Learning outcomes measured in zoo and aquarium conservation education.

Communicating the topic of conservation to the public and encouraging proenvironmental behaviors can mitigate loss of biodiversity. Thus, the evaluation of educational efforts is important to ascertain the educational effects and provide high-quality conservation education. The learning outcomes of conservation education are diverse (e.g., attitudes, knowledge, and behavior). Considering the specific characteristics of these different outcomes and the factors that influence them is crucial to delivering successful conservation education. We reviewed 29 peer-reviewed articles published in English from January 2011 to April 2020 on empirical studies of learning outcomes of on-site conservation education in zoos and aquaria, institutions that seek to educate the public about conservation. We examined the range of learning outcomes, their definitions, and factors that influenced them. Cognitive outcomes were most frequently investigated (37%) in comparison with other outcomes (e.g., affective outcomes, 31%). The articles did not use explicit definitions for learning outcomes, and implicit or explorative definitions provided were inconsistent. Outcomes were influenced by various factors (e.g., prior experiences, staff interaction, animal behavior). Our results suggest the agenda of conservation education research should be broadened by examining all learning outcomes relevant to behavior change. Educational and behavior change theories should be used as a background for conservation education research to ensure clear and consistent definitions, derive appropriate instruments to measure learning outcomes, and relate learning outcomes to influencing factors. We recommend conservation education researchers and practitioners to treat conservation education holistically and acknowledge its learning outcomes' full complexity.

Resultados del Aprendizaje Medidos en la Educación para la Conservación en Zoológicos y Acuarios Resumen La comunicación del tema de conservación y el fomento de las conductas proambientales entre el público puede mitigar la pérdida de la biodiversidad. Así, la evaluación de los esfuerzos educativos es importante para determinar sus efectos y proporcionar una educación para la conservación de gran calidad. Los resultados del aprendizaje de la educación para la conservación son diversos (p.ej.: actitudes, conocimiento y comportamiento). Es importante considerar las características específicas de estos diferentes resultados y los factores que les influyen para proporcionar una educación para la conservación exitosa. Analizamos 29 artículos, revisados por pares y publicados en inglés entre enero de 2011 y abril de 2020, sobre los estudios empíricos de los resultados del aprendizaje de la educación para la conservación in situ en zoológicos y acuarios, instituciones que educan al público sobre la conservación. Analizamos la variedad de resultados del aprendizaje, sus definiciones y los factores que les influyen. Los resultados cognitivos fueron los que se investigaron con mayor frecuencia (37%) en comparación con otros resultados (p.ej.: resultados afectivos, 31%). Los artículos no usaron definiciones explícitas para los resultados del aprendizaje, y las definiciones implícitas o exploratorias que se proporcionaron fueron incoherentes. Los resultados estuvieron influenciados por diversos factores (p.ej.: experiencias previas, interacción con el personal, comportamiento animal). Nuestros resultados sugieren que la agenda de la investigación sobre la educación para la conservación debería extenderse mediante la examinación de los resultados del aprendizaje relevantes para el cambio en el comportamiento. Las teorías del cambio educativo y conductual deberían usarse como trasfondo para la investigación sobre la educación para la conservación para garantizar definiciones claras y concisas, derivar instrumentos adecuados para medir los resultados del aprendizaje y relacionar los resultados del aprendizaje con los factores influyentes. Recomendamos que los investigadores y los practicantes de la educación para la conservación la manejen de forma holística y reconozcan toda la complejidad de sus resultados de aprendizaje.

Typifying conservation practitioners' views on the role of education.

Education is an established tool to enhance human-environment relationships, despite the lack of empirical evidence to support its use. We used theories of change to unpack assumptions about the role of education in conservation. We interviewed practitioners from 15 conservation organizations in Madagascar to typify implicit pathways of change and assess whether emerging pathways echo theoretical advances. Five pathways were drivers of change: increasing knowledge, changing emotional connection and changing traditional cultural practices, fostering leaders, diversifying outcomes, and influencing community and society. These pathways reflect existing sociopsychological theories on learning and behavioral change. Most interviewees' organizations had a predominant pathway that was often combined with elements from other pathways. Most pathways lacked culturally grounded approaches. Our research reveals assumptions about the role of education in conservation and indicates that organizations had different ideas of how change happens. The diversity of practices reflects the complexity of factors that influence behavior. Whether this diversity is driven by local sociocultural context, interaction with other conservation approaches, or contingencies remains unclear. Yet, typifying the pathways of change and reflecting on them is the first step towards comprehensive evaluation of when and which pathways and interactions to promote.

