Schistosoma mansoni infection in residents of a riverside community in Eastern Amazon.

Schistosoma mansoni worms cause a waterborne parasitic disease called schistosomiasis. It commonly affects individuals in lack of sanitation structure. In Brazil, Pará state has Belém as one of the worst sanitation-ranking places in 2023, where schistosomiasis transmission was already documented. This study reports the occurrence of schistosomiasis in residents of Ilha das Onças, an island next to Belém. Stool samples were obtained from participants over 2 years old, all residents from Furo do Rio Grande, one of the rivers on the island. The Kato-Katz technique was performed for parasite investigation in the stool samples. Each participant responded to a sociodemographic and clinical questionnaire. The residences were georeferenced for map designing. Three out of 263 participants were S. mansoni positive, all men, ages ranging from 19 to 41 years old, with low parasitic load. Malacological surveys were carried out, but no Biomphalaria snails were found. Risk factors for schistosomiasis establishment are present on the island, and the lack of sanitation makes it a potential risk area. Malacological surveys are highly encouraged as preventive measures, as well as health surveillance for riverside populations, generating data that will help health authorities in the management and planning of preventive control actions.

Sustainability of drinking water and sanitation delivery systems in rural communities of the Lepelle Nkumpi Local Municipality, South Africa.

Water and sanitation are core for the growth and development of communities. Yet, South African local municipalities are often unable to sustainably deliver safe water and basic sanitation for all. Drawing on perspectives of ecological economics, this study analysed the sustainability of water and sanitation systems in rural communities of the Lepelle Nkumpi Local Municipality. Mixed research approach was used to collect the data from 657 household and institutional respondents. The study found that households used water for multi-purposes including consumptive, productive and domestic, but existing facilities are in deplorable condition. Pollution arising from agrochemicals, waste systems, mining, sewerage, and industrial effluence significantly affected water systems in the communities. Bridging demand-supply gaps require initiatives like bulk water supply and implementation of the free basic water policy in underprivileged areas. Tariffs should either be waived or adjusted for extremely poor households. Waste management initiatives, like capacity building, public education, investments, and facility upgrade, could help avert spread of waterborne infections and improve the resident's health.

GIS-based spatial analysis: basic sanitation services in Parana State, Southern Brazil.

The objective of this study is to provide a view of the geographic distribution of basic sanitation services offered in Parana, Brazil. Temporal distributions, spatial patterns, and clusters were determined using 2000, 2010, and 2016 data. Tabular data of the percentages of households receiving water supply, waste collection, and sanitary sewage treatments were used as the basic inputs of the study. Time series maps were created using geographic information systems (GIS) for the visualization of the temporal changes in basic sanitation rates. The spatial variation in sanitation services was measured using Moran's Global Index (Moran's I), while the Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA) and Getis-Ord Gi*(d) were used to identify the presence of possible clusters and hot spots in the percentage of households with sanitation services. The study showed strong evidence that the service rates for sanitary sewage were significantly lower than those for water supply and waste collection. Waste collection proved to have the highest service rate in the study area. Waste collection was also the service that increased the most in the study period, followed by the water supply service. Identification of the most vulnerable municipalities was performed using LISA and the local Getis-Ord Gi*(d) statistic. Most of the low value clusters and cold spots were detected in the southern and west-central regions, while the high value hot spots and clusters were detected in the northern and northeastern regions of the state of Parana.

Pit latrine fill-up rates: variation determinants and public health implications in informal settlements, Nakuru-Kenya.

BACKGROUND: Pit latrine operational management and sludge accumulation rate, presents a challenging sanitation problem in low-income urban settlements. However, these challenges have been under-researched. This study was carried out between December 2014 and September 2015 in Nakuru, Kenya. Its objectives were to determine pit latrine management activities and content accumulation rates. METHODS: A longitudinal design was used to study 100 households and their respective pit latrines. Sludge accumulation in 73 pit latrines was monitored for 10 months using a digital laser range-finder. Data analysis included normality testing and descriptive statistics. Differences in fill up across and within the study areas were analysed using one-way analysis of variance and the Fisher's Exact Test used to determine areas with significant differences. RESULTS: Sixty-one percent of the pit latrines were used as solid waste disposal points while 45% of the respondents had no hygiene awareness. The annual fill-up rate and individual sludge contribution were 0.87 ± 0.20 m3 and 41.82 l respectively. The sludge accumulation rates across the study areas had statistically significant mean differences (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Operational management and design affect the fill-up rates and post fill-up management operations. This study argues for a need to link information and awareness to users, construction artisans, property owners and local authorities on appropriate vault volumes and management practices. Linking the variables would ensure efficient sanitation service delivery and public health protection.

