Deciphering the immune responses in late gestation Sahiwal cows under different microclimate and its carryover effect on progenies.

The current investigation aimed to comprehend the inflammatory and related immune responses in intrauterine calves subjected to heat stress (HS) during late gestation. For this purpose, 48 Sahiwal cows in late gestation were chosen and categorized into four equal groups: naturally heat stressed (NHS), cooling-treated (CLT), spring, and winter, and likewise their neonate calves born in summer (IUHS - intrauterine heat stressed and IUCL - intrauterine cooled), spring, and winter seasons. Environmental parameters were recorded, and the temperature-humidity index (THI) was calculated daily throughout the study period. The average THI values ranged between 84.18 (summer-NHS), 73.88 (summer-CLT), 78.92 (spring), and 64.91 (winter). NHS and spring groups exhibited thermal stress based on THI (> 76.00). Various treatments significantly (P < 0.01) impacted parameters like rectal temperature (RT), respiratory rate (RR), pulse rate (PR), and skin temperature (ST) in Sahiwal cows and their calves during the study, except for heart rate (HR). Blood samples collected during different seasons and from cows housed in a climatic chamber were used to extract plasma. Plasma cortisol, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels were notably higher (P < 0.05) in the NHS compared to the CLT group. Conversely, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels were higher (P < 0.05) in the CLT and winter groups. IUHS calves exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) lower overall mean plasma TAC and IgG levels but higher inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers, such as IL-6, TNF-α, and TBARS. Additionally, significant impacts on body weight were observed for factors such as interval (P < 0.01) and the interaction between treatment and interval (P < 0.05), exhibiting consistently lower body weight in IUHS calves throughout the study period. These findings suggest that late gestation heat stress may lead to physiological alterations in future calves. Strategies aimed at mitigating heat stress during late gestation should be considered not only for the productivity and well-being of the pregnant dam but also for the development and future performance of the calf.

A New Approach in Lipase-Octyl-Agarose Biocatalysis of 2-Arylpropionic Acid Derivatives.

The use of lipase immobilized on an octyl-agarose support to obtain the optically pure enantiomers of chiral drugs in reactions carried out in organic solvents is a great challenge for chemical and pharmaceutical sciences. Therefore, it is extremely important to develop optimal procedures to achieve a high enantioselectivity of the biocatalysts in the organic medium. Our paper describes a new approach to biocatalysis performed in an organic solvent with the use of CALB-octyl-agarose support including the application of a polypropylene reactor, an appropriate buffer for immobilization (Tris base-pH 9, 100 mM), a drying step, and then the storage of immobilized lipases in a climatic chamber or a refrigerator. An immobilized lipase B from Candida antarctica (CALB) was used in the kinetic resolution of (R,S)-flurbiprofen by enantioselective esterification with methanol, reaching a high enantiomeric excess (eep = 89.6 ± 2.0%). As part of the immobilization optimization, the influence of different buffers was investigated. The effect of the reactor material and the reaction medium on the lipase activity was also studied. Moreover, the stability of the immobilized lipases: lipase from Candida rugosa (CRL) and CALB during storage in various temperature and humidity conditions (climatic chamber and refrigerator) was tested. The application of the immobilized CALB in a polypropylene reactor allowed for receiving over 9-fold higher conversion values compared to the results achieved when conducting the reaction in a glass reactor, as well as approximately 30-fold higher conversion values in comparison with free lipase. The good stability of the CALB-octyl-agarose support was demonstrated. After 7 days of storage in a climatic chamber or refrigerator (with protection from humidity) approximately 60% higher conversion values were obtained compared to the results observed for the immobilized form that had not been stored. The new approach involving the application of the CALB-octyl-agarose support for reactions performed in organic solvents indicates a significant role of the polymer reactor material being used in achieving high catalytic activity.

Correlation between blood, physiological and behavioral parameters in beef calves under heat stress.