Caracterización de la Visión de los Profesionales de la Conservación sobre el Papel de la Educación Resumen La educación es una herramienta consolidada para mejorar las relaciones entre la humanidad y el medio ambiente, a pesar de la falta de evidencia empírica que respalde su uso. Usamos teorías del cambio para desentrañar las suposiciones sobre el papel de la educación en la conservación. Entrevistamos a profesionales de 15 organizaciones de conservación en Madagascar para caracterizar las vías implícitas de cambio y para analizar si las vías emergentes reflejan los avances teóricos. Cinco vías fueron impulsoras del cambio: el incremento del conocimiento, el cambio de la conexión emocional y el cambio de las prácticas culturales tradicionales, el fomento al liderazgo, la diversificación de resultados, y la influencia sobre la comunidad y la sociedad. Estas vías reflejan las teorías socio-psicológicas existentes sobre el aprendizaje y el cambio de comportamiento. La mayoría de las organizaciones de los entrevistados tuvo una vía predominante que con frecuencia estuvo combinada con los elementos de otras vías. La mayoría de las vías careció de estrategias fundamentadas culturalmente. Nuestra investigación reveló las suposiciones sobre el papel de la educación en la conservación e indica que las organizaciones tenían ideas diferentes sobre cómo ocurren los cambios. La diversidad de prácticas refleja la complejidad de los factores que influyen en el comportamiento. Todavía no está claro si esta diversidad es causada por el contexto sociocultural local, la interacción con otras estrategias de conservación o con las eventualidades. Aun así, caracterizar las vías de cambio y reflexionar sobre ellas es el primer paso hacia la evaluación integral de cuándo y cuáles vías e interacciones se deben promover.

Research methods and reporting practices in zoo and aquarium conservation-education evaluation.

Zoos and aquariums are increasingly incorporating conservation education into their mission statements and visitor experiences to address global biodiversity loss. To advance knowledge and practice in the field, research is being conducted to evaluate the effect of zoo conservation-education experiences on visitor psychosocial outcomes (e.g., knowledge, attitude, emotions, motivations, behavior). Following recent discussions among scholars and practitioners concerning logistical and methodological challenges that likely undermine the conclusions of such research, we identified and reviewed the methods and reporting practices in peer-reviewed articles published in English from May 1998 to June 2016 that focused on adult visitor samples (47 articles, 48 studies). We examined elements of internal, external, construct, and statistical conclusion validity. Methodological quality of quantitative methods and reporting practices was determined using the Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality Assessment Tool. Each study was coded as either strong (no weak ratings), moderate (1 weak rating), or weak (≥2 weak ratings). The quantitative methods of 83.3% of studies were weak. The remaining 16.7% had methods of moderate quality. Using an existing checklist, we also assessed the quality and rigor of qualitative methods and reporting practices and found that some aspects of these methods were reported more comprehensively than others. For example, 69.6% of articles discussed methods for identifying key themes from the data, whereas only 34.8% reported how data verification was performed. We suggest increased application of intensive longitudinal methods (e.g., daily diary) to strengthen self-reported data, experimental and repeated-measures designs, and mixed-methods approaches. Our findings and recommendations could strengthen and guide the research and evaluation agenda for the field and ultimately enhance the contribution zoos make to global biodiversity conservation.

Mapping epistemic cultures and learning potential of participants in citizen science projects.

The ever-widening scope and range of global change and interconnected systemic risks arising from people-environment relationships (social-ecological risks) appears to be increasing concern among, and involvement of, citizens in an increasingly diversified number of citizen science projects responding to these risks. We examined the relationship between epistemic cultures in citizen science projects and learning potential related to matters of concern. We then developed a typology of purposes and a citizen science epistemic-cultures heuristic and mapped 56 projects in southern Africa using this framework. The purpose typology represents the range of knowledge-production purposes, ranging from laboratory science to social learning, whereas the epistemic-cultures typology is a relational representation of scientist and citizen participation and their approach to knowledge production. Results showed an iterative relationship between matters of fact and matters of concern across the projects; the nexus of citizens' engagement in knowledge-production activities varied. The knowledge-production purposes informed and shaped the epistemic cultures of all the sampled citizen science projects, which in turn influenced the potential for learning within each project. Through a historical review of 3 phases in a long-term river health-monitoring project, we found that it is possible to evolve the learning curve of citizen science projects. This evolution involved the development of scientific water monitoring tools, the parallel development of pedagogic practices supporting monitoring activities, and situated engagement around matters of concern within social activism leading to learning-led change. We conclude that such evolutionary processes serve to increase potential for learning and are necessary if citizen science is to contribute to wider restructuring of the epistemic culture of science under conditions of expanding social-ecological risk.