Spatial distribution and enteroparasite contamination in peridomiciliar soil and water in the Apucaraninha Indigenous Land, southern Brazil.

The prevalence and distribution of soil and water samples contaminated with enteroparasites of humans and animals with zoonotic potential (EHAZP) in Apucaraninha Indigenous Land (AIL), southern Brazil, was evaluated. An environmental survey was conducted to evaluate the presence of parasitic forms in peridomiciliary soil and associated variables. Soil samples were collected from 40/293 domiciles (10 domiciles per season), from November 2010 to June 2011, and evaluated by modified methods of Faust et al. and Lutz. Analyses of water from seven consumption sites were also performed. The overall prevalence of soil samples contaminated by EHAZP was 23.8 %. The most prevalent parasitic forms were cyst of Entamoeba spp. and eggs of Ascaris spp. The highest prevalence of contaminated soil samples was observed in winter (31 %). The probability map obtained with geostatistical analyses showed an average of 47 % soil contamination at a distance of approximately 140 m. The parasitological analysis of water did not detect Giardia spp. or Cryptosporidium spp. and showed that all collection points were within the standards of the Brazilian law. However, the microbiological analysis showed the presence of Escherichia coli in 6/7 sampled points. Despite the low level of contamination by EHAZP in peridomiciliar soil and the absence of pathogenic protozoa in water, the AIL soil and water (due to the presence of fecal coliforms) are potential sources of infection for the population, indicating the need for improvements in sanitation and water treatment, in addition periodic treatment of the population with antiparasitic.

Identification of environmental, socioeconomic, water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) factors associated with COVID-19 incidence in the Philippines: A nationwide modelling study.

Despite the implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions, the threat of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains significant on a global scale. Identifying external factors contributing to its spread is crucial, especially given the World Health Organization's recommendation emphasizing access to water, sanitation, and hygiene as essential in curbing COVID-19. There is a notable discrepancy in access to sanitation facilities, particularly evident in low- and middle-income countries. However, there is a lack of quantitative assessments regarding these factors. This study examines various environmental, socioeconomic, water, sanitation, and hygiene factors and their associations with COVID-19 incidence. All regions in the Philippines were categorized into clusters based on socioeconomic factors. A conceptual structural equation model (SEM) was developed using domain knowledge. The best-fitting SEM for each cluster was determined, and associations between factors and COVID-19 incidence were estimated. The correlation analysis revealed that rainfall, minimum temperature, and relative humidity were positively correlated with weekly COVID-19 incidence in urban regions. Maximum temperature, mean temperature, wind speed, and wind direction were negatively correlated with weekly COVID-19 incidence in rural regions, with time lags of 0, 3, and 7 weeks. In urban regions (Cluster 1), factors such as urbanization rate (1.00), area (-0.93), and population (0.54) were found to be associated with weekly COVID-19 incidence. Conversely, in rural regions (Cluster 2), factors including area (0.17), basic sanitation (0.84), and wind direction (0.83) showed associations with weekly COVID-19 incidence. These factors were causally associated with a latent variable reflecting the hidden confounders associated with COVID-19 incidence. It is important to note that sanitation factors were associated only in rural regions. Improving access to sanitation facilities in rural regions of the Philippines is imperative to effectively mitigate disease transmission in future pandemics. Identification of the causal effect of unobserved confounders with COVID-19 incidence is recommended for future research.

Quantitative evaluation of water, sanitation, and hygiene measures on COVID-19 pandemic peak reduction in the Philippines.

New cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are continually being recorded worldwide, despite global efforts in implementing non-pharmaceutical interventions and establishing vaccination programs. This trend highlights the need to identify the factors associated with the continued spread of COVID-19. The World Health Organization recommends hand washing as a cost-effective intervention for preventing COVID-19, indicating that water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) are central to the prevention of the disease. However, low- and middle-income countries lack adequate access to WaSH, which increases the risk of contracting COVID-19. The aim of this study was to identify the WaSH factors associated with the incidence of COVID-19 and quantitatively estimate the effects of improvements in WaSH on reducing the incidence of COVID-19 during the peak of the pandemic. Lasso regression and extreme gradient boosting models were used to identify the WaSH factors. Distinct estimation models were developed to assess the effect of WaSH in rural regions under two assumptions: increasing regional basic sanitation coverage up to 25 % and 50%. The reduction in the incidence of COVID-19 during the peak of the pandemic was calculated for each rural region. The results of the analyses indicated that basic sanitation is important for reducing the incidence of COVID-19 in rural regions compared to urban regions in the Philippines. In addition, the results suggested that increasing basic sanitation coverage could reduce the incidence of COVID-19 by 2-66 %, alleviating the burden on healthcare facilities. This study indicates that improved basic sanitation infrastructure are needed in rural Philippines. The results of this study emphasise the significance of WaSH as an indicator of COVID-19 incidence, highlighting the need for its enhancement to enable the achievement of sustainable disease prevention and pandemic preparedness goals.

Shared but Clean Household Toilets: What Makes This Possible? Evidence from Ghana and Kenya.

Shared sanitation facilities are not considered as basic sanitation owing to cleanliness and accessibility concerns. However, there is mounting evidence that some shared household toilets have a comparable level of service as private toilets. This study examined the factors that contribute to the quality of shared household toilets in low-income urban communities in Ghana and Kenya. The study design comprised household surveys and field inspections. Overall, 843 respondents were interviewed, and 838 household shared sanitation facilities were inspected. Cleanliness scores were computed from the facility inspections, while a total quality score was calculated based on 13 indicators comprising hygiene, privacy, and accessibility. Regression analyses were conducted to determine predictors of cleanliness and the overall quality of the shared sanitation facilities. More than four out of five (84%) shared toilets in Ghana (N = 404) were clean, while in Kenya (N = 434), nearly a third (32%) were clean. Flush/pour-flush toilets were six times (p < 0.01 aOR = 5.64) more likely to be clean. A functional outside door lock on a toilet facility and the presence of live-in landlords led to a threefold increase (p < 0.01 aOR = 2.71) and a twofold increase (p < 0.01 aOR = 1.92), respectively in the odds of shared sanitation cleanliness. Sanitation facilities shared by at most five households (95% CI: 6−7) were generally clean. High-quality shared toilets had live-in landlords, functional door locks, and were water-dependent. Further studies on innovative approaches to maintaining the quality of these high-quality shared toilets are needed to make them eligible for classification as basic sanitation considering the increasing reliance on the facilities.

Effect of Sanitation Interventions on Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review of Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trials in Rural Communities of Low- and Middle-Income Countries.

A systematic review of published literature (2000-2019) evaluating the impact of sanitation interventions on the prevalence of disease, parasite infestation, and/or child growth using randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was done according to the PRISMA checklist. Earlier reviews indicated mixed evidence citing relatively poor quality evidence from mixed designs. Public health policy and practice appear to rely on evidence from RCTs. Records were searched in six electronic databases. The methodological quality of RCTs was assessed using the Cochrane collaboration risk of bias tool. Fifteen records (2.0%) were included for review. Impact trials were done in rural communities of African and Asian countries. The significant effect of sanitation-focus interventions was found in one trial for the prevalence of childhood diarrhea (14.3%), three trials for parasite infestation (37.5%), and two trials (25.0%) for child growth. Results indicate mixed quality evidence from RCT designs. Evidence is limited and suggestive of the impact of sanitation on parasite infestation and child growth. Further rigorous sanitation intervention trials under varying settings are needed to show what really works and under what settings. Future work may explore sanitation behavior change strategies and latrine options to address the challenges of poor latrine use under high sanitation coverage.

Evaluation of the Efficiency of Basic Sanitation Integrated Management in Brazilian Municipalities.

