into question during the dictatorship, due to institutional transformations that reinforced the autonomy of institutions of repression and a military struggle against subversion and corruption. Pharmacists and laymen alike were considered potential suspects. This suspicion even extended to the civilian agencies that were at the core of the regulation of the licit drug market. These developments profoundly changed the way illegalisms committed by professionals and state officials were treated, blurring the boundaries that had been established between laymen, professionals, inspectors, and industrialists. The final section of the article focuses on the various ways in which institutions of repression focused on pharmacists and state regulatory control agencies as potential places of subversive activity or corruption.

Effects of coenzyme Q10 and N-acetylcysteine on experimental poisoning by paracetamol in Wistar rats.

Paracetamol (PAR) is a drug widely used in human and veterinary medicine as an analgesic and antipyretic, often involved in cases of intoxication. The most common clinical signs result from damage to red blood cells and hepatocytes, and this intoxication is considered a model for the induction of acute liver failure. In the present study, the hepatoprotective effects of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) against experimental paracetamol (PAR) poisoning were analysed. Thirty-five adult Wistar rats (Rattus novergicus albinus) were randomly assigned to five groups, and thirty-one of these survived the treatments. Negative control group (CON-) received 1mL of 0.9% NaCl orally (PO). Other groups received 1.2g/kg of PAR (PO). Positive control group (CON+) received only PAR. NAC group received 800 mg/kg intraperitoneally (IP) of NAC 1h after the administration of PAR and at 12 h received 1mL of 0.9% NaCl, IP. The fourth group (CoQ10) received 1h and 12 h after intoxication, CoQ10 (10mg/kg IP). And the fifth group (NAC+CoQ10) received NAC (800mg/kg, IP) and CoQ10 (10mg/kg, IP). After 12 hours, the rats were euthanized and necropsied to collect liver and kidney tissues for histopathological evaluation and electronic microscopy. A single dose of PAR caused severe acute hepatitis. NAC couldn't reverse the liver and kidney damages. The group that received CoQ10 and NAC had moderate liver damage, while the group that received only CoQ10 had lower values of liver enzymes and mild liver and kidney damage. Animals that received treatment with CoQ10 or NAC+CoQ10 presented normal hepatocyte mitochondria and nuclei. Although CoQ10 couldn't reverse PAR organ damage, results indicate promising hepatoprotection in Wistar rats.

Corpus callosum volumes in the 5 years following the first-episode of schizophrenia: Effects of antipsychotics, chronicity and maturation.

Background: White matter (WM) structural changes, particularly affecting the corpus callosum (CC), seem to be critically implicated in psychosis. Whether such abnormalities are progressive or static is still a matter of debate in schizophrenia research. Aberrant maturation processes might also influence the longitudinal trajectory of age-related CC changes in schizophrenia patients. We investigated whether patients with first-episode schizophrenia-related psychoses (FESZ) would present longitudinal CC and whole WM volume changes over the 5 years after disease onset. Method: Thirty-two FESZ patients and 34 controls recruited using a population-based design completed a 5-year assessment protocol, including structural MRI scanning at baseline and follow-up. The linear effects of disease duration, clinical outcome and antipsychotic (AP) use over time on WM and CC volumes were studied using both voxelwise and volume-based morphometry analyses. We also examined maturation/aging abnormalities through cross-sectional analyses of age-related trajectories of total WM and CC volume changes. Results: No interaction between diagnosis and time was observed, and clinical outcome did not influence CC volumes in patients. On the other hand, FESZ patients continuously exposed to AP medication showed volume increase over time in posterior CC. Curve-estimation analyses revealed a different aging pattern in FESZ patients versus controls: while patients displayed a linear decline of total WM and anterior CC volumes with age, a non-linear trajectory of total WM and relative preservation of CC volumes were observed in controls. Conclusions: Continuous AP exposure can influence CC morphology during the first years after schizophrenia onset. Schizophrenia is associated with an abnormal pattern of total WM and anterior CC aging during non-elderly adulthood, and this adds complexity to the discussion on the static or progressive nature of structural abnormalities in psychosis.

