Sustainable Development Goals' health-related indicators for Brazil and Ecuador: an analysis for the period of 1990-2019.

OBJECTIVE: This article aims to analyse the evolution of 40 Sustainable Development Goals' (SDGs) health-related indicators in Brazil and Ecuador from 1990 to 2019. STUDY DESIGN: Epidemiological study of long-term trends in 40 SDGs' health-related indicators for Brazil and Ecuador from 1990 to 2019, using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study. METHODS: Forty SDGs' health-related indicators and an index from 1990 to 2017 for Brazil and Ecuador, and their projections up to 2030 were extracted from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation's Global Burden of Disease website and analysed. The percent annual change (PC) between 1990 and 2019 was calculated for both countries. RESULTS: Both countries have made progress on child stunting (Brazil: PC = -38%; Ecuador: PC = -43%) and child wasting prevalences (Brazil: PC = -42%; Ecuador: PC = -41%), percent of vaccine coverage (Brazil: PC = +215%; Ecuador: PC = +175%), under-5 (Brazil: PC = -75%; Ecuador: PC = -60%) and neonatal mortality rates (Brazil: PC = -69%; Ecuador: PC = -51%), health worker density per 1000 population (Brazil: PC = +153%; Ecuador: PC = +175%), reduction of neglected diseases prevalences (Brazil: PC = -40%; Ecuador: PC = -58%), tuberculosis (Brazil: PC = -27%; Ecuador: PC = -55%) and malaria incidences (Brazil: PC = -97%; Ecuador: PC = -100%), water, sanitation and hygiene mortality rates (Brazil and Ecuador: PC = -89%). However, both countries did not show sufficient improvement in maternal mortality ratio to meet SDGs targets (Brazil: PC = -37%; Ecuador: PC = -40%). Worsening of indicators were found for violence, such as non-intimate partner violence for both countries (Brazil: PC = +26%; Ecuador: PC = +18%) and suicide mortality rate for Ecuador (PC = +66%), child overweight indicator for Brazil (PC = -67%), disaster mortality rates (Brazil: PC = +100%; Ecuador: PC = +325%) and alcohol consumption (Brazil: PC = +46%; Ecuador: PC = +35%). CONCLUSIONS: Significant improvements are necessary in both countries requiring the strengthening of health and other policies, particularly concerning the prevention and management of violence and alcohol consumption, and preparedness for dealing with environmental disasters.

Actionable insights for human factors and ergonomics to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals: mapping past advancements and proposing future strategic paths.

Despite significant strides in linking Human Factors and Ergonomics (HFE) and sustainability, research lacks precision in debating HFE's role, especially concerning the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This paper maps concrete contributions of HFE to the SDGs, offering strategic actions for target achievement. The methodological approach involved the application of PRISMA to define a sample, SciMAT and VOSviewer for visual and temporal thematic mapping, deductive content analysis and categorical analysis. The results show that there is an already rich and unique set of contributions across a wide range of SDGs, not just the most common related to HFE, SDG8 (Decent work). The importance of HFE is highlighted in various aspects, such as the sustainable adoption of industry 4.0 technologies (SDG9) and the development of sustainable production (SDG12), energy (SDG7) and urban (SDG11) systems. Strategic actions specifying targets for each mapped SDG are offered for policymakers, industry professionals and researchers.

This paper maps concrete contributions of HFE to the SDGs, including aspects such as sustainable adoption of industry 4.0 technologies and the development of sustainable production, energy and urban systems. Policymakers, industry professionals and researchers can benefit from the strategic pathways offered to further advance the SDGs.

Development and Evaluation of Options for Action to Progress on the SDG 6 Targets in Austria.