This study aims to evaluate the level of technical efficiency of companies that perform the integrated management of basic sanitation in Brazilian municipalities. A Multiple Data Envelopment Analysis (M-DEA) model was applied to estimate the performance of water supply and sewage services in 1628 municipalities covering more than 56% of the Brazilian population, identifying the factors that most influence the efficiency of the sector in the years 2008 and 2016. The M-DEA methodology is an extension of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) with multiple DEA executions considering all combinations of inputs and outputs to calculate efficiency scores. The methodology reduces possible biases in the selection of resources and products of the model, ability to support decision-making in favor of improvements in the sector's efficiency based on national regulatory framework. The analyses show that the companies analyzed can increase their operating results and attendance coverage by more than 60%, given the current levels of infrastructure, human and financial resources in the sector. Based on the simulation of potential efficiency gains in Brazilian basic sanitation companies, the estimates show that the coverage of the population with access to sanitary sewage would go from the current 59.9% to 76.5%. The evidence found provides indications to subsidize sanitation management in the country at the micro-analytical level, enabling a better competitive position in the sector for the integrated management of basic sanitation and its universalization in Brazil.

Paradigm shifts and current challenges in wastewater management.

Wastewater is a significant environmental and public health concern which management is a constant challenge since antiquity. Wastewater research has increased exponentially over the last decades. This paper provides a global overview of the exponentially increasing wastewater research in order to identify current challenges and paradigm shifts. Besides households, hospitals and typical industries, other sources of wastewater appear due to emerging activities like hydraulic fracturing. While the composition of wastewater needs constant reassessment to identify contaminants of interest, the comprehensive chemical and toxicological analysis remains one of the main challenges in wastewater research. Moreover, recent changes in the public perception of wastewater has led to several paradigm shifts: i) water reuse considering wastewater as a water resource rather than a hazardous waste, ii) wastewater-based epidemiology considering wastewater as a source of information regarding the overall health of a population through the analysis of specific biomarkers, iii) circular economy through the implementation of treatment processes aiming at harvesting valuable components such as precious metals or producing valuable goods such as biofuel. However, wastewater research should also address social challenges such as the public acceptance of water reuse or the access to basic sanitation that is not available for nearly a third of the world population.

Spatial Distribution of Leprosy Cases Notified in a Reference Center in the Municipality of Várzea Grande – MT, Brazil

The spatial distribution can be mapped and analyzed for a better understanding of any disease’s involvement with any/ Brazilian population. The objective of this study was to analyze the spatial distribution of leprosy cases reported in a reference center in the city of Várzea Grande - MT from 2016 to 2019. This is an observational and descriptive epidemiological study, with an ecological distribution nature. The information was extracted from the SINAN form. For the epidemiological profile, annual leprosy detection rates and proportions were calculated according to clinical form, neighborhood, mode of entry, smear, operational classification, number of affected nerves and skin lesions and degree of disability. In the spatial analysis, the empirical Bayesian model of global smoothing was used, established with the aid of the software GeoDa 1.20. A municipal detection rate of 38.4 per 100 thousand inhabitants was observed, with a predominant borderline clinical form with 70.8%, 62.4% cases with more than 6 skin lesions, 45.2% without neural involvement, 36.3% with disability degree 0, 85.4% were new cases registered and 50.7% did not undergo smear microscopy. The spatial distribution of leprosy cases in Várzea Grande has been associated with a low population quality of life, which includes basic sanitation and access to basic units

Spatial and temporal dynamics of neglected tropical diseases in the Marajó Archipelago, Amazon-PA / Dinâmica espacial e temporal das doenças tropicais negligenciadas no Arquipélago do Marajó, Amazônia-PA / Dinámica espacial y temporal de enfermedades tropicales desatenidas en el Archipiélago de Marajó, Amazonia-PA

Background and objective: the self-styled population of Marajoara is vulnerable due to the neglect of basic services governed by the constitution, such as basic sanitation, health and education. Therefore, the search and mapping of epidemiological data are necessary in order to have a real dimension of how certain diseases behave in the region. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the space-time distribution of neglected tropical diseases and their relationship with socio-environmental indicators in the Marajó Archipelago, Pará, Amazon. Methods: this is a descriptive and ecological study, with a time series, with a quantitative approach, which assessed the incidence rate of neglected tropical diseases in the 16 municipalities that make up Marajó from 2007 to 2016. Analyzes of socioeconomic and population data were carried out, extracted from the Federation of the Industries of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FIRJAN System) and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Results: according to the survey, American cutaneous leishmaniasis, dengue and tuberculosis were the most reported diseases in total. All municipalities had at least one disease in the period. The spatial distribution of the numbers of cases of tropical diseases in all the municipalities that make up the Archipelago between 2007 and 2016 was carried out. Conclusion: the anthropization of the environment has favored the proliferation of vector agents and, consequently, the incidence of diseases related to inadequate basic sanitation, whose configuration is the result of a disorganized urbanization process and historically exclusive development, with a lack of investment, making this damage even more dramatic for the population.(AU)