Energia líquida e ractopamina para leitoas em terminação sob altas temperaturas ambientais

The objective of this paper was to assess net energy (NE) levels and ractopamine in the diet of finishing gilts maintained under high temperature environment (29.5±2.3°C). Forty gilts were used, with initial weight of 69.3±2.8kg, distributed in a randomized block design, in a factorial scheme 2x4 (0 and 20ppm of ractopamine; and 2,300; 2,424; 2,548 and 2,668kcal/kg NE kg-1 of feed), and five replications and one animal each. There was interaction (P 0.05) between NE levels and ractopamine, and the inclusion of 20ppm of ractopamine in the diets containing 2,548 and 2,668kcal reduced (P 0.05) backfat thickness and increased (P 0.05) the percentage of lean meat of carcasses. The use of ractopamine improved (P 0.05) feed gain ratio and increased (P 0.05) the amount of lean meat in carcasses. It was concluded that ractopamine at a dose of 20ppm provides benefits in performance and carcass traits of gilts under heat stress and this effect is more positive in diets containing higher energy levels (2,548 and 2,668kcal of NE kg-1).

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar níveis de energia líquida (EL) e ractopamina na dieta de leitoas em terminação sob altas temperaturas ambientais (29,5±2,3°C). Foram utilizadas 40 leitoas (peso inicial de 69,3±2,8kg) distribuídas no delineamento de bloco ao acaso em esquema fatorial 2x4 (0 e 20ppm de ractopamina e 2.300; 2.424; 2.548 e 2.668kcal de EL kg-1 de ração), com cinco repetições de um animal cada. Houve interação (P 0,05) entre EL e ractopamina, sendo que a inclusão de 20ppm em dietas com 2.548 e 2.668kcal reduziu (P 0,05) a espessura de toucinho e aumentou (P 0,05) a percentagem de carne magra das carcaças. A ractopamina melhorou (P 0,05) a conversão alimentar e a quantidade de carne magra nas carcaças (P 0,05), independente dos níveis de EL. Concluiu-se que a ractopamina na dose de 20ppm propicia benefícios no desempenho e características de carcaça de leitoas sob estresse térmico e que esse efeito é mais positivo em dietas contendo níveis energéticos mais elevados (2.548 e 2.668kcal de EL).

Energia líquida e ractopamina para leitoas em terminação sob altas temperaturas ambientais

The objective of this paper was to assess net energy (NE) levels and ractopamine in the diet of finishing gilts maintained under high temperature environment (29.5±2.3°C). Forty gilts were used, with initial weight of 69.3±2.8kg, distributed in a randomized block design, in a factorial scheme 2x4 (0 and 20ppm of ractopamine; and 2,300; 2,424; 2,548 and 2,668kcal/kg NE kg-1 of feed), and five replications and one animal each. There was interaction (P 0.05) between NE levels and ractopamine, and the inclusion of 20ppm of ractopamine in the diets containing 2,548 and 2,668kcal reduced (P 0.05) backfat thickness and increased (P 0.05) the percentage of lean meat of carcasses. The use of ractopamine improved (P 0.05) feed gain ratio and increased (P 0.05) the amount of lean meat in carcasses. It was concluded that ractopamine at a dose of 20ppm provides benefits in performance and carcass traits of gilts under heat stress and this effect is more positive in diets containing higher energy levels (2,548 and 2,668kcal of NE kg-1).