OBJECTIVE: The performance, health, and behaviour of cattle can be strongly affected by climate. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of heat stress on blood parameters, blood proteins (haptoglobin [Hp]; heat shock protein 70 [HSP70]), rectal temperature (RT), heart rate (HR) and rumination time in Korean native beef calves. METHODS: Thirty-two Korean native beef calves were randomly assigned to 8 groups with 4 animals per group. They were kept in environmental condition with temperature-humidity index (THI) ranging from 70.01 to 87.72 in temperature-humidity controlled chamber for 7 days. RESULTS: Their HR, RT, and serum cortisol and HSP70 levels were increased (p<0.05) in high THI compared to those at low THI. But, serum Hp level was decreased (p<0.05) in high THI compared to these at low THI. In addition, HR, RT, serum cortisol and HSP70 were positively correlated with THI (R2 = 0.8368, p<0.01; R2 = 0.6162, p<0.01; R2 = 0.581, p<0.01; R2 = 0.2241, p = 0.0062, respectively). There was also positive association between HR and cortisol (R2 = 0.4697, p<0.01). Similarly, RT and cortisol were positively associated (R2 = 0.4581, p<0.01). But, THI and HR were negatively correlated with Hp (R2 = 0.2157, p = 0.02; R2 = 0.3362, p = 0.003). Hematology and metabolites results were different among treatment groups. Standing position was higher (p<0.05) in the high THI group compared to that in the low THI group. CONCLUSION: Based on these results, it can be concluded that HR, RT, blood parameters (Cortisol, HSP70, Hp) and standing position are closely associated with heat stress. These parameters can be consolidated to develop THI chart for Korean native beef calves.

Effect of Drying on the Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Red Grape Pomace.

Winemaking by-products are considered to be a rich source of bioactive compounds. Grape pomace is susceptible to microbial degradation due to the degree of residual moisture, so the drying of this pomace for conservation is considered to be an essential first step. Previous studies concerning the way in which drying affects winery by-products have produced contradictory results. In this study, a new methodology for drying grape pomace in a climatic chamber has been evaluated. Five red grape pomace varieties were dried in a climatic chamber at 40 °C and 10% relative humidity and the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the dried and wet pomace samples were compared. The results indicate that this drying process is both feasible and beneficial because significant increases in the extractability of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity were achieved.

The acute effects of passive heat exposure on arterial stiffness, oxidative stress, and inflammation.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine the acute effect of passive heat exposure (PHE) on arterial stiffness, oxidative stress (OxS) and inflammatory parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Subjects were studied in thermoneutral conditions before and after PHE in a climatic chamber. Pulse wave analysis was used for assessment of central hemodynamic and arterial stiffness parameters. Venous blood samples were obtained to measure OxS and inflammatory parameters. RESULTS: Rectal temperature increased after PHE exposure compared to baseline: 37.01°C±0.19°C and 36.4°C±0.31°C, respectively (P<0.001). There was a 17% (P<0.05) decrease in large artery elasticity index (from 24.68±5.53 to 20.42±2.65mL/mmHg*10), which was predicted upon normothermic value (r=-0.878, P<0.01). However, no significant changes were found in others arterial stiffness parameters. A 30% (P<0.05) increase occurred in blood IL-6 concentration (from 0.43±0.15 to 0.56±0.23pg/mL), but OxS parameters remained significantly unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: This study describes for the first time acute PHE effects on arterial stiffness, inflammation and OxS. PHE significantly decreases large artery elasticity index and increases inflammatory IL-6 level. However, further larger investigations are needed for clarifying acute PHE effects on arterial function and biomarkers.

Advancing Methodologies for Investigating PM2.5 Removal Using Green Wall System.