The Agenda 2030 of the United Nations stipulates an ambitious set of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). They were globally agreed upon and demand coherent, context-specific implementation at the national level. To address the complexity of challenges therein, the Agenda is designed to be integrated, indivisible, and universal. The numerous multifaceted interactions in-between the SDGs and with corresponding measures pose a complex challenge for decision-makers implementing them worldwide that requires support for a comprehensive discourse in the science-society-policy arena. Research on the interactions between the SDGs has been flourishing and can help to understand where policy options might be most successfully located. A catalytic effect on several other goals is, e.g., often attributed to SDG 6 on water and sanitation. However, beyond the where to locate policy options, it is similarly important to understand how potential policy options would affect the SDGs and their targets. We developed eleven options and 85 measures as context-specific pathways to advance the SDG 6 Targets in Austria. As a country in the Global North and with a generally far-established water and sanitation infrastructure and management, this responds to the Agenda's demand for universal applicability and can serve as an example to illustrate potential challenges beyond basic infrastructure provision and management. The proposed options cover resources-oriented sanitation, blue-green-brown infrastructure, efficient use and integrated management of water resources, maintenance and restoration of ecological functions of inland waters, reduction of diffuse discharge of nutrients and problematic substances as well as trace substances, water, sanitation and hygiene in public spaces, groundwater protection, development cooperation as well as co-design and co-creation. Their effects on the SDG 6 Targets are evaluated using a 7-point-scale. The evaluation method is simple and practicable, and fosters discourse on the entire water cycle amongst the expert group applying the method. The evaluated effects on the targets are found to be unanimously positive or neutral, but trade-offs might arise when including other SDGs in the assessment, making an expansion of the evaluation necessary for coherent implementation. The results can be used as a baseline to support follow-up discussions with stakeholders and decision-makers.

Bioindicators for the Sustainability of Sugar Agro-Industry.

The worldwide sugar industry presents a productive inertia and a fragile sustainability due to there are marginal advances in the productivity, productive diversification, and reduction of the environmental impact in cane crop fields, sugar factories, distilleries, and non-centrifuged sugar production. The complexity of sustainability evaluation in sugar industry is highlighted by the incorporation of many criteria including both quantitative and qualitative issues, measured by different units or at least the development of standards for benchmarking. The key to successful sustainability will ultimately depend on the progress in sugarcane productivity without increasing the cultivated area and decreases the environmental impacts without the lack of coordination between public policies, stakeholders, and markets which would have benefits and wellness on social, economic, and environmental aspects. The aim of this research was to carry out a review about the sustainability frameworks, indicators, constraints, and barrier to transit the sugar industry to sustainability. The results present opportunities and strengths of sugar industry related to 2030 agenda for sustainable development and circular economy as an useful guidance to formulate strategies to maximizing the potential of the sugar industry to a sustainable biofactory.

Urban sprawl into Natura 2000 network over Europe.

Urban growth is a major threat to biodiversity conservation at the global scale. Its impacts are expected to be especially detrimental when it sprawls into the landscape and reaches sites of high conservation value due to the species and ecosystems they host, such as protected areas. I analyzed the degree of urbanization (i.e., urban cover and growth rate) from 2006 to 2015 in protected sites in the Natura 2000 network, which, according to the Habitats and Birds Directives, harbor species and habitats of high conservation concern in Europe. I used data on the degree of land imperviousness from COPERNICUS to calculate and compare urban covers and growth rates inside and outside Natura 2000. I also analyzed the relationships of urban cover and growth rates with a set of characteristics of Natura sites. Urban cover inside Natura 2000 was 10 times lower than outside (0.4% vs. 4%) throughout the European Union. However, the rates of urban growth were slightly higher inside than outside Natura 2000 (4.8% vs. 3.9%), which indicates an incipient urban sprawl inside the network. In general, Natura sites affected most by urbanization were those surrounded by densely populated areas (i.e., urban clusters) that had a low number of species or habitats of conservation concern, albeit some member states had high urban cover or growth rate or both in protected sites with a large number of species or habitats of high conservation value. Small Natura sites had more urban cover than large sites, but urban growth rates were highest in large Natura sites. Natura 2000 is protected against urbanization to some extent, but there is room for improvement. Member states must enact stricter legal protection and control law enforcement to halt urban sprawl into protected areas under the greatest pressure from urban sprawl (i.e., close to urban clusters). Such actions are particularly needed in Natura sites with high urban cover and growth rates and areas where urbanization is affecting small Natura sites of high conservation value, which are especially vulnerable and concentrated in the Mediterranean region.