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar níveis de energia líquida (EL) e ractopamina na dieta de leitoas em terminação sob altas temperaturas ambientais (29,5±2,3°C). Foram utilizadas 40 leitoas (peso inicial de 69,3±2,8kg) distribuídas no delineamento de bloco ao acaso em esquema fatorial 2x4 (0 e 20ppm de ractopamina e 2.300; 2.424; 2.548 e 2.668kcal de EL kg-1 de ração), com cinco repetições de um animal cada. Houve interação (P 0,05) entre EL e ractopamina, sendo que a inclusão de 20ppm em dietas com 2.548 e 2.668kcal reduziu (P 0,05) a espessura de toucinho e aumentou (P 0,05) a percentagem de carne magra das carcaças. A ractopamina melhorou (P 0,05) a conversão alimentar e a quantidade de carne magra nas carcaças (P 0,05), independente dos níveis de EL. Concluiu-se que a ractopamina na dose de 20ppm propicia benefícios no desempenho e características de carcaça de leitoas sob estresse térmico e que esse efeito é mais positivo em dietas contendo níveis energéticos mais elevados (2.548 e 2.668kcal de EL).

Duração da suplementação de ractopamina em dietas para leitoas em terminação mantidas sob alta temperatura ambiente

The study was conducted to evaluate the duration of the supplementation of ractopamine in the diet of finishing gilts maintained under high temperature environment. Forty eight females, with initial weight of 70.4±2.6kg were used. The pigs were distributed in randomized blocks design of six treatments (supplementation of ractopamine for 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days pre-slaughter) and four replications, each experimental unit consisted of two animals. The final weight and daily feed intake were not affected (P>0.05) by treatments. The weight gain increased and the feed conversion decreased linearly (P 0.05) according to the increased length of supplementation of ractopamine in the diet. The quantitative characteristics of carcass (weight and hot carcass yield, backfat thickness, percentage of lean meat, depth of muscle and loin eye area) was not influenced (P>0.05) by duration of supplementation of ractopamine in the diet. The weights of the lungs, heart, liver, kidneys and spleen were not modified (P>0.05) by treatments. It was concluded that inclusion of 20ppm of ractopamine in the diet of finishing gilts maintained under high temperature environment during 28 days maximizes the response of daily gain and during 35 days maximizes the response to feed conversion. However, the inclusion of the additive does not alter the quantitative characteristics of carcass and does not affect the development of the viscera.

Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a duração da suplementação de ractopamina na dieta de leitoas em terminação, mantidas sob alta temperatura ambiente. Foram utilizadas 48 leitoas com peso inicial de 70,4±2,6kg, distribuídas no delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com seis tratamentos (suplementação de ractopamina por 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 e 35 dias pré-abate) e quatro repetições, sendo a unidade experimental constituída por dois animais. O peso final e o consumo de ração diário não foram influenciados (P>0,05) pelos tratamentos. O ganho de peso aumentou e a conversão alimentar reduziu linearmente (P 0,05) com o aumento do tempo de suplementação de ractopamina na dieta. As características quantitativas de carcaça (peso e rendimento de carcaça quente, espessura de toucinho, percentual de carne magra, profundidade de músculo e área de olho-de-lombo) não foram influenciadas (P>0,05) pela duração da suplementação de ractopamina na dieta. O peso dos pulmões, coração, fígado, rins e baço também não foi modificado (P>0,05) pelos tratamentos. Concluiu-se que a inclusão de 20ppm de ractopamina na dieta de leitoas em terminação, mantidas sob alta temperatura ambiente, durante 28 dias, maximiza a resposta de ganho de peso diário e, durante 35 dias, maximiza a resposta para conversão alimentar. Contudo, a inclusão do aditivo não altera as características quantitativas de carcaça e não afeta o desenvolvimento das vísceras.

Duração da suplementação de ractopamina em dietas para leitoas em terminação mantidas sob alta temperatura ambiente