A framework for evaluating and designing citizen science programs for natural resources monitoring.

We present a framework of resource characteristics critical to the design and assessment of citizen science programs that monitor natural resources. To develop the framework we reviewed 52 citizen science programs that monitored a wide range of resources and provided insights into what resource characteristics are most conducive to developing citizen science programs and how resource characteristics may constrain the use or growth of these programs. We focused on 4 types of resource characteristics: biophysical and geographical, management and monitoring, public awareness and knowledge, and social and cultural characteristics. We applied the framework to 2 programs, the Tucson (U.S.A.) Bird Count and the Maui (U.S.A.) Great Whale Count. We found that resource characteristics such as accessibility, diverse institutional involvement in resource management, and social or cultural importance of the resource affected program endurance and success. However, the relative influence of each characteristic was in turn affected by goals of the citizen science programs. Although the goals of public engagement and education sometimes complimented the goal of collecting reliable data, in many cases trade-offs must be made between these 2 goals. Program goals and priorities ultimately dictate the design of citizen science programs, but for a program to endure and successfully meet its goals, program managers must consider the diverse ways that the nature of the resource being monitored influences public participation in monitoring.

Case study of building of conservation coalitions to conserve ecological interactions.

We engaged experts in various fields of study (pollination ecology, chemical ecology, and ethnobotany), invited community participation, and provided environmental education in an effort to conserve an endangered birthwort (Aristolochia delavayi) and a vulnerable pipevine swallowtail (Byasa daemonius). Scientists studied the uptake and sequestration of the secondary metabolites aristolochic acids from A. delavayi leaves by different stages of pipevine swallowtail as a defense mechanism; low fruit set of the myophilous A. delavayi due to pollinator limitation; and the emission of chemical signals that attract parasitic wasps by the prepupae of B. daemonius. The results of these studies were part of an education program delivered by personnel of non-governmental organizations. The program was devised to deliver information to the public about the health risks of consuming A. delavayi individuals (aristolochic-acid-associated cancers) and to establish a bridge between the public and scientific research. Following delivery of the program, the behavior of residents changed considerably. Community residents were involved in management activities, including participation in a program to promote understanding of ecological interactions between A. delavayi and B. daemonius; designing an in situ conservation site; monitoring A. delavayi and B. daemonius individuals; and promoting the natural fruit set of A. delavayi by scattering animal excrement to attract fly pollinators. The integration of scientific information and community participation appears to have resulted in an increase in abundance of threatened A. delavayi and B. daemonius populations. We believe the involvement of local people in conservation is necessary for successful species conservation.

Evaluating children's conservation biology learning at the zoo.

Millions of children visit zoos every year with parents or schools to encounter wildlife firsthand. Public conservation education is a requirement for membership in professional zoo associations. However, in recent years zoos have been criticized for failing to educate the public on conservation issues and related biological concepts, such as animal adaptation to habitats. I used matched pre- and postvisit mixed methods questionnaires to investigate the educational value of zoo visits for children aged 7-15 years. The questionnaires gathered qualitative data from these individuals, including zoo-related thoughts and an annotated drawing of a habitat. A content analysis of these qualitative data produced the quantitative data reported in this article. I evaluated the relative learning outcomes of educator-guided and unguided zoo visits at London Zoo, both in terms of learning about conservation biology (measured by annotated drawings) and changing attitudes toward wildlife conservation (measured using thought-listing data). Forty-one percent of educator-guided visits and 34% of unguided visits resulted in conservation biology-related learning. Negative changes in children's understanding of animals and their habitats were more prevalent in unguided zoo visits. Overall, my results show the potential educational value of visiting zoos for children. However, they also suggest that zoos' standard unguided interpretive materials are insufficient for achieving the best outcomes for visiting children. These results support a theoretical model of conservation biology learning that frames conservation educators as toolmakers who develop conceptual resources to enhance children's understanding of science.