Justificativa e objetivo: a população autodenominada de marajoara encontra-se em vulnerabilidade devido às negligências de serviços básicos regidos na constituição, como saneamento básico, saúde e educação. Logo, a busca e o mapeamento de dados epidemiológicos são necessários para que se tenha uma dimensão real de como se comportam determinados agravos na região. Diante disso, o estudo objetivou analisar a distribuição espaço-temporal das doenças tropicais negligenciadas e sua relação com indicadores socioambientais no Arquipélago do Marajó, Pará, Amazônia. Métodos: este estudo é do tipo descritivo e ecológico, de série temporal, com abordagem quantitativa, que avaliou a taxa de incidência das doenças tropicais negligenciadas nos 16 municípios que compõem o Marajó no período de 2007 a 2016. Foram realizadas análises de dados socioeconômicos e populacionais extraídos da Federação das Indústrias do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (Sistema FIRJAN) e do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Resultados: de acordo com o levantamento, a leishmaniose tegumentar americana, a dengue e a tuberculose foram os agravos de maior notificação no total. Todos os municípios apresentaram, ao menos, uma doença no período. Realizou-se a distribuição espacial dos números de casos de doenças tropicais em todos os municípios que compõem o Arquipélago entre 2007 e 2016. Conclusão: a antropização do ambiente vem favorecendo a proliferação de agentes vetoriais e, consequentemente, a incidência de doenças relacionadas ao saneamento básico inadequado, cuja configuração é fruto de um processo de urbanização desordenado e desenvolvimento historicamente excludente, com ausência de investimentos, tornando esse prejuízo ainda mais dramático para a população.(AU)

Justificación y objetivo: la población autodenominada marajoara es vulnerable debido a la desatención de los servicios básicos regulados en la constitución, como saneamiento básico, salud y educación. Por lo tanto, la búsqueda y el mapeo de datos epidemiológicos son necesarios para tener una dimensión real de cómo se comportan ciertas enfermedades en la región. Por lo tanto, el estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la distribución espacio-temporal de las enfermedades tropicales desatendidas y su relación con los indicadores socioambientales en el Archipiélago de Marajó, en el estado de Pará, Amazonas. Métodos: se trata de un estudio descriptivo y ecológico, con serie temporal, con enfoque cuantitativo, que evaluó la tasa de incidencia de las enfermedades tropicales desatendidas en los 16 municipios que componen el Marajó de 2007 a 2016. Se realizaron análisis de datos socioeconómicos y poblacionales extraídos de la Federación de Industrias del Estado de Rio de Janeiro (Sistema FIRJAN) y del Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística. Resultados: según la encuesta, la leishmaniasis cutánea americana, el dengue y la tuberculosis fueron las enfermedades más notificadas en total. Todos los municipios presentaron al menos una enfermedad en el período. La distribución espacial de las cifras de casos de enfermedades tropicales en todos los municipios que conforman el Archipiélago se realizó entre 2007 y 2016. Conclusión: la antropización del medio ambiente viene favoreciendo la proliferación de agentes vectores y, consecuentemente, la incidencia de enfermedades relacionadas con saneamiento básico inadecuado, cuya configuración es fruto de un proceso de urbanización desordenado y desarrollo históricamente excluyente, con ausencia de inversiones, lo que hace aún más dramática esta pérdida para la población.(AU)

Política Pública de Saneamento Básico no Brasil: ideias, instituições e desafios no Século XXI / Basic Sanitation Policy in Brazil: ideas, institutions and challenges in the Twenty-first Century

Resumo Este trabalho aborda os desafios contemporâneos do setor de saneamento básico brasileiro. As características de rentabilidade e dinamismo setorial puseram os serviços estatais de A & E no foco da agenda das reformas estruturais sob o argumento de que os governos não dispõem de recursos necessários para universalizar a cobertura. A agenda da reforma dos serviços de A & E advoga a concessão a empresas privadas da comercialização do abastecimento de água e do tratamento do esgotamento sanitário. Em convergência com esta agenda de reforma estrutural, a aprovação em 15 de julho de 2020 da Lei 14.026 alterou em profundidade o marco legal do saneamento, adotando integralmente a pauta da desestatização do setor. O novo marco regulatório veta o contrato de programa, torna obrigatória a licitação para contratação do serviço de saneamento, estabelece diretrizes nacionais para que estados e municípios acessem recursos federais e institui o regime de regulação nacional por meio da Agência Nacional de Águas e Saneamento Básico. O modelo cooperativo praticado no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) pode servir como referência para a construção de um pacto social no setor.