The study was conducted to evaluate the duration of the supplementation of ractopamine in the diet of finishing gilts maintained under high temperature environment. Forty eight females, with initial weight of 70.4±2.6kg were used. The pigs were distributed in randomized blocks design of six treatments (supplementation of ractopamine for 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days pre-slaughter) and four replications, each experimental unit consisted of two animals. The final weight and daily feed intake were not affected (P>0.05) by treatments. The weight gain increased and the feed conversion decreased linearly (P 0.05) according to the increased length of supplementation of ractopamine in the diet. The quantitative characteristics of carcass (weight and hot carcass yield, backfat thickness, percentage of lean meat, depth of muscle and loin eye area) was not influenced (P>0.05) by duration of supplementation of ractopamine in the diet. The weights of the lungs, heart, liver, kidneys and spleen were not modified (P>0.05) by treatments. It was concluded that inclusion of 20ppm of ractopamine in the diet of finishing gilts maintained under high temperature environment during 28 days maximizes the response of daily gain and during 35 days maximizes the response to feed conversion. However, the inclusion of the additive does not alter the quantitative characteristics of carcass and does not affect the development of the viscera.

Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a duração da suplementação de ractopamina na dieta de leitoas em terminação, mantidas sob alta temperatura ambiente. Foram utilizadas 48 leitoas com peso inicial de 70,4±2,6kg, distribuídas no delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com seis tratamentos (suplementação de ractopamina por 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 e 35 dias pré-abate) e quatro repetições, sendo a unidade experimental constituída por dois animais. O peso final e o consumo de ração diário não foram influenciados (P>0,05) pelos tratamentos. O ganho de peso aumentou e a conversão alimentar reduziu linearmente (P 0,05) com o aumento do tempo de suplementação de ractopamina na dieta. As características quantitativas de carcaça (peso e rendimento de carcaça quente, espessura de toucinho, percentual de carne magra, profundidade de músculo e área de olho-de-lombo) não foram influenciadas (P>0,05) pela duração da suplementação de ractopamina na dieta. O peso dos pulmões, coração, fígado, rins e baço também não foi modificado (P>0,05) pelos tratamentos. Concluiu-se que a inclusão de 20ppm de ractopamina na dieta de leitoas em terminação, mantidas sob alta temperatura ambiente, durante 28 dias, maximiza a resposta de ganho de peso diário e, durante 35 dias, maximiza a resposta para conversão alimentar. Contudo, a inclusão do aditivo não altera as características quantitativas de carcaça e não afeta o desenvolvimento das vísceras.

Duração da suplementação de ractopamina em dietas para leitoas em terminação mantidas sob alta temperatura ambiente

The study was conducted to evaluate the duration of the supplementation of ractopamine in the diet of finishing gilts maintained under high temperature environment. Forty eight females, with initial weight of 70.4±2.6kg were used. The pigs were distributed in randomized blocks design of six treatments (supplementation of ractopamine for 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days pre-slaughter) and four replications, each experimental unit consisted of two animals. The final weight and daily feed intake were not affected (P>0.05) by treatments. The weight gain increased and the feed conversion decreased linearly (P 0.05) according to the increased length of supplementation of ractopamine in the diet. The quantitative characteristics of carcass (weight and hot carcass yield, backfat thickness, percentage of lean meat, depth of muscle and loin eye area) was not influenced (P>0.05) by duration of supplementation of ractopamine in the diet. The weights of the lungs, heart, liver, kidneys and spleen were not modified (P>0.05) by treatments. It was concluded that inclusion of 20ppm of ractopamine in the diet of finishing gilts maintained under high temperature environment during 28 days maximizes the response of daily gain and during 35 days maximizes the response to feed conversion. However, the inclusion of the additive does not alter the quantitative characteristics of carcass and does not affect the development of the viscera.

Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a duração da suplementação de ractopamina na dieta de leitoas em terminação, mantidas sob alta temperatura ambiente. Foram utilizadas 48 leitoas com peso inicial de 70,4±2,6kg, distribuídas no delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com seis tratamentos (suplementação de ractopamina por 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 e 35 dias pré-abate) e quatro repetições, sendo a unidade experimental constituída por dois animais. O peso final e o consumo de ração diário não foram influenciados (P>0,05) pelos tratamentos. O ganho de peso aumentou e a conversão alimentar reduziu linearmente (P 0,05) com o aumento do tempo de suplementação de ractopamina na dieta. As características quantitativas de carcaça (peso e rendimento de carcaça quente, espessura de toucinho, percentual de carne magra, profundidade de músculo e área de olho-de-lombo) não foram influenciadas (P>0,05) pela duração da suplementação de ractopamina na dieta. O peso dos pulmões, coração, fígado, rins e baço também não foi modificado (P>0,05) pelos tratamentos. Concluiu-se que a inclusão de 20ppm de ractopamina na dieta de leitoas em terminação, mantidas sob alta temperatura ambiente, durante 28 dias, maximiza a resposta de ganho de peso diário e, durante 35 dias, maximiza a resposta para conversão alimentar. Contudo, a inclusão do aditivo não altera as características quantitativas de carcaça e não afeta o desenvolvimento das vísceras.

Níveis de ractopamina para suínos machos castrados em terminação e mantidos sob conforto térmico

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance and the quantitative characteristics of barrow's carcass maintained under thermoneutral environment and fed with diets containing different ractopamine levels. Forty-eight barrows were used, with initial weight of 67.0±2.7kg, distributed in a randomized blocks design with four ractopamine levels (0, 5, 10 and 20ppm) and six replicates with two animals each. The experimental period lasted 28 days. The average temperature recorded was 20.9±2.9°C, relative humidity was 86.7±7.3% and BGHI was 69.6±4.0. The final weight of the animals and feed intake were not influenced (P>0.05) by treatments. The ractopamine levels influenced (P 0.05) the daily weight gain and feed conversion. There was a linear reduction (P 0.05) of backfat thickness, increase of muscle depth and the carcass lean meat percentage in accordance with the increasing of ractopamine levels in the diet. The weight, carcass yield and loin eye area were not influenced (P>0.05) by treatments. It was concluded that the ractopamine optimal level of inclusion in the diet of barrows kept under thermoneutral environment is 20ppm.

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho e as características quantitativas de carcaça de suínos machos castrados, mantidos em ambiente de conforto térmico e alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes níveis de ractopamina. Foram utilizados 48 animais, com peso médio inicial de 67,0±2,7kg, distribuídos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso composto por quatro níveis de ractopamina (0, 5, 10 e 20ppm) e seis repetições, com dois animais cada. O período experimental teve duração de 28 dias. A temperatura do ar obtida foi de 20,9±2,9°C, a umidade relativa foi de 86,7±7,3%, e o Índice de Temperatura de Globo e Umidade foi de 69,6±4,0. O peso final dos animais e o consumo de ração não foram influenciados (P>0,05) pelos tratamentos. Os níveis de ractopamina influenciaram (P 0,05) o ganho de peso diário e a conversão alimentar dos suínos. Observou-se redução linear (P 0,05) da espessura de toucinho e aumento da profundidade de músculo e da porcentagem de carne magra na carcaça de acordo com o aumento dos níveis de ractopamina na dieta. O peso e o rendimento de carcaça quente e a área de olho de lombo não foram influenciados (P>0,05) pelos tratamentos. Concluiu-se que o nível ótimo de inclusão de ractopamina na dieta de suínos machos castrados e mantidos em ambiente termoneutro é de 20ppm.

Níveis de ractopamina para suínos machos castrados em terminação e mantidos sob conforto térmico

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance and the quantitative characteristics of barrow's carcass maintained under thermoneutral environment and fed with diets containing different ractopamine levels. Forty-eight barrows were used, with initial weight of 67.0±2.7kg, distributed in a randomized blocks design with four ractopamine levels (0, 5, 10 and 20ppm) and six replicates with two animals each. The experimental period lasted 28 days. The average temperature recorded was 20.9±2.9°C, relative humidity was 86.7±7.3% and BGHI was 69.6±4.0. The final weight of the animals and feed intake were not influenced (P>0.05) by treatments. The ractopamine levels influenced (P 0.05) the daily weight gain and feed conversion. There was a linear reduction (P 0.05) of backfat thickness, increase of muscle depth and the carcass lean meat percentage in accordance with the increasing of ractopamine levels in the diet. The weight, carcass yield and loin eye area were not influenced (P>0.05) by treatments. It was concluded that the ractopamine optimal level of inclusion in the diet of barrows kept under thermoneutral environment is 20ppm.

