Interacting Superparamagnetic Iron(II) Oxide Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Characterization in Ionic Liquids.

Interacting superparamagnetic iron(II) oxide nanoparticles (NPs) with sizes of 5.3 ± 1.6 nm were prepared by simple decomposition of [Fe(COT)2] (COT = 1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene) with 5 bar of H2 in 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (BMI·NTf2) ionic liquid (IL). The static and dynamic magnetic characterization revealed a superparamagnetic behavior with weak dipolar interactions of these NPs. In situ structural studies by X-ray absorption spectroscopy demonstrated that they consist of nanostructured FeO. This approach is an appropriate method to prepare and stabilize nanostructured FeO particles, where the presence of an IL proved to be fundamental to suppress the aggregation and usual overoxidation of the FeO NPs.

Magnetic ionic plastic crystal: choline[FeCl4].

A novel organic ionic plastic crystal (OIPC) based on a quaternary ammonium cation and a tetrachloroferrate anion has been synthesized with the intention of combining the properties of the ionic plastic crystal and the magnetism originating from the iron incorporated in the anion. The thermal analysis of the obtained OIPC showed a solid-solid phase transition below room temperature and a high melting point above 220 °C, indicating their plastic crystalline behaviour over a wide temperature range, as well as thermal stability up to approximately 200 °C. The magnetization measurements show the presence of three-dimensional antiferromagnetic ordering below 4 K. The results from electrochemical characterization display a solid-state ionic conduction sufficiently high and stable (between 10(-2.7) and 10(-3.6) S cm(-1) from 20 to 180 °C) for electrochemical applications.

Identifying the presence of magnetite in an ensemble of iron-oxide nanoparticles: a comparative neutron diffraction study between bulk and nanoscale.

Scientific interest in iron-oxides and in particular magnetite has been renewed due to the broad scope of their fascinating properties, which are finding applications in electronics and biomedicine. Specifically, iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are gathering attraction in biomedicine. Their cores are usually constituted by a mixture of maghemite and magnetite phases. In view of this, to fine-tune the properties of an ensemble of IONPs towards their applications, it is essential to enhance mass fabrication processes towards the production of monodisperse IONPs with controlled size, shape, and stoichiometry. We exploit the vacancy sensitivity of the Verwey transition to detect the presence of magnetite. Here we provide direct evidence for the Verwey transition in an ensemble of IONPs through neutron diffraction. This transition is observed as a variation in the Fe magnetic moment at octahedral sites and, in turn, gives rise to a change of the net magnetic moment. Finally, we show this variation as the microscopic ingredient driving the characteristic kink that hallmarks the Verwey transition in thermal variation of magnetization.

[Autoimmune pancreatitis. Related to a case]. / Pancreatitis autoinmune. A propósito de un caso.

Autoimmune pancreatitis is an entity that has recently been included in the differential diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis-pancreatic mass. The presence of diffuse, irregular Wirsung's duct stenosis, together with high levels of IgG4, the existence of certain autoantibodies and lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of the pancreas are key factors in the diagnosis. An early diagnostic suspicion and multidisciplinary collaboration are vital in these cases to avoid unnecessary surgery as the differential diagnosis is established with such entities as pancreas cancer, chronic pancreatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis or primary sclerosing cholangitis. Autoimmune pancreatitis has an excellent response to steroid therapy, with complete resolution of clinical, analytical and radiological parameters, as occurred in our patient. The very few cases reported so far suggest the need for the elaboration of long-term follow-up studies to determine the prognosis and frequency of its association with other diseases.

FOXM1 allows human keratinocytes to bypass the oncogene-induced differentiation checkpoint in response to gain of MYC or loss of p53.

Tumour suppressor p53 or proto-oncogene MYC is frequently altered in squamous carcinomas, but this is insufficient to drive carcinogenesis. We have shown that overactivation of MYC or loss of p53 via DNA damage triggers an anti-oncogenic differentiation-mitosis checkpoint in human epidermal keratinocytes, resulting in impaired cell division and squamous differentiation. Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) is a transcription factor recently proposed to govern the expression of a set of mitotic genes. Deregulation of FOXM1 occurs in a wide variety of epithelial malignancies. We have ectopically expressed FOXM1 in keratinocytes of the skin after overexpression of MYC or inactivation of endogenous p53. Ectopic FOXM1 rescues the proliferative capacity of MYC- or p53-mutant cells in spite of higher genetic damage and a larger cell size typical of differentiation. As a consequence, differentiation induced by loss of p53 or MYC is converted into increased proliferation and keratinocytes displaying genomic instability are maintained within the proliferative compartment. The results demonstrate that keratinocyte oncogene-induced differentiation is caused by mitosis control and provide new insight into the mechanisms driving malignant progression in squamous cancer.