Combustion processes are the primary source of fine particulate matter in indoor air. Since the 1970s, plants have been extensively studied for their potential to reduce indoor air pollution. Leaves can retain particles on their surfaces, influenced by factors such as wax content and the presence of hairs. This study introduces an innovative experimental approach using metal oxide particles in an office-like environment to evaluate the depolluting effect of plant walls. Two plant walls were installed in a controlled room, housing three plant species: Aglaonema commutatum 'Silver Bay', Dracaena fragrans, and Epipremnum aureum. Metal oxide particles were introduced via a compressed air blower positioned between the two walls. The concentration of these particles was monitored using PM2.5 sensors, and the deposition of iron (Fe) on the leaves was quantified through Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). This novel methodology effectively demonstrated the utility of both real-time sensors and ICP-MS in quantifying airborne particle concentrations and leaf deposition, respectively. The results revealed that Dracaena fragrans had a 44% higher Fe particle retention rate compared to the control (wallpaper). However, further validation through methodological replication is necessary to confirm the reproducibility of these findings.

Methods to Increase or Decrease Resistance to Photodegradation and Biodegradation of Polyurethane/Polyisocyanurate (PU/PIR) Foams.

Two series of rigid polyurethane-polyisocyanurate (PU/PIR) foams were obtained. They were modified using powder fillers, such as industrial food cocoa (K5-K15 foam) and instant freeze-dried coffee (KR-KR15) added in amounts of 5, 10 and 15 wt.%. W foam (reference) was obtained without filler. The foams were degraded in a climate chamber for 1 week, 2 weeks or 3 weeks. Appropriate temperature, humidity and UV radiation were set in the chamber, which did not change throughout the degradation process. The foams were also degraded in an oven for two days at 120 °C. The foam tests carried out indicated, among others, on the decrease in compressive strength along with the increase in the residence time of the samples in the chamber. Degraded foams also changed color. Foams containing 5% and 10% of industrial cocoa or freeze-dried coffee were more susceptible to degradation. The addition of 15% coffee or cocoa slows down the degradation process. In the present study, industrial food cocoa and instant freeze-dried coffee were used as modifiers of rigid PU/PIR foam. These fillers have two functions: they accelerate the biodegradation of foams and have antioxidant properties.

Stimuli-Responsive Systems in Optical Humidity-Detection Devices.

The use of electronic devices to measure Relative Humidity (RH) is widespread. However, under certain circumstances, for example when explosive gases are present, a spark-free method should be used. Here we suggest the use of stimuli-responsive materials, like gelatin and interpenetrated polymers, to detect RH with an optical method. These materials are hydrophilic. When water vapor is absorbed by the films the molecules attach to the films molecular network. The result is that the film thickness increases and their refractive index changes. To detect the change of these two parameters an optical method based on diffraction gratings is employed. Surface diffraction gratings are recorded on the films. Then gratings are placed in an optical configuration that is immersed in a climatic chamber. A light beam is sent to the grating where it is diffracted. Several light orders appear. Due to the absorption of water molecules the films swell and grating surface modulation changes. This implies that the diffracted orders intensity changes. A calibrating plot relating intensity as a function of RH is obtained.

Assessment of Photodegradation and Biodegradation of RPU/PIR Foams Modified by Natural Compounds of Plant Origin.

Four types of rigid polyurethane-polyisocyanurate foams (RPU/PIR) were obtained. Three of them were modified by powder fillers, such as cinnamon extract (C10 foam), green coffe extract (KZ10), and cocoa extract (EK10) in an amount of 10 wt %. The last foam was obtained without a filler (W foam). The basic properties and thermal properties of obtained foams were examined. All foams were subjected to degradation in the climatic chamber acting on samples of foams in a defined temperature, humidity, and UV radiation for 7, 14, and 21 days. The physico-mechanical properties of foams were tested. The compressive strength of degraded foams after 7, 14, and 21 days was compared with the compressive strength of nondegraded foams (0 days). The chosen properties of degraded foams, such as cellular structure by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and changes of chemical structure by FTIR spectroscopy were compared. The obtained foams were also subjected to degradation in a circulating air dryer in an increased temperature (120 °C) for 48 h. Additionally, W, C10, ZK10, EK10 foams were placed in a soil environment and subjected to 28 days biodegradation process. The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), the theoretical oxygen demand (TOD), and the degree of biodegradation (Dt) of foams were determined in this measurment. Test results showed that the compressive strength of foams decreased with the longer time of foam degradation in the conditioner. The foam subjected to degradation darkened and became more red and yellow in color. The addition of natural compounds of plant origin to foams increased their susceptibility to biodegradation.