Cultura indígena kaingang e o cuidado ambiental: abordagens nas aulas de educação física / Kaingang indigenous culture and environmental care: approaches in physical education classes / Cultura indígena kaingang y cuidado ambiental: enfoques en clases de educación física

O estudo busca analisar as diferentes percepções das práticas pedagógicas de uma professora indígena e de uma professora não indígena, além de investigar as opiniões dos estudantes em relação à incorporação da cultura indígena Kaingang e da conscientização ambiental nas aulas de Educação Física. A metodologia adotada enfocou as experiências e narrativas de duas professoras atuantes em escolas indígenas, bem como envolveu a aplicação de questionários aos estudantes. Os resultados revelaram que a professora indígena introduz a cultura Kaingang por meio de atividades como jogos indígenas, o enfoque no meio ambiente é realizado através de trilhas e atividades relacionadas. Os estudantes enfatizaram a importância de incorporar a cultura indígena e a conscientização ambiental nas aulas. Assim, este estudo se propôs a trazer novas perspectivas às práticas pedagógicas, destacando a interação entre seres humanos e o ambiente natural como uma reflexão relevante para a Educação Física escolar.(AU)

The study seeks to analyze the different perceptions of the pedagogical practices of an indigenous teacher and a non-indigenous teacher, in addition to investigating students' opinions regarding the incorporation of Kaingang indigenous culture and environmental awareness in Physical Education classes. The methodology adopted focused on the experiences and narratives of two teachers working in indigenous schools, as well as involving the application of questionnaires to students. The results revealed that the indigenous teacher introduces the Kaingang culture through activities such as indigenous games, and the focus on the environment is carried out through trails and related activities. Students emphasized the importance of incorporating indigenous culture and environmental awareness into classes. Thus, this study aimed to bring new perspectives to pedagogical practices, highlighting the interaction between human beings and the natural environment as a relevant reflection for school Physical Education.(AU)

El estudio busca analizar las diferentes percepciones sobre las prácticas pedagógicas de una maestra indígena y una maestra no indígena, además de investigar las opiniones de los estudiantes respecto de la incorporación de la cultura indígena Kaingang y la conciencia ambiental en las clases de Educación Física. La metodología adoptada se centró en las experiencias y narrativas de dos docentes que trabajan en escuelas indígenas, además de involucrar la aplicación de cuestionarios a los estudiantes. Los resultados revelaron que el maestra indígena introduce la cultura Kaingang a través de actividades como juegos indígenas, y el enfoque en el medio ambiente lo realiza a través de senderos y actividades afines. Los estudiantes enfatizaron la importancia de incorporar la cultura indígena y la conciencia ambiental en las clases. Así, este estudio se propuso aportar nuevas perspectivas a las prácticas pedagógicas, destacando la interacción entre los seres humanos y el medio natural como una reflexión relevante para la Educación Física escolar.(AU)

Una metodología para la educación ambiental, desde la clase de Educación Física

Con el objetivo de perfeccionar el proceso de superación para el desarrollo de la educación ambiental en los maestros de Educación Física, desde las clases que imparten, se presenta una metodología estructurada en tres etapas (diagnóstico, implementación y valoración). Para el diagnóstico se tuvo en cuenta la revisión documental, la observación participante y las entrevistas a los maestros, lo que posibilitó la implementación de acciones para el tratamiento a los contenidos curriculares con un enfoque interdisciplinar, al quedar declaradas desde la planificación del sistema de trabajo metodológico los aspectos que afectan el desempeño pedagógico. La información recogida permitió valorar la efectividad de la metodología, al considerar las posibilidades que ofrece la disciplina para la integración de la relación medioambiente-deporte-salud y el nivel de satisfacción reflejado en los educandos. Como resultado se perfecciona la labor docente, se mejoran las relaciones de los educandos con el medioambiente en el entorno escolar y se da cumplimiento a una de las tareas del Proyecto de Investigación FARO: "Formación Activa, Reflexiva y Óptima de maestros y profesores en las Escuelas Pedagógicas".

Com o objetivo de aperfeiçoar o processo de melhoria para o desenvolvimento da educação ambiental nos professores de Educação Física, a partir das aulas que ministram, é apresentada uma metodologia estruturada em três etapas (diagnóstico, implementação e avaliação). Para o diagnóstico foram levados em consideração a revisão documental, a observação participante e entrevistas com os professores, o que possibilitou implementar ações para o tratamento dos conteúdos curriculares com abordagem interdisciplinar, conforme foram declarados a partir do planejamento do sistema de trabalho . aspectos metodológicos que afectam o desempenho pedagógico. As informações coletadas permitiram avaliar a eficácia da metodologia, considerando as possibilidades oferecidas pela disciplina para a integração da relação meio ambiente-esporte-saúde e o nível de satisfação refletido nos alunos. Como resultado, o trabalho docente é melhorado, as relações dos alunos com o meio ambiente escolar são melhoradas e uma das tarefas do Projeto de Pesquisa FARO é cumprida: "Formação Pedagógica Ativa, Reflexiva e Ótima de Professores nas Escolas". Escolas".