Abstract This paper describes the challenges currently facing Brazil's basic sanitation sector. The sector's characteristic profitability and dynamism have brought State-run Water & Sewage (W&S) services into the spotlight of the structural reform agenda on the argument that governments do not have the resources necessary to universalize coverage. There is a pattern of W&S services' operating with a surplus, which helps explain the intense dispute in recent years in favour of legal changes to the market position of CESBs and local providers to favour an expanding role for private agents. Converging with the structural reform agenda, Law 14,026, sanctioned on 15 July 2020, made far-reaching changes to the legal framework for sanitation and provided for the State's complete withdrawal from the sector. The new regulatory framework prohibited programme contracts, required tender processes for sanitation service contracts, encouraged regionalization without CESBs, set out national guidelines for States and municipalities to access federal funding and introduced a national regulation regime under the National Waters and Basic Sanitation Agency. The model of cooperation that operates in the SUS could serve as a reference for constructing a social pact in the sector.

Socio-environmental factors and schistosomiasis hospitalizations in Minas Gerais, Brazil (2007-2017) / Factores socioambientales y hospitalizaciones por esquistosomiasis en Minas Gerais, Brasil (2007-2017) / Fatores socioambientais e internações por esquistossomose em Minas Gerais, Brasil (2007-2017)

Objective:to present a spatial analysis of hospitalizations for schistosomiasis in Minas Gerais (2007-2017). Method:ecological study, with spatio-temporal distribution. Data collection was carried out in 2019, at DataSUS, for the period between 01/01/2007 and 12/31/2017. The average rates, Moran Local Bivariate rates and thematic maps were performed using the QGis program. Results:higher hospitalization rates were observed in the North, East and Northeast parts of the state. Lower rates were observed in the Southeastern portion. The variables MHDI and percentage of households without garbage collection had higher values of Local Moran Index. Municipalities in the eastern and southeastern portions of the state were classified under the "high-high" stratum. Conclusion:hospitalizations were associated with lack of basic sanitation, conditions of poverty and inequality and strong presence of water collections. There are still regions where schistosomiasis remains endemic, having a focused character.

Objetivo: presentar un análisis espacial de las hospitalizaciones por esquistosomiasis en Minas Gerais (2007-2017). Método: estudio ecológico, con distribución espacio-temporal. La recolección de datos se realizó en 2019, en DataSUS, para el período comprendido entre el 01/01/2007 y el 31/12/2017. Las tasas promedio, las tasas Bivariadas Locales de Moran y los mapas temáticos se realizaron mediante el programa QGis. Resultados: se observaron mayores tasas de hospitalización en las zonas Norte, Este y Noreste del Estado. Se observaron tasas más bajas en la parte Sureste. Las variables IDHM y porcentaje de viviendas sin recolección de basura presentaron valores más altos de Índice Moran Local. Los municipios de las partes este y sureste del estado se clasificaron en el estrato "alto-alto". Conclusión: las hospitalizaciones se asociaron a la falta de saneamiento básico, condiciones de pobreza y desigualdad y fuerte presencia de captaciones de agua. Todavía hay regiones donde la esquistosomiasis sigue siendo endémica, teniendo un carácter focalizado.

Objetivo:apresentar análise espacial das internações por esquistossomose em Minas Gerais (2007-2017). Método:estudo ecológico, com distribuição espaço-temporal. A coleta de dados foi realizada em 2019, no DataSUS, referente ao período entre 01/01/2007 e 31/12/2017. As taxas médias, as taxas de Moran Local Bivariado e os mapas temáticos foram realizados com uso do programa QGis. Resultados:foram observadas maiores taxas deinternação nas partes Norte, Leste e Nordeste do Estado. Menores taxas foram observadas na porção Sudeste. As variáveis IDHM e porcentagem de residências sem coleta de lixo tiveram maiores valores de índice de Moran Local. Municípios das porções Leste e Sudeste do Estado foram classificados sob estrato "alto-alto". Conclusão:as internações estiveram associadas à falta de saneamento básico, condições de pobreza e desigualdade,e forte presença de coletas de água. Ainda há regiões onde a esquistossomose permanece endêmica, tendo caráter focalizado.