Identifying relationships between daylight variables and human preferences in a climate chamber.

Interactions between human beings and the built environment are mediated by physiological and psychological stimuli, which may interfere in the perception and satisfaction related to indoor comfort variables. The study aims to explore the relationship between daylighting features and possible impacts on humans in regards to lighting preferences. The influence of different daylighting configurations, glazed façade orientation and season of the year on lighting preferences in human beings was evaluated by means of tests in a rotating climate with monitoring of environmental variables, developed by the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany. The sample, n = 16, is composed of German male students (height SD = 1.80 m, SD = 0.06; body weight SD = 80 kg, SD = 8.9; and age SD = 24.9 years, SD = 3.6). Under controlled thermal conditions (PMV approx. ±0.5), participants remained in two office-like environments over 5 h (8:00 am to 1:00 pm - local time) three days in a row, for three seasons of the year, totaling nine days of data collection per participant. Definitions of glazed façade orientations for the experimental rounds were done by means of computer simulations. Objective variables were measured by spectroradiometers at desk height, with sensor h = ca. 0.90 m, and comfortmeters. Preferences of daylighting features was assessed by a questionnaire with Likert-scale alternatives, administered online at 8:50 am, 10:30 am and 12:30 pm. Objective and subjective data were analyzed statistically (Spearman's rho, rs), suggesting possible correlations between lighting preferences and objective variables, including: E (lx), CCT (K), DWl (nm) and the circadian metric acv (circadian action factor).

Goats in a comfortable and stressed environment consuming saline water: performance, digestibility, nitrogen balance, and urinary mineral concentrations / [Caprinos em ambiente de conforto e estresse consumindo água salina: desempenho, digestibilidade, balanço de nitrogênio e concentrações minerais urinárias]

ABSTRACT The objective was to evaluate the effect of water salinity and environmental temperature on the nutrient consumption, digestibility, nitrogen balance, and mineral excretion of creole goats. Thirty-six males with an average age of 5.0±0.6 months and an average weight of 20.0±2.3kg were housed in metabolic cages. They are distributed in a completely randomized design, with a 2×3 type crossover (2 temperatures (T1 = 26±0.6ºC and T2 = 32±1.2ºC) and three levels of salinity (1.0, 6.0, and 12.0 dS m-1). The temperature influenced (P<0.05) the intake of water and ether (EE) extract, the digestibility of EE, organic matter and dry matter, and the concentrations of calcium and potassium in the urine of goats. There was no significant effect (P>0.05) of temperatures or water salinity levels; the animals consumed and retained averages of 10.31 and 4.19 g day-1 of nitrogen in the body, respectively. The different water salinity levels influenced (P<0.05) water intake and increased the excretions of potassium and sodium in urine. Total solids levels ranging from 640 to 9,600mg L-1 in water for goats increase water consumption, as does urine potassium and sodium excretion in urine.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da salinidade da água e da temperatura ambiente sobre o consumo de nutrientes, a digestibilidade, o balanço de nitrogênio e a excreção mineral de caprinos crioulos. Trinta e seis machos, com idade média de 5,0 ± 0,6 meses e peso médio de 20,0±2,3kg, foram alojados em gaiolas metabólicas. O delineamento foi inteiramente ao acaso, com cruzamento do tipo 2 × 3 (duas temperaturas (T1 = 26±0,6ºC e T2 = 32±1,2ºC) e três níveis de salinidade (1,0, 6,0 e 12,0 dS m-1). A temperatura influenciou (P<0,05) a ingestão de água e o extrato etéreo (EE), a digestibilidade de EE, a matéria orgânica e a matéria seca, bem como as concentrações de cálcio e potássio na urina de caprinos. Não houve efeito significativo (P>0,05) das temperaturas ou dos níveis de salinidade da água; os animais consumiram e retiveram médias de 10,31 e 4,19g dia-1 de nitrogênio no corpo, respectivamente. Os diferentes níveis de salinidade da água influenciam (P<0,05) na ingestão de água e aumentam nas excreções urinárias de potássio e sódio; os teores de sólidos totais variando de 640 a 9.600mg L-1 na água para caprinos aumentam o consumo de água, assim como a excreção urinária de potássio e sódio.