With the aim of perfecting the improvement process for the development of environmental education in Physical Education teachers, from the classes they teach, a methodology structured in three stages (diagnosis, implementation and assessment) is presented. For the diagnosis, the documentary review, participant observation and interviews with the teachers were taken into account, which made it possible to implement actions for the treatment of the curricular contents with an interdisciplinary approach, once the aspect that affect pedagogical performance were declared from the planning of the methodological work system. The information collected allowed to assess the effectiveness of the methodology, considering the possibilities offered by the discipline for the integration of the environment-sport-health relationship and the level of satisfaction reflected in the students. As a result, teaching work is perfected, students' relationships with the environment in the school environment are improved, and one of the tasks of the FARO Research Project "Active, Reflective, and Optimal Training of Teachers in Schools." Pedagogical Schools" is fulfilled.

Futuros y educación en los activismos juveniles socioambientales / Futures and education in socio-environmental youth activism / Futuros e educação em ativismos juvenis socioambientais

Resumen (analítico) Las juventudes protagonizan la acción de los movimientos sociales antihegemónicos. Particularmente, su activismo socioambiental impacta en la lucha global contra el modelo capitalista que pone en peligro al planeta. Este artículo explora el rol educativo de las organizaciones chilenas Viernes por el Futuro, Tremendas y Wila Pacha, en relación con sus visiones de futuro. Se realizó una etnografía digital con metodología cualitativa y enfoque interpretativo, a partir de un corpus de 591 entradas de sus discursos en Instagram. Los resultados muestran un futuro próximo con caducidad, con visiones sustentadas en conocimientos científicos, ancestrales y territoriales. También proyectan un futuro alternativo imaginado, desde el deseo y los valores de la comunidad que representa cada colectivo. Educar a la sociedad desde el accionar digital resulta clave para acercarse a ese futuro alternativo.

Abstract (analytical) Young people are protagonists of the actions carried out by antihegemonic social movements. Their socio-environmental activism has an impact on the global struggle against a capitalist model that endangers our planet. This article explores the educational role of the Chilean organizations Viernes por el Futuro (Fridays for Future), Tremendas and Wila Pacha in relation to their visions of the future. A digital ethnography was carried out using a qualitative methodology and an interpretive approach based on a corpus of 591 posts that contain the groups' discourses on Instagram. The results evidence the conceptualization of a near future that has an expiration date for humanity. The groups' visions of these futures are supported by scientific, ancestral and territorial knowledge. They also project an imagined alternative future that is based on the dreams and values of the communities that each group represents. For all three of the groups, educating society through digital actions is essential for working towards these alternative futures.

Resumo (analítico) Os jovens são protagonistas da ação dos movimentos sociais anti-hegemônicos. Particularmente, seu ativismo socioambiental tem impacto na luta global contra o modelo capitalista que põe em risco o planeta. Este artigo explora o papel educativo das organizações chilenas Viernes por el Futuro, Tremendas e Wila Pacha, em relação às suas visões de futuro. Foi realizada uma etnografia digital com metodologia qualitativa e abordagem interpretativa, a partir de um corpus de 591 postagens com seus discursos no Instagram. Os resultados mostram um futuro próximo com vencimento, com visões apoiadas em saberes científicos, ancestrais e territoriais. Eles também projetam um futuro alternativo imaginado, baseado no desejo e nos valores da comunidade que cada grupo representa. Educar a sociedade a partir de ações digitais é fundamental para abordar esse futuro alternativo.