Índice de salubridade ambiental e a ocorrência da leptospirose: um estudo em bairros populares de Salvador - Bahia. / Environmental health index and the occurrence of leptospirosis: a study in popular neighborhoods of Salvador - Bahia

A leptospirose, doença que é endêmica no Brasil, e de alta letalidade, tem relação e a salubridade ambiental dos territórios, impactando principalmente as populações em estado e vulnerabilidade socioeconômica. O presente trabalho objetivou investigar os gradientes de salubridade ambiental em bairros populares de Salvador-Bahia e sua influência na infecção pela Leptospira. A investigação envolveu a coleta de dados primários e secundários sobre a salubridade ambiental e a ocorrência de indivíduos com anticorpos contra a Leptospira. Elaborou-se um Índice de Salubridade Ambiental (ISA) para as áreas de estudo, fez-se o georreferenciamento das informações e análises estatísticas dos dados. Os resultados mostraram que quinze das vinte e três microáreas de estudo possuíam condição de salubridade insatisfatória e as análises estatísticas e espaciais indicaram relações entre baixas pontuações do ISA e maiores concentrações de indivíduos com anticorpos contra a Leptospira. Concluiu-se que a prevenção e controle da enfermidade deve envolver ações integradas e integrais de saneamento básico no território, superando a abordagem médico-assistencial.

A pandemia do capital no saneamento / The pandemic of capital in the water supply sector

RESUMO Este texto tem o propósito de mostrar que as novas alterações na regulação dos serviços ligados à água são o efeito, em escala nacional, de uma transformação estrutural recente na dinâmica de acumulação capitalista mundial. O objetivo é situar os leitores do campo da saúde no processo de financeirização que avança no setor do saneamento no Brasil e ameaça o direito ao acesso. Para tanto, pretende-se mostrar, a partir da perspectiva da geografia crítica e da ecologia política, como a nova lei do saneamento aprovada durante a pandemia e a proposta de criação de um mercado de águas no Brasil vão ao encontro do movimento das elites internacionais que, diante das crises cíclicas do setor produtivo, buscam nos bens comuns e na natureza novas oportunidades de lucro. Discutem-se, também, o papel do Estado nesse processo e os efeitos mapeados pela literatura que investiga esse assunto.

ABSTRACT This paper aims to show that the recent changes in the framework of water-related services represent, on a national scale, the effect of a recent structural change in the dynamics of global capitalism. The purpose is to clarify readers in the field of health on the process of financialization that is taking place in the sanitation sector in Brazil, which threatens public health. Therefore, we intend to show, from the perspective of the critical geography theory, how the new sanitation framework and the creation of a water market in Brazil meet the interests of the international elites who, in the face of cyclical crises in the productive field, seek for opportunities to profit from common goods and nature. It also discusses the role of the State in this entire process and the likely effects that have already been pointed out by the literature on the subject.

Infraestrutura de saneamento básico da população indígena urbana no Brasil: 2016 a 2019 / Basic sanitation infrastructure in urban Brazil indigenous population: 2016 to 2019

Analisou-se a presença do saneamento básico nas áreas urbanas do Brasil, segundo cor / raça, a partir dos dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua (PNADc), 2016-2019. Utilizou-se, além da estatística descritiva, regressão logística múltipla (RLM) ajustada, a fim de comparar a presença da infraestrutura sanitária entre indígenas e não indígenas. Os resultados apontam menores percentuais dos serviços de saneamento entre domicílios pretos e indígenas, particularmente para o esgotamento sanitário no Norte. Das 96 comparações realizadas através de RLM no tocante à presença da infraestrutura sanitária, em 78,1 % não houve dife-rença significativa entre indígenas e não indígenas, em 18,8 % os domicílios indígenas apresentaram vantagem estatística significativa e, em 3,1 % os indígenas estavam em desvan-tagem. Como conclusão, verifica-se a permanência da não universalização dos serviços de saneamento. Além disso, os resultados sugerem diminuição das iniquidades relacionadas ao saneamento básico entre indígenas e não indígenas.