Adaptability of sheep to three salinity levels in different environments / Adaptabilidade de ovinos consumindo água com três níveis de salinidade em diferentes ambientes

The objective of this study is to evaluate physiological parameters and the adaptability of Santa Inês sheep to two climatic conditions 25ºC (within the thermal comfort zone [TCZ) and 32ºC (above the TCZ) and three salinity levels (2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 dS m-1). The study was developed in a climatic chamber using 36 uncastrated male sheep. The experimental design was completely randomized with a 2 ´ 3 factorial scheme composed of two temperatures, three water salinity levels, and six repetitions. The physiological variables were not affected by the salinity levels. The rectal and skin temperature and the heart and respiratory rate were higher at 32 ºC. However, the rectal temperature was within the normal range for the species. The consumption of water with different salt concentrations did not affect the adaptive responses of the animals and could be an alternative water source for sheep in regions where water has a high salinity level. The respiratory rate of sheep exposed to 32 ºC increased to eliminate body heat, and exposure to 25 ºC provided greater thermal comfort for the animals.(AU)

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar as variáveis fisiológicas e a adaptabilidade de ovinos da raça Santa Inês, submetidos a duas condições climáticas, 25 ºC - dentro da zona de conforto térmico (ZCT) e 32 ºC - acima da ZCT, consumindo água com três níveis de salinidade (2,0, 4,0 e 8,0 dS m-1). O estudo foi desenvolvido em câmara climática, utilizando-se 36 ovinos machos inteiros, sendo o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 3, composto por duas temperaturas (parcelas repetidas no tempo) e três níveis de salinidade da água, com seis repetições. As variáveis fisiológicas não foram afetadas pelos níveis de sais na água e, na temperatura de 32 ºC a temperatura retal, superficial e a frequência cardíaca e respiratória foram mais elevadas, sendo que a temperatura retal manteve-se dentro da normalidade para a espécie. O consumo de água com diferentes concentrações de sais não afetou as respostas adaptativas dos animais, podendo ser uma alternativa de consumo para ovinos em regiões onde houver água com nível elevado de salinidade. Os ovinos ao serem expostos a temperaturas mais elevadas (32 ºC) utilizaram o aumento da frequência respiratória como forma de eliminação do calor corporal e a temperatura de 25 ºC forneceu maior conforto térmico para os animais.(AU)

Adaptability of sheep to three salinity levels in different environments / Adaptabilidade de ovinos consumindo água com três níveis de salinidade em diferentes ambientes

The objective of this study is to evaluate physiological parameters and the adaptability of Santa Inês sheep to two climatic conditions 25ºC (within the thermal comfort zone [TCZ) and 32ºC (above the TCZ) and three salinity levels (2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 dS m-1). The study was developed in a climatic chamber using 36 uncastrated male sheep. The experimental design was completely randomized with a 2 ´ 3 factorial scheme composed of two temperatures, three water salinity levels, and six repetitions. The physiological variables were not affected by the salinity levels. The rectal and skin temperature and the heart and respiratory rate were higher at 32 ºC. However, the rectal temperature was within the normal range for the species. The consumption of water with different salt concentrations did not affect the adaptive responses of the animals and could be an alternative water source for sheep in regions where water has a high salinity level. The respiratory rate of sheep exposed to 32 ºC increased to eliminate body heat, and exposure to 25 ºC provided greater thermal comfort for the animals.