La educación ambiental y para el cambio climático en Latinoamérica: una revisión de alcance / Environmental and climate change education in Latin America: A scoping review

Resumen Introducción/objetivo: La educación ambiental y la educación para el cambio climático son dos iniciativas fundamentales para Latinoamérica; sin embargo, pocos trabajos han descrito a profundidad la investigación disponible en la región sobre estas. Método: Se implementó una revisión de alcance tipo Prisma de trabajos empíricos (análisis cuantitativo, cualitativo y mixto), en español, inglés o portugués, en Scielo, Redalyc y Scopus. Resultados: un total de 66 artículos conformaron la base final. En general, la educación ambiental y la educación para el cambio climático han sido abordadas interdisciplinariamente, aunque con un predominio del campo educación. Los dominios incluyen el conocimiento ambiental, actitudes proambientales, prácticas de siembra y cuidado animal. Hay reportes en todos los niveles de formación, con una mayoría en educación superior. Los efectos de las intervenciones son positivos; sin embargo, solo en una investigación se reporta el registro de seguimientos y en pocas hay registro de comportamientos. Conclusiones: las implicaciones para el diseño de actividades educativas de educación ambiental y educación para el cambio climático consisten en que estas aborden problemáticas ambientales locales, integren diferentes disciplinas, incluyan actividades de interacción con la naturaleza y duren más de un semestre lectivo.

Abstract Introduction/objective: Environmental education and climate change education are two fundamental initiatives for Latin America, however, few works have described in depth the research available in the region on them. Method: A Prisma-type scoping review of empirical papers (quantitative, qualitative and mixed analysis), in Spanish, English or Portuguese, was implemented in Scielo, Redalyc and Scopus. Results: a total of 66 articles made up the final database. In general, environmental education and climate change education have been approached interdisciplinarily, although with a predominance of the field of education. The domains include environmental knowledge, pro-environmental attitudes, planting practices and animal care. There are reports at all levels of education, with a majority in higher education. The effects of the interventions are positive; however, only one research reports a record of follow-ups and in few there is a record of behaviors. Conclusions: the implications for the design of environmental education and climate change education activities are that they should address local environmental problems, integrate different disciplines, include interaction activities with nature and last more than one school semester.

La percepción social acerca del reciclaje en el municipio de Xalisco, Nayarit / Social perception about recycling in the municipality of Xalisco, Nayarit

En la presente investigación hemos abordado la falta de un programa de reciclaje o manejo adecuado de laseparación de residuos orgánicos e inorgánicos en el Municipio de Xalisco, Nayarit. Por ello es de sumaimportancia difundir y crear conciencia en los habitantes sobre los beneficios de implementar los hábitos degestión de residuos. Para ello, se implementa un enfoque cuantitativo, este estudio tiene como objetivo realizaruna encuesta de la población con la técnica de muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia, determinando unamuestra de 50 personas, con la finalidad de conocer qué tanta información tienen al respecto sobre losconceptos generales del tema, así como la separación y clasificación de la basura para crear hábitos de laimportancia de hacer un uso adecuado, tomando en cuenta los beneficios de implementar estrategias a travésde la capacitación y concientización de las personas, y dar solución al problema de la basura en el municipio.(AU)

In the present research, we have addressed the lack of a recycling program or adequate management of theseparation of organic and inorganic waste in the Municipality of Xalisco, Nayarit. For this reason, it is of theutmost importance to disseminate and raise awareness among the citizens regarding the benefits ofimplementing waste management habits. In this study, we have surveyed the population by determining a sampleof 50 people to evaluate the knowledge about the general concepts of the subject. We also aimed to createbeneficial habits through the recycling and classification of garbage and thus to solve waste managementproblems.(AU)

Desarrollo de la educación ambiental en estudiantes universitarios desde la asignatura Educación Física

La educación ambiental es un proceso educativo continuo que persigue formar y modificar actitudes de forma objetiva sobre la realidad global del medio, tanto natural como social. Por ello, este artículo se centra en la asignatura Educación Física, la cual consideran los autores, que constituye un bloque de contenidos ideal, para poder abordar el desarrollo de la educación ambiental en estudiantes universitarios. Durante el proceso investigativo se utilizaron los métodos: histórico-lógico, analítico-sintético, inductivo-deductivo, la observación, revisión documental, la encuesta y la estadística descriptiva. El procesamiento de la información obtenida permitió corroborar la existencia real del problema, y luego realizar un diagnóstico de las dificultades y las potencialidades presentes en el desarrollo de la educación ambiental en el Licenciado en Educación. Economía, para su posterior tratamiento. Por tanto, el objetivo de la presente investigación consiste en: elaborar un conjunto de actividades que desde las potencialidades de la Educación Física permitan contribuir al desarrollo de la educación ambiental en los estudiantes de primer y segundo año de la carrera Licenciatura en Educación. Economía en la Universidad de Pinar del Río "Hermanos Saíz Montes de Oca".