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho e as características quantitativas de carcaça de suínos machos castrados, mantidos em ambiente de conforto térmico e alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes níveis de ractopamina. Foram utilizados 48 animais, com peso médio inicial de 67,0±2,7kg, distribuídos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso composto por quatro níveis de ractopamina (0, 5, 10 e 20ppm) e seis repetições, com dois animais cada. O período experimental teve duração de 28 dias. A temperatura do ar obtida foi de 20,9±2,9°C, a umidade relativa foi de 86,7±7,3%, e o Índice de Temperatura de Globo e Umidade foi de 69,6±4,0. O peso final dos animais e o consumo de ração não foram influenciados (P>0,05) pelos tratamentos. Os níveis de ractopamina influenciaram (P 0,05) o ganho de peso diário e a conversão alimentar dos suínos. Observou-se redução linear (P 0,05) da espessura de toucinho e aumento da profundidade de músculo e da porcentagem de carne magra na carcaça de acordo com o aumento dos níveis de ractopamina na dieta. O peso e o rendimento de carcaça quente e a área de olho de lombo não foram influenciados (P>0,05) pelos tratamentos. Concluiu-se que o nível ótimo de inclusão de ractopamina na dieta de suínos machos castrados e mantidos em ambiente termoneutro é de 20ppm.

Níveis de ractopamina para suínos machos castrados em terminação e mantidos sob conforto térmico

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance and the quantitative characteristics of barrow's carcass maintained under thermoneutral environment and fed with diets containing different ractopamine levels. Forty-eight barrows were used, with initial weight of 67.0±2.7kg, distributed in a randomized blocks design with four ractopamine levels (0, 5, 10 and 20ppm) and six replicates with two animals each. The experimental period lasted 28 days. The average temperature recorded was 20.9±2.9°C, relative humidity was 86.7±7.3% and BGHI was 69.6±4.0. The final weight of the animals and feed intake were not influenced (P>0.05) by treatments. The ractopamine levels influenced (P 0.05) the daily weight gain and feed conversion. There was a linear reduction (P 0.05) of backfat thickness, increase of muscle depth and the carcass lean meat percentage in accordance with the increasing of ractopamine levels in the diet. The weight, carcass yield and loin eye area were not influenced (P>0.05) by treatments. It was concluded that the ractopamine optimal level of inclusion in the diet of barrows kept under thermoneutral environment is 20ppm.

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho e as características quantitativas de carcaça de suínos machos castrados, mantidos em ambiente de conforto térmico e alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes níveis de ractopamina. Foram utilizados 48 animais, com peso médio inicial de 67,0±2,7kg, distribuídos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso composto por quatro níveis de ractopamina (0, 5, 10 e 20ppm) e seis repetições, com dois animais cada. O período experimental teve duração de 28 dias. A temperatura do ar obtida foi de 20,9±2,9°C, a umidade relativa foi de 86,7±7,3%, e o Índice de Temperatura de Globo e Umidade foi de 69,6±4,0. O peso final dos animais e o consumo de ração não foram influenciados (P>0,05) pelos tratamentos. Os níveis de ractopamina influenciaram (P 0,05) o ganho de peso diário e a conversão alimentar dos suínos. Observou-se redução linear (P 0,05) da espessura de toucinho e aumento da profundidade de músculo e da porcentagem de carne magra na carcaça de acordo com o aumento dos níveis de ractopamina na dieta. O peso e o rendimento de carcaça quente e a área de olho de lombo não foram influenciados (P>0,05) pelos tratamentos. Concluiu-se que o nível ótimo de inclusão de ractopamina na dieta de suínos machos castrados e mantidos em ambiente termoneutro é de 20ppm.