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar as variáveis fisiológicas e a adaptabilidade de ovinos da raça Santa Inês, submetidos a duas condições climáticas, 25 ºC - dentro da zona de conforto térmico (ZCT) e 32 ºC - acima da ZCT, consumindo água com três níveis de salinidade (2,0, 4,0 e 8,0 dS m-1). O estudo foi desenvolvido em câmara climática, utilizando-se 36 ovinos machos inteiros, sendo o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 3, composto por duas temperaturas (parcelas repetidas no tempo) e três níveis de salinidade da água, com seis repetições. As variáveis fisiológicas não foram afetadas pelos níveis de sais na água e, na temperatura de 32 ºC a temperatura retal, superficial e a frequência cardíaca e respiratória foram mais elevadas, sendo que a temperatura retal manteve-se dentro da normalidade para a espécie. O consumo de água com diferentes concentrações de sais não afetou as respostas adaptativas dos animais, podendo ser uma alternativa de consumo para ovinos em regiões onde houver água com nível elevado de salinidade. Os ovinos ao serem expostos a temperaturas mais elevadas (32 ºC) utilizaram o aumento da frequência respiratória como forma de eliminação do calor corporal e a temperatura de 25 ºC forneceu maior conforto térmico para os animais.

Behaviour of Holstein calves at normal and heated environments / Comportamento de bezerros holandeses em ambientes natural e aquecido

Twelve Holstein male calves. 5 months old, were used for two treatments: A) normal environment and B) climatic chamber. Climatic chamber was put on daily form 1 to 5 p.m., with a temperature of 30C. Roughage consumptions and weight gains were similar after 64 days of observations. Rectal temperatures were higher but not significantly and respiratory rate were signicantly higher in climatic chamber calves.

Dose bezerros machos Holandeses com 5 meses de idade foram utilizados em 2 tratamentos: a) ambiente natural e b) câmara climática. A câmara era ligada diariamente das 13 às 17 horas, mantendo temperatura aproximada de30C. Os consumos de alimentos volumosos, fornecidos ad libitum, e os ganhos de peso foram semelhantes ao fim de 64 dias de experimentação. As temperaturas internas foram algo maiores, mas não significativamente maiores e as frequências respiratórias foram significativamente maiores para os bezerros dentro da câmara climática.

Behaviour of Holstein calves at normal and heated environments / Comportamento de bezerros holandeses em ambientes natural e aquecido

Twelve Holstein male calves. 5 months old, were used for two treatments: A) normal environment and B) climatic chamber. Climatic chamber was put on daily form 1 to 5 p.m., with a temperature of 30C. Roughage consumptions and weight gains were similar after 64 days of observations. Rectal temperatures were higher but not significantly and respiratory rate were signicantly higher in climatic chamber calves.

Dose bezerros machos Holandeses com 5 meses de idade foram utilizados em 2 tratamentos: a) ambiente natural e b) câmara climática. A câmara era ligada diariamente das 13 às 17 horas, mantendo temperatura aproximada de30C. Os consumos de alimentos volumosos, fornecidos ad libitum, e os ganhos de peso foram semelhantes ao fim de 64 dias de experimentação. As temperaturas internas foram algo maiores, mas não significativamente maiores e as frequências respiratórias foram significativamente maiores para os bezerros dentro da câmara climática.

Effects of different temperatures upon european steers. II. Performance / Efeitos de diferentes temperaturas sobre garrotes de origem européia. II. Desempenho

Twelve crossbred Holstein, 2 years old castrated males teers, were used in a factorial 2 x 2 in a change-over design, comparing four treatments: A) outdoors plus roughage feed; B) outdoors plus roughage feed and concentrate meal; C) climatic chamber plus roughage feed and D) climatic chamber plus roughage feed and concentrate meal. The outdoors steers presented higher hay consumptions (P 0,01) than that ones inside the climatic chamber. The addition of concentrates did not produced variations in outdoor, but significantly (P 0,01) depressed indoor hay consumptions. The steers drank more water in rations with concentrate meal outdoors than indoors the climatic chamber.