Expansión Urbana dentro de la Red Natura 2000 en Europa Resumen El crecimiento urbano es una amenaza importante para la conservación de la biodiversidad a escala global. Se espera que los impactos de este crecimiento sean especialmente perjudiciales cuando se expande por el paisaje y alcanza sitios de alto valor para la conservación por las especies y ecosistemas que albergan, como lo son las áreas protegidas. Analicé el grado de urbanización (cobertura urbana y tasa de crecimiento) entre 2006 y 2015 dentro de los sitios protegidos de la red Natura 2000, la cual, de acuerdo con las Directivas de Aves y Hábitats, alberga especies y hábitats de alto interés para la conservación en Europa. Usé información sobre el grado de impermeabilidad del suelo tomados de COPERNICUS para calcular y comparar coberturas urbanas y tasas de crecimiento dentro y fuera de la red Natura 2000. También analicé las relaciones de la cobertura urbana y las tasas de crecimiento con un conjunto de características de los sitios Natura. La cobertura urbana dentro de la red Natura 2000 fue diez veces más baja que afuera (0.4% vs. 4%) a lo largo de la Unión Europea. Sin embargo, las tasas de crecimiento urbano fueron ligeramente más altas dentro de la red Natura 2000 que fuera (4.8% vs. 3.8%), lo cual indica una expansión urbana incipiente dentro de la red. En general, los sitios Natura más afectados por la urbanización fueron aquellos rodeados por áreas densamente pobladas (es decir, conglomerados urbanos) que tenían un número bajo de especies o hábitats de interés para la conservación, aunque algunos estados miembros de la UE tuvieron una cobertura urbana o una tasa de crecimiento alta o ambas en sitios protegidos con un número elevado de especies o hábitats de alto valor para la conservación. Los sitios Natura pequeños tuvieron mayor cobertura urbana que los sitios más grandes, pero las tasas de crecimiento urbano fueron más altas en los sitios Natura grandes. La red Natura 2000 está protegida contra la urbanización hasta cierto punto, pero todavía se puede mejorar mucho más. Los estados miembros de la UE deben promulgar una protección legal más estricta y controlar la aplicación de la ley para detener la expansión urbana hacia las áreas protegidas más cercanas a los conglomerados urbanos. Dichas acciones son necesarias en sitios Natura con una cobertura urbana extensa y tasas de crecimiento altas y en áreas en donde la urbanización está afectando a espacios Natura pequeños con un valor alto de conservación, los cuales son especialmente vulnerables y se encuentran concentrados en la región mediterránea.

Does green financing help to improve environmental & social responsibility? Designing SDG framework through advanced quantile modelling.

Striving to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), countries are increasingly embracing a sustainable financing mechanism via green bond financing. Green bonds have attracted the attention of the industrial sector and policymakers, however, the impact of green bond financing on environmental and social sustainability has not been confirmed. There is no empirical evidence on how this financial product can contribute to achieving the goals set out in Agenda 2030. In this study, we empirically analyze the impact of green bond financing on environmental and social sustainability by considering the S&P 500 Global Green Bond Index and S&P 500 Environmental and Social Responsibility Index, from October 1, 2010 to 31st July 2020 using a combination of Quantile-on-Quantile Regression and Wavelet Multiscale Decomposition approaches. Our results reveal that green financing mechanisms might have gradual negative transformational impacts on environmental and social responsibility. Furthermore, we attempt to design a policy framework to address the relevant SDG objectives.

Fossil fuels, stranded assets and COVID-19: Imagining an inclusive & transformative recovery.

The 2015 Paris Agreement on Climate Change implicitly requires phasing out fossil fuels; such a phase out may cost hundreds of trillions of dollars and induce widespread socio-ecological ramifications. The COVID-19 'pancession' (pandemic + recession) has rattled global economies, possibly accelerating the fossil fuel phase out. This raises the question: What opportunities has COVID-19 presented to phase out fossil fuels, and subsequently, how can transformative recovery efforts be designed to utilize these opportunities and promote social, ecological and relational inclusiveness? We find that: (a) the COVID-19 pancession provides a unique opportunity to accelerate climate action, as it has devalued financial assets, stunned fossil fuel production and paralyzed relevant infrastructure, thus easing the pathway towards stranding global fossil fuel resources and assets; (b) four possible post-pancession recovery scenarios may unravel, of which only one is ecologically, socially and relationally inclusive, transformative, and in line with the Paris Agreement and Agenda 2030; and (c) an inclusive recovery requires that political leadership channels the gargantuan state resources for recovery into prioritizing healthcare and the environment as public/merit goods, conscious investment in non-fossil fuel energy sector recovery accompanied by stringent climate policy, and equitably managing stranded assets to ensure that the burden falls on rich and capable actors, predominantly from the North.

Sustainable and acceptable school meals through optimization analysis: an intervention study.