SÍNTESE A educação ambiental é um processo educativo contínuo que visa formar e modificar atitudes objectivamente sobre a realidade global do ambiente, tanto natural como social. Por esta razão, este artigo centra-se no tema da Educação Física, que os autores consideram ser um bloco de conteúdo ideal para se poder abordar o desenvolvimento da educação ambiental nos estudantes universitários. Durante o processo de investigação, foram utilizados os seguintes métodos: histórico-lógico, analítico-sintético, indutivo-dedutivo, observação, revisão documental, inquérito e estatística descritiva. O processamento da informação obtida permitiu corroborar a existência real do problema, e depois fazer um diagnóstico das dificuldades e potencialidades presentes no desenvolvimento da educação ambiental no Bacharelato em Educação. Economia, para o seu tratamento posterior. Portanto, o objectivo da presente investigação consiste em: elaborar um conjunto de actividades que a partir das potencialidades da Educação Física permitam contribuir para o desenvolvimento da educação ambiental nos alunos do primeiro e segundo anos do curso de licenciatura em Educação. Economia na Universidade de Pinar del Río "Hermanos Saíz Montes de Oca".

Environmental education is a continuous educational process that seeks to objectively form and modify attitudes about the global reality of the environment, both natural and social. For this reason, this article focuses on the Physical Education subject, which, in the authors´s opinion the authors, it is an ideal block of content, for addressing the development of environmental education in university students. During the research process, methods like historical-logical, analytical-synthetic, inductive-deductive, observation, documentary review, survey were used, as well as descriptive statistics one. The processing of the information obtained allowed to corroborate the real existence of the problem, and then carry out a diagnosis of the difficulties and potential present in the development of environmental education in the Bachelor of Education. Economy specialty, for its further treatment. Therefore, the objective of this research is to develop a set of activities that from the potential of Physical Education allow contributing to the development of environmental education in the first- and second-year students of the career Bachelor of Education. Economics specialty at the University of Pinar del Río "Hermanos Saíz Montes de Oca".

A Atuação dos Multiplicadores Ambientais em Saneamento Compreendida à Luz da Educação Ambiental Emancipatória / The Performance of Environmental Multipliers in Sanitation Understood in the Light of Emancipatory Environmental Education / El Desempeño de los Multiplicadores Ambientales en el Saneamiento Entendido a la Luz de la Educación Ambiental Emancipadora

As políticas de saneamento têm como objetivo a melhoria e manutenção do bem-estar na sociedade. No Brasil, o trabalho em empresas deste contexto pode incluir a educação ambiental, oportunidade para sensibilização da população quanto à preservação dos recursos hídricos. O presente estudo teve por objetivo caracterizar a educação ambiental para o saneamento e compreender a atuação dos educadores à luz do modelo emancipatório. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório e qualitativo. Realizou-se o acompanhamento de atividades de educação ambiental realizadas na Companhia Catarinense de Águas e Saneamento e entrevistas com 19 trabalhadores denominados multiplicadores ambientais. As características das atividades foram registradas através de diário de campo e analisadas por meio de estatística descritiva. As entrevistas foram gravadas e os dados submetidos à análise de conteúdo através do software Atlas.ti, versão 7.5.7. Os resultados permitiram conhecer as características das atividades de educação ambiental realizadas, dos visitantes e dos participantes. As categorias identificadas demonstraram que a atuação dos multiplicadores ambientais é compreendida por seu desenvolvimento, relação com atividades principais, competências, impactos aos visitantes e avaliação da educação ambiental realizada. Tal atuação é parcialmente congruente com a educação ambiental crítica e emancipatória. Identificaram-se oportunidades para o engajamento de trabalhadores em atividades ambientalmente responsáveis.

Sanitation policies aim to improve and maintain well-being in society. In Brazil, work in companies within this context may include environmental education as an opportunity to raise populational awareness about the preservation of water resources. Thus, this research aimed to characterize environmental education for sanitation and to understand the role of educators in the light of the emancipatory model. It is an exploratory and qualitative study performed at Santa Catarina's Water and Sanitation State Company. Environmental education activities were accompanied and interviews were carried with 19 workers responsible for these activities, called environmental multipliers. The characteristics of the activities were recorded through a field diary and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The interviews were recorded and the data were submitted to content analysis through the Atlas.ti software, version 7.5.7. Results led to identify characteristics from activities, visitors and participants. The identified categories demonstrated that the performance of environmental multipliers is understood by their development, relationship with main activities, competences, impacts on visitors and evaluation of the environmental education carried out. Such performance is partially congruent with critical and emancipatory environmental education. Opportunities were identified for the engagement of workers in environmentally responsible activities.