Interplay between microstructure and magnetism in NiO nanoparticles: breakdown of the antiferromagnetic order.

The possibility of tuning the magnetic behaviour of nanostructured 3d transition metal oxides has opened up the path for extensive research activity in the nanoscale world. In this work we report on how the antiferromagnetism of a bulk material can be broken when reducing its size under a given threshold. We combined X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, extended X-ray absorption fine structure and magnetic measurements in order to describe the influence of the microstructure and morphology on the magnetic behaviour of NiO nanoparticles (NPs) with sizes ranging from 2.5 to 9 nm. The present findings reveal that size effects induce surface spin frustration which competes with the expected antiferromagnetic (AFM) order, typical of bulk NiO, giving rise to a threshold size for the AFM phase to nucleate. Ni(2+) magnetic moments in 2.5 nm NPs seem to be in a spin glass (SG) state, whereas larger NPs are formed by an uncompensated AFM core with a net magnetic moment surrounded by a SG shell. The coupling at the core-shell interface leads to an exchange bias effect manifested at low temperature as horizontal shifts of the hysteresis loop (~1 kOe) and a coercivity enhancement (~0.2 kOe).

Long-range magnetic ordering in magnetic ionic liquid: Emim[FeCl4].

Up to now most of the magnetic ionic liquids containing tetrachloroferrate ion FeCl(4) have evidenced a paramagnetic temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility, with only small deviations from the Curie law at low temperatures. However, we report on the physical properties of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate Emim[FeCl(4)], that clearly shows a long-range antiferromagnetic ordering below the Néel temperature T(N)≈3.8 K. In addition, the field dependence of the magnetization measured at 2 K is characterized by a linear behaviour up to around 40 kOe, while above this field the magnetization becomes saturated with a value of 4.3 µ(B)/Fe, which is near the expected fully saturated value of 5 µ(B)/Fe for an Fe(3+) ion.

[Clinical aspects of anorexia nervosa in males]. / Aspectos clínicos de la anorexia nerviosa en el varón.

A clinical epidemiological study is carried out on 14 men diagnosed of Anorexia Nervosa According to DSM-III-R and CIE-10. They all were hospitalised and the follow-up after being discharged 1 1/2-2 years. The demographical and social characteristics were analysed; weight loss, main symptoms and stressful factors related with the start of illness. The psychiatric pathologies first degree relatives and personal antecedents. The age of onset was similar to women as well as symptomatology, except more frequent alcohol abuse in males (28.4%), more hyperactivity (71.4% of men), less frequent kleptomania. The personality profile was obsessive-compulsive in half patients, and precipitant stressful factors was found in 71.42% of cases. Affective disorders and alcoholism between first degree relatives were similar to general population. We think that Anorexia Nervosa in males is very similar to females.

[Comparative study of anorexia nervosa in a group of males and females]. / Estudio comparativo de la anorexia nerviosa entre un grupo de varones y hembras.

A comparative study was made of anorexia nervosa in males and females that were hospitalized at the psychiatric unit of Ramon y Cajal Hospital during a continuous period of ten years. The total number of patients was 63: 10 males and 53 females. A special emphasis is made in the symptoms and the age of the patients at the onset of the illness. A comparison between symptomatology in both groups is made at the state of illness as well as their premorbid personality. The distinctive evolutions, prognosis and the initial pathology which comes to the psychiatrist are evaluated, this one shows a very different pattern in men and women. Our results suggest the existence of anorexia nervosa in men and not as a secondary psychiatric disorder.

[New features of pharmacologic treatment of erectile dysfunction]. / Nuevos aspectos en el tratamiento farmacológico de la disfunción eréctil.