BACKGROUND: School meals hold considerable potential to shape children's diets and reduce food-related greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE)-in the short and long term. This study applied linear optimization to develop a GHGE-reduced, nutritionally adequate, and affordable school lunch menu. The effects on food waste, consumption and pupils' satisfaction with the meals were evaluated. METHODS: A pre-post design was employed to assess the effects of implementing an optimized lunch menu on daily food waste, consumption, and pupils' school meal satisfaction in three schools (grades 0-9) from one Swedish municipality. A food list containing amounts, prices, nutrient content, and GHGE-values of all foods used for a previously served (baseline) four-week lunch menu was created. Using linear programming, this food list was optimized for minimum deviation and constrained to ensure nutritional adequacy and a reduced climate impact. The optimized food list was developed into a new (intervention) four-week lunch menu by a professional meal planner, following the baseline menu as closely as possible. The baseline and intervention menus were served for four weeks, respectively, with a two week break in between. Prepared, wasted and leftover food were weighed daily by the school kitchen staff during both periods. Interrupted time series analysis assessed mean and slope differences in daily food waste and consumption between the two periods. School lunch satisfaction was assessed with an online questionnaire at baseline and during the intervention. RESULTS: Optimization resulted in a food list that was 40% lower in GHGE, met all nutrient recommendations for school meals, and cost 11% less compared to baseline. The intervention menu was served as planned, with only minor changes required (for practical reasons). Plate waste, serving waste, consumption and school lunch satisfaction did not differ significantly from baseline, in any of the schools. CONCLUSIONS: The findings demonstrate that school meals can successfully be improved regarding health and environmental sustainability using linear optimization, without negative effects on food waste, consumption or cost. This approach offers the necessary flexibility to tailor menus towards different priorities and could therefore be transferred to other types of meal services. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04168632 Fostering Healthy and Sustainable Diets Through School Meals (OPTIMAT).

Measles Vaccine Coverage and Disease Outbreaks: A Systematic Review of the Early Impact of COVID-19 in Low and Lower-Middle Income Countries.

Objectives: We aimed to evaluate changes to measles-containing vaccine (MCV) provision and subsequent measles disease cases in low- and lower-middle income countries (LICs, LMICs) in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A systematic search was conducted of MEDLINE, OVID EMBASE and PubMed records. Primary quantitative and qualitative research studies published from January 2020 were included if they reported on COVID-19 impact on MCV provision and/or measles outbreak rates within LICs and LMICs. Results: 45 studies were included. The change in MCV1 vaccination coverage in national and international regions ranged -13% to +44.4% from pre-COVID time periods. In local regions, the median MCV1 and overall EPI rate changed by -23.3% and -28.5% respectively. Median MCV2 rate was disproportionally impacted in local areas during COVID-interruption time-periods (-48.2%) with ongoing disruption in early-recovery time-periods (-17.7%). 8.9% of studies reported on vaccination status of confirmed measles cases; from these, 71%-91% had received no MCV dose. Conclusion: MCV vaccination coverage experienced ongoing disruption during the recovery periods after initial COVID-19 disruption. Vaccination in local area datasets notably experienced longer-term disruption compared to nationally reported figures.

Corrigendum: Gender analysis of the World Health Organization's online learning programme on Immunization Agenda 2030.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2023.1230109.].

Closing the Loop: Enhancing Local Monitoring of Child Poverty to Leave No Child Behind.

Research on the Leave No One Behind principle of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) within the context of the Agenda 2030 is currently prevalent; however, research on monitoring child poverty at the sub-national (local) level is still limited. This paper addresses this gap by examining indicators developed for monitoring the phenomenon at different territorial levels (global, European, and national) and assessing their territorial transposition locally, using the city of Cadiz, Spain, as a case study. Interviews with local stakeholders reveal that despite the availability and access to related indicators and data, relevant actors must enhance their efforts to utilize such indicators effectively. Based on desktop research and qualitative analysis, the paper delivers recommendations for improving local monitoring of child poverty in Europe and inducing policy changes. This knowledge can inform targeted interventions, policy formulation, and resource allocation to tackle child poverty and promote equitable and inclusive societies.

Metacognitive analysis of the practicum subject of the Master's in Secondary Teaching through a reflexive portfolio.

This study delves into the efficacy of the reflective portfolio in the metacognitive domain within the context of the Master's in Secondary Teaching. It places particular emphasis on the impact of prior academic training in different specialties (scientific vs. humanities) on metacognitive skills development. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, analyzing portfolios from various academic specialties, developed in practicum subject, to ascertain differences in metacognitive competencies of teaching competencies. The main findings reveal that while students generally demonstrate a basic level of success in describing learning situations, there is a notable deficiency in deeper analytical skills and self-improvement strategies, especially among science students compared to their humanities counterparts. This suggests that initial training and educational background significantly influence the development of these competencies. The study concludes that there is a pressing need for more focused and robust training in metacognitive skills across different educational disciplines. Furthermore, it highlights the necessity for educational strategies that effectively address these variations, aligning teaching and learning processes with the principles of quality and sustainable education as envisioned in Agenda 2030. The insights gained are crucial for the development of more effective and comprehensive teacher education programs.