Las políticas de saneamiento tienen como objetivo mejorar y mantener el bienestar de la sociedad. En Brasil, el trabajo en empresas en este contexto puede incluir la educación ambiental, una oportunidad para sensibilizar a la población sobre la preservación de los recursos hídricos. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar la educación ambiental para el saneamiento y comprender el rol de los educadores a la luz del modelo emancipatorio. Este es un estudio exploratorio y cualitativo. Se monitorearon actividades de educación ambiental en la Compañía Estatal de Agua y Saneamiento de Santa Catarina, Brasil, y se realizaron entrevistas con 19 trabajadores denominados multiplicadores ambientales. Las características de las actividades se registraron a través de un diario de campo y se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva. Las entrevistas fueron grabadas y los datos sometidos a análisis de contenido utilizando el software Atlas.ti, versión 7.5.7. Los resultados permitieron conocer las características de las actividades de educación ambiental realizadas, por los visitantes y los participantes. Las categorías identificadas demostraron que el desempeño de los multiplicadores ambientales se entiende por su desarrollo, relación con las principales actividades, competencias, impactos en los visitantes y evaluación de la educación ambiental realizada. Tal desempeño es parcialmente congruente con la educación ambiental crítica y emancipadora. Se identificaron oportunidades para la participación de los trabajadores en actividades ambientalmente responsables.

Opciones de Producción Más Limpia en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Matanzas

Introducción: la sostenibilidad ambiental es una de las metas del milenio establecidas por la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas. La minimización de residuos, la producción más limpia, la ecoeficiencia y la prevención de la contaminación contribuyen a su cumplimiento. En el sector de la salud, la Producción Más Limpia se enfoca en la prevención de la contaminación, y en la eliminación de desechos peligrosos, infecciosos y químicos y de emisiones o vertimientos dentro de la institución; se fundamenta en buenas prácticas durante la prestación de servicios, en la sustitución de insumos con características peligrosas, en cambios en los procedimientos y en mejoramiento tecnológico. Objetivo: proponer opciones de Producción Más Limpia en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Matanzas. Materiales y métodos: se desarrolló una investigación de tipo cualitativa, descriptiva y documental. La búsqueda se realizó en la base de datos SciELO y en Google Académico, en el período 2016-2020. Resultados: se identificaron cinco opciones de Producción Más Limpia con resultados satisfactorios que contribuyen a la sostenibilidad ambiental de la Universidad. Conclusiones: la introducción de nuevas tecnologías, la sustitución de sustancias contaminantes, el desarrollo energético y la separación correcta de los residuos, son opciones de Producción Más Limpia que favorecen el desarrollo sostenible.

Introduction: environmental sustainability is one of the millennium goals set by the United Nations General Assembly. Waste minimization, cleaner production, eco-efficiency and pollution prevention contribute to its compliance. In the health sector, Cleaner Production focuses on the prevention of pollution, the disposal of hazardous, infectious and chemical wastes and emissions or discharges within the institution; it is based on good practices during the provision of services, on the replacement of inputs with hazardous characteristics, on changes in procedures and on technological improvement. Objective: to propose Cleaner Production options at Matanzas University of Medical Sciences. Materials and methods: a qualitative, descriptive and documentary research was developed. The search was carried out in the SciELO database and in Google Scholar, in the period 2016-2020. Results: five Cleaner Production options were identified with satisfactory results that contribute to the environmental sustainability of the University. Conclusions: the introduction of new technologies, the replacement of pollutants, energy development and the correct separation of waste are Cleaner Production options that favor sustainable development.

Ecologia política: una lectura de cambios que promueve la educación ambiental no formal en Santiago de Cali -Colombia / Political ecology: a reading of changes promoted by nonformal environmental education in Santiago de Cali -Colombia / Ecologia política: uma leitura da mudança promovendo a educação ambiental não formal em Santiago de Cali -Colombia

RESUMEN Ante la presión antropogénica sobre el medio ambiente, es preponderante el rol de la educación ambiental para generar cambios que resignifiquen la relación ser humano-naturaleza en los territórios. Esta investigación cualitativa hermenêutica tuvo un enfoque descriptivo explicativo y en ella se estudiaron cambios