OBJECTIVES: The present article summarizes the latest advancements in the physiology of erection, with special reference to the role of the adenylate and guanylate cyclase-nitric oxide system. METHODS/RESULTS: New aspects in the pharmacological intracavernous treatment of erectile dysfunction are discussed and new drugs in this field are analyzed, such as nitrovasodilators, calcium channel blocker, potassium channel openers, phosphodiesterase inhibitors and the combination of adenylate cyclase stimulators. CONCLUSIONS: A high percentage of patients with erectile dysfunction depends on intracavernous injection of vasoactive drugs for erection. However, this route of administration is painful and causes anxiety in many cases. Other routes of administration (oral, topical or intraurethral) have yet to be developed, as well as drugs that can diminish penile venous blood outflow in cases with venous leakage, and can enhance arterial blood supply at the same time. The combination of phosphodiesterase inhibitors with adenylate and/or guanylate cyclase stimulators or potassium channel openers may further enhance the results achieved to date.

Pancreatitis autoinmune. A propósito de un caso / Autoimmune pancreatitis. Related to a case

La pancreatitis autoinmune es una reciente entidad a tener en cuenta en el diagnóstico diferencial de pancreatits crónica-masa pancreática. La presencia de estenosis difusa e irregular del Wirsung, junto con niveles elevados de IgG4, presencia de determinados autoanticuerpos e infiltración linfoplasmocitaria de páncreas son la clave del diagnóstico. La sospecha diagnóstica precoz y la colaboración multidisciplinar es vital en estos casos, ya que puede evitar cirugía innecesaria, puesto que el diagnóstico diferencial se establece con entidades entre las que se encuentra cáncer de páncreas, pancreatitis crónica, cirrosis biliar primaria o colangitis esclerosante primaria. Además, la pancreatitis autoinmune tiene excelente respuesta a tratamiento esteroideo, con resolución completa de parámetros clínicos, analíticos y radiológicos, como ocurría en nuestro paciente. Debido al escaso número de casos descritos en la Literatura, sería necesario la elaboración de estudios con seguimiento largo plazo para conocer pronóstico y frecuencia de asociación a otras patologías

Autoimmune pancreatitis is an entity that has recently been included in the differential diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis-pancreatic mass. The presence of diffuse, irregular Wirsung’s duct stenosis, together with high levels of IgG4, the existence of certain autoantibodies and lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of the pancreas are key factors in the diagnosis. An early diagnostic suspicion and multidisciplinary collaboration are vital in these cases to avoid unnecessary surgery as the differential diagnosis is established with such entities as pancreas cancer, chronic pancreatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis or primary sclerosing cholangitis. Autoimmune pancreatitis has an excellent response to steroid therapy, with complete resolution of clinical, analytical and radiological parameters, as occurred in our patient. The very few cases reported sofar suggest the need for the elaboration of long-term follow-up studies to determine the prognosis and frequency of its association with other diseases

La alimentación y sus perversiones. Anorexia, vigorexia,bulimia y obesidad / No disponible

No disponible

Principios activos autorizados en España en 2006 (I. ª parte) / No disponible

Cada año la Agencia Española de Medicamentos evalúa la documentación correspondiente a los fármacos que le son presentados con propuesta para su registro y aprobación. Otros fármacos lo hacen a través de la Agencia Europea. En nuestro país se han autorizado veinticuatro principios activos durante el pasado año 2006. Se presentan y comentan los datos correspondientes a aquellos considerados por los autores de mayor interés. Tres principios son considerados como «Innovación excepcional», y uno más es considerado «Innovación importante ». El resto presentan mejoras menores aunque en determinadas circunstancias o en pacientes específicos pueden llegar a ser la alternativa de mayor interés (AU)

No disponible

Principios activos autorizados en España en 2006 (2ª parte) / Active Principles authorized in Spain in 2006 (2ª part)

Como continuación de nuestro trabajo publicado con anterioridad de igual título como parte 1ª [Sanidad Militar 2007;64(2):118-127], presentamos el resto de fármacos que han sido comercializados en nuestro país durante el pasado año 2006, con atención a sus diversas características, algunas de ellas reflejadas en su ficha técnica, y otras comentadas para complementar su conocimiento (AU)

As a continuation of our previous article published with the same title as first part [Sanidad Militar 2007;64(2):118-127], we present the other drugs that have been commercialized in our country during 2006. They are presented in accordance with their different characteristics, some of them described in the technical data sheet and other commented in order to complement their knowledge. The active principles that we present in this second part represent, as has already been stated previously, a reduced contribution from the innovation point of view. However for certain patients or group of patients, and in concrete circumstances, they may represent a specific solution for a case that might have a worse outlook without this contribution. The drugs that we present in order to complete those commercialized during 2006 are the following (AU)