Leveraging Resource Centers for Strengthening Immunization Supply Chain.

The efficacy of immunization programs is critically dependent on robust supply chain management, a complex challenge exacerbated by expanding program scopes and evolving vaccine technologies. This comprehensive review underscores the pivotal role of Resource Centers in fortifying the immunization supply chain, presenting a paradigm shift toward enhanced national and global health outcomes. Through a detailed examination of their key activities, the article elucidates how these centers catalyze improvements across various facets of supply chain management - from the integration of suitable technology technologies and specialized training programs to the development of sustainable models and advocacy for policy prioritization. This further explores the multifaceted challenges these centers confront, including funding constraints, capacity building, and infrastructural gaps, alongside the burgeoning opportunities presented by new vaccine introductions, donor interest in health system strengthening, and the potential for broadened scope beyond immunization. By weaving together examples of existing centers worldwide, the review highlights their contributions towards optimizing vaccine logistics, enhancing data management, and ultimately achieving Sustainable Development Goal 3. The insights provided offer valuable guidance for planning and sustaining resource centers, positioning them as indispensable allies in the global pursuit of universal immunization coverage.

Sustainable development goals: a bibliometric analysis of literature reviews.

The research in sustainable development goals (SDG) increases year by year since its approval in 2015. Typically, after a phase of exponential growth, the number of publications increases at lower rates, suggesting a consolidation process in which literature reviews become a relevant and high-evidence type of document. In this context, the aim of this study was to perform an unprecedented bibliometric analysis of literature reviews on SDG to assess the evolution and consolidation of the scientific research. Article reviews on SDG from 2015 to 2022 were retrieved from Web of Science core collection and a descriptive bibliometric analysis was performed by growth rate, research area, source, citation, and region. Mapping and cluster analysis using keyword co-occurrence, co-authorship, and bibliographic coupling were also applied. The result revealed that SDG is a fast-growing field, with a trend in the diversification of research areas. Most of the review documents were categorized in general aspects of sustainability. Technology (SDG 9) and economic growth (SDG 8) were spotted as hidden key research areas. This result is contrary to previous bibliometric studies on SDG, demonstrating the rapid evolution and change in the field. In addition, literature reviews on reduced inequalities (SDG 10), gender equality (SDG 5); oceans, seas, and marine environments (SDG 14); and peace, justice, and strong institutions (SDG 16) were revealed as research gaps. Thus, the results demonstrated that the research on SDG cannot yet be considered a consolidated area of research, as it leaves many SDG unexplored. Future research has been proposed accordingly.

Analyzing SDG interlinkages: identifying trade-offs and synergies for a responsible innovation.

This paper responds to recent calls to address the indivisible nature of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) framework and the related knowledge gap on how SDG targets interlink with each other. It examines how SDG targets interact in the context of a specific technology, point of care (PoC) microfluidics, and how this relates to the concept of responsible innovation (RI). The novel SDG interlinkages methodology developed here involves several steps to filter the relevant interlinkages and a focus group of experts for discussing these interlinkages. The main findings indicate that several social synergies occur when deploying PoC microfluidics, but that the environmental trade-offs may jeopardize the total progress toward the SDGs. More specifically, the environmental sacrifices (use of plastics and lack of recyclability) resulted in the product being cheaper and, thus, better accessible. This work suggests that attention should be given (and prioritized) to the use of renewable and recyclable materials without jeopardizing the accessibility of the product. This should minimize the identified trade-offs. These findings inform how analyzing SDG interlinkages relates to the responsibilities and dimensions of RI in several ways. First, analyzing SDG interlinkages helps to execute the governance responsibility by using the RI dimensions (anticipation, reflexivity, inclusion and responsiveness). Second, analyzing SDG interlinkages gives insights into if and how a technology relates to the do-good and avoid-harm responsibility. This is important to assess the responsiveness of the technology to ensure that the technology can become truly sustainable and leaves no one behind.

Assuming accuracy, pretending influence? Risks of measuring, monitoring and reporting sustainable development goals.