Doze garrotes machos castrados, com alto grau de sangue europeu e aproximadamente 2 anos de idade foram utilizados em um esquema fatorial 2 x 2 num delineamento change-over , comparando os tratamentos: A) meio ambiente + ração de volumosos; B) meio ambiente + ração de volumosos e concentrados; C) câmara climática + ração de volumosos e D) câmara climática + ração de volumosos e concentrados. Os bovinos na câmara climática apresentaram menores consumos de volumosos (P 0,01) que os bovinos no ambiente. A adição de concentrados não alterou o consumo de volumosos dos animais fora da câmara, mas deprimiu dentro da câmara (P 0,01). Os animais beberam mais água (P 0,01) nas rações com concentrados, dentro como fora da câmara. Os ganhos de peso foram maiores (P 0,05) no tratamento B, com concentrados no ambiente, em relação aos obtidos com concentrados na câmara climática. (D).

Effects of differents temperatures upon european steers. I. Respiratory frequency and rectal temperatures / Efeitos de diferentes temperaturas sobre garrotes de origem européia. I. Frequências respiratórias e temperaturas retais

Twelve crossbred Holstein castrated male steers, with 2 years old, were used in a factorial arrangement 2 x 2, in a change-over design, comparing 4 treatments: A) outdoors plus roughage feed; B) outdoors plus roughage feed plus concentrate meal; C) climatic chamber plus roughage feed; D) climatic chamber plus roughage feed plus concentrate meal. The steers in cand D stayed in the chamber 23h a day at 32C and 86% relative-humidity. They presented higher rectal temperatures and higher respiratory frequencies than the outdoor-ones. Considering only C and D treatments, D caused higher rectal temperatures than C.

Doze garrotes machos castrados, com alto grau de sangue europeu e aproximadamente 2 anos de idade foram utilizados em um esquema fatorial 2 x 2 num delineamento change-over , comparando os tratamentos: A) meio ambiente + ração de volumosos; B) meio ambiente + ração de volumosos e concentrados; C) câmara climática + ração de volumosos e D) câmara climática + ração de volumosos e concentrados. Os bovinos destinados a câmara climática ali permaneceram 23 horas por dia, submetidos a temperatura de 32C e 86% de umidade relativa do ar, e apresentaram maiores frequências respiratórias (P 0,01) e temperaturas respiratórias (P 0,01) que os animais deixados fora da câmara. Isolando-se os tratamentos C e D (interior da câmara) ocorreram maiores temperaturas retais (P 0,01) no tratamento D, correspondente à ração com concentrados além do feno.

Effects of differents temperatures upon european steers. I. Respiratory frequency and rectal temperatures / Efeitos de diferentes temperaturas sobre garrotes de origem européia. I. Frequências respiratórias e temperaturas retais

Twelve crossbred Holstein castrated male steers, with 2 years old, were used in a factorial arrangement 2 x 2, in a change-over design, comparing 4 treatments: A) outdoors plus roughage feed; B) outdoors plus roughage feed plus concentrate meal; C) climatic chamber plus roughage feed; D) climatic chamber plus roughage feed plus concentrate meal. The steers in cand D stayed in the chamber 23h a day at 32C and 86% relative-humidity. They presented higher rectal temperatures and higher respiratory frequencies than the outdoor-ones. Considering only C and D treatments, D caused higher rectal temperatures than C.