Panorama dos Planos Municipais de Saneamento Básico e Planos Diretores de Drenagem Urbana em municípios de pequeno porte de Minas Gerais / Panorama of elaboration of Municipal Basic Sanitation Plans and Urban Drainage Master Plans of Minas Gerais' small municipalities

RESUMO No Brasil, os impactos socioambientais da crise hídrica são intensificados uma vez que a drenagem e o manejo das águas pluviais são marcados por ausências e limitações de políticas públicas. O saneamento básico é de titularidade municipal e, para o exercício desse direito e dever, é fundamental que os municípios estruturem a política municipal, sendo o planejamento seu principal instrumento. Nesse contexto, buscou-se neste artigo identificar e analisar o panorama da elaboração de Planos Municipais de Saneamento Básico e de Planos Diretores de Drenagem Urbana nos municípios do estado de Minas Gerais com população inferior a 50 mil habitantes e comparar esses resultados com as informações divulgadas pelo Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre Saneamento no ano de 2019. Realizaram-se buscas na internet e contatos com os municípios, por telefone, e foi possível identificar que, entre os 752 municípios de Minas Gerais de pequeno porte, 499 possuem Planos Municipais de Saneamento Básico, enquanto nenhum possui Planos Diretores de Drenagem Urbana. Ao comparar esses resultados com as informações divulgadas pelo Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre Saneamento, observou-se que 79 municípios prestaram informações inconsistentes relacionadas à existência de Planos Municipais de Saneamento Básico e 48 afirmaram possuir Planos Diretores de Drenagem Urbana. Conclui-se que muitos municípios mineiros ainda não possuem Planos Municipais de Saneamento Básico, e que o processo de coleta dos dados do Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre Saneamento precisa ser aprimorado para que haja melhor qualidade dos dados divulgados. A ausência de instrumentos de planejamento que auxiliem a efetivação da política municipal é um importante problema a ser superado para o enfrentamento dos complexos desafios que envolvem a drenagem e o manejo das águas pluviais municipal.

ABSTRACT In Brazil, the impacts of the water crisis are intensified since the Drainage and Rainwater Management are marked by absences and limitations of public policies. Basic sanitation is a municipal property and for the exercise of this right and duty, it is essential that the municipalities structure the municipal policy, with planning as their main instrument. In this context, this article aimed to identify and analyze the panorama of the elaboration of Municipal Basic Sanitation Plans and Master Plans for Urban Drainage in the municipalities of the state of Minas Gerais with a population of less than 50,000 inhabitants and to compare these results with the information released by the National Sanitation Information System, in 2019. Internet searches and contacts with the municipalities were carried out by telephone, so that it was possible to identify that among the 752 small-sized ones in Minas Gerais, 499 of them have Municipal Basic Sanitation Plans, while none of them have Master Plans for Urban Drainage. When comparing these results with the information released by the National Sanitation Information System, it was observed that 79 municipalities provided inconsistent information related to the existence of Municipal Basic Sanitation Plans and 48 municipalities claimed to have Master Plans for Urban Drainage. It is concluded that many municipalities in Minas Gerais do not yet have Municipal Basic Sanitation Plans and that the process of collecting National Sanitation Information System data needs to be improved so that there is a better quality of the data released. The absence of planning instruments to assist the implementation of municipal policy is an important problem to be overcome in order to face the complex challenges involving municipal Stormwater Drainage and Management.

Shared sanitation: to include or to exclude?

Just over 600 million people used shared sanitation in 2015, but this form of sanitation is not considered 'improved sanitation' or, in the current terminology, 'basic sanitation' by WHO/UNICEF, principally because they are typically unhygienic. Recent research has shown that neighbour-shared toilets perform much better than large communal toilets. The successful development of community-designed, built and managed sanitation-and-water blocks in very poor urban areas in India should be adapted and adopted throughout urban slums in developing countries, with a caretaker employed to keep the facilities clean. Such shared sanitation should be classified as 'basic', sometimes as 'safely-managed', sanitation, so contributing to the achievement of the sanitation target of the Sustainable Development Goals.