From the local to global level, indicators and reports are produced and published to support the transition towards sustainable development. Building from two European-level science-policy workshops, this perspective essay discusses the types of risks involved with such sustainability reporting. The analysis is rooted in the framework of the UN 2030 Agenda and sustainable development goals (SDG). As a globally adopted framework, it provides an example of how risks are either recognised and framed, or non-recognised. Well recognised risks include data availability for SDGs and siloed preparation of indicators, while risks receiving less attention are ritualistic reporting lacking a critical evaluation of the limitations of the SDG framework itself. These different risks are likely to reinforce each other. A specific risk is a too narrow focus on one-way communication aiming to inform individual policy decisions. Risks related to SDGs are best managed with iterative, integrative and interactive knowledge production fostering holistic understanding.

Accelerating into Immunization Agenda 2030 with momentum from China's successful COVID-19 vaccination campaign during dynamic COVID Zero.

China's immunization programs conducted a unified, tightly coordinated COVID-19 vaccination campaign during the dynamic COVID Zero period that reached well over 90% of the population with vaccines having > 90% effectiveness against serious-to-fatal COVID-19. The campaign was eight times the size of the annual routine national immunization program, administering 3.4 billion doses of vaccines while monitoring vaccine coverage, acceptability, safety, and effectiveness. Every asset of the routine immunization program had to be strengthened and expanded to attain high coverage and reach hundreds of millions of adults who had not been vaccinated since childhood. Program strengthening and expansion were in directions aligned with the World Health Organization's Immunization Agenda 2030, which has a vision that "everyone, everywhere, at every age fully benefits from vaccines for good health and well-being" and requires reaching all children, adolescents, and adults with lifesaving vaccines. Momentum from this campaign should not be lost but should be invested into achieving what is possible with a properly resourced national immunization program that is now proven to be capable of reaching everyone in the world's largest country throughout the life course, and to do so with all vaccines recommended by the World Health Organization.

Integrating the United Nations sustainable development goals into higher education globally: a scoping review.

BACKGROUND: In 2015, the United Nations adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, including the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Higher education institutions have a role in raising awareness and building skills among future professionals for implementing the SDGs. This review describes how the SDGs have been integrated into higher education globally. OBJECTIVES: Determine how have the SDGs been integrated into higher education globally. Describe the differences in the integration of the SDGs in higher education across high-income countries (HICs) and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). METHODS: Following a scoping review methodology, we searched Medline, Web of Science, Global Health, and Educational Resources Information Center, as well as websites of key institutions including universities, identifying peer-reviewed articles and grey literature published between September 2015 and December 2021. RESULTS: We identified 20 articles and 38 grey literature sources. Since 2018, the number of publications about the topic has been increasing. The SDGs were most frequently included in bachelor-level education and disciplines such as engineering and technology; humanities and social sciences; business, administration, and economics. Methods of integrating the SDGs into higher education included workshops, courses, lectures, and other means. Workshops and courses were the most frequent. The methods of integration varied in high-income countries compared to low- and middle-income countries. High-income countries seemed to follow a more academic approach to the SDGs while low- and middle-income countries integrate the SDGs with the aim to solve real-world problems. CONCLUSION: This study provides examples of progress in integrating the SDGs into higher education. Such progress has been skewed to high-income countries, bachelor-level initiatives, and certain disciplines. To advance the integration of the SDGs, lessons learned from universities globally should be shared broadly, equitable partnerships formed, and students engaged, while simultaneously increasing funding for these processes.

Why Reaching Zero-Dose Children Holds the Key to Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.

Immunization has one of the highest coverage levels of any health intervention, yet there remain zero-dose children, defined as those who do not receive any routine immunizations. There were 18.2 million zero-dose children in 2021, and as they accounted for over 70% of all underimmunized children, reaching zero-dose children will be essential to meeting ambitious immunization coverage targets by 2030. While certain geographic locations, such as urban slum, remote rural, and conflict-affected settings, may place a child at higher risk of being zero-dose, zero-dose children are found in many places, and understanding the social, political, and economic barriers they face will be key to designing sustainable programs to reach them. This includes gender-related barriers to immunization and, in some countries, barriers related to ethnicity and religion, as well as the unique challenges associated with reaching nomadic, displaced, or migrant populations. Zero-dose children and their families face multiple deprivations related to wealth, education, water and sanitation, nutrition, and access to other health services, and they account for one-third of all child deaths in low- and middle-income countries. Reaching zero-dose children and missed communities is therefore critical to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals commitment to "leave no one behind".