Doze garrotes machos castrados, com alto grau de sangue europeu e aproximadamente 2 anos de idade foram utilizados em um esquema fatorial 2 x 2 num delineamento change-over , comparando os tratamentos: A) meio ambiente + ração de volumosos; B) meio ambiente + ração de volumosos e concentrados; C) câmara climática + ração de volumosos e D) câmara climática + ração de volumosos e concentrados. Os bovinos destinados a câmara climática ali permaneceram 23 horas por dia, submetidos a temperatura de 32C e 86% de umidade relativa do ar, e apresentaram maiores frequências respiratórias (P 0,01) e temperaturas respiratórias (P 0,01) que os animais deixados fora da câmara. Isolando-se os tratamentos C e D (interior da câmara) ocorreram maiores temperaturas retais (P 0,01) no tratamento D, correspondente à ração com concentrados além do feno.

Effects of different temperatures upon european steers. II. Performance / Efeitos de diferentes temperaturas sobre garrotes de origem européia. II. Desempenho

Twelve crossbred Holstein, 2 years old castrated males teers, were used in a factorial 2 x 2 in a change-over design, comparing four treatments: A) outdoors plus roughage feed; B) outdoors plus roughage feed and concentrate meal; C) climatic chamber plus roughage feed and D) climatic chamber plus roughage feed and concentrate meal. The outdoors steers presented higher hay consumptions (P 0,01) than that ones inside the climatic chamber. The addition of concentrates did not produced variations in outdoor, but significantly (P 0,01) depressed indoor hay consumptions. The steers drank more water in rations with concentrate meal outdoors than indoors the climatic chamber.

Doze garrotes machos castrados, com alto grau de sangue europeu e aproximadamente 2 anos de idade foram utilizados em um esquema fatorial 2 x 2 num delineamento change-over , comparando os tratamentos: A) meio ambiente + ração de volumosos; B) meio ambiente + ração de volumosos e concentrados; C) câmara climática + ração de volumosos e D) câmara climática + ração de volumosos e concentrados. Os bovinos na câmara climática apresentaram menores consumos de volumosos (P 0,01) que os bovinos no ambiente. A adição de concentrados não alterou o consumo de volumosos dos animais fora da câmara, mas deprimiu dentro da câmara (P 0,01). Os animais beberam mais água (P 0,01) nas rações com concentrados, dentro como fora da câmara. Os ganhos de peso foram maiores (P 0,05) no tratamento B, com concentrados no ambiente, em relação aos obtidos com concentrados na câmara climática. (D).

The effect of air temperature and relative humidity in climatic chamber, in Corriedale sheeps / Efeito da temperatura do ar constante, vigente em câmara climática, em carneiros da raça Corriedale. II. Sobre o ritmo de excreção e recuperação do óxido crômico, administrado em cápsulas de gelatina e misturado à ração

The pattern of chromium oxide (Cr 203) excretion was studied in ten Corriedale wethers maintaining one lot in climatic chamber at constant air temperature 80,6F (27C) and other lot maintained outside as control. In the Experiment I, the sheep were dosed twice daily with chromium  oxide in gelatine capsules form at fixed times and, in the Experiment II,  the animals consumed the marker mixed in the ration. The fluctuations in chromium oxide excretion, expressed in per cent, obtained in the two Experiments and in both environments, showed differences no significant, statistically. It was concluded that the constant air temperature of 80,6"F (27C)  and relative humidity mean of 72 per cent held at the climatic chamber did not exert any influence on the concentrations of the chromium oxide in the faeces. In all cases, individuals large differences were observed in the diurnal pattern of chromium oxide excretion in the faeces.

Utilizando-se 10 carneiros castrados da raça Corriedale, mantidos em câmara climática e em meio ambiente, estudaram-se os efeitos da administração do óxido crômico sob forma de cápsulas de gelatina e misturado à ração, sobre o ritmo de excreção e de recuperação da substância índice. Verificou-se que a duração do período preliminar foi de 9 dias ao se administrar o indicador em cápsulas de gelatina. As recuperações referentes aos animais que receberam o indicador em cápsula de gelatina e confrontadas com as auferidas adicionando o óxido crômico à ração, não diferiram estatisticamente. Concluiu-se ainda que a temperatura do ar e umidade relativa não produziram qualquer efeito mensurável sobre os níveis de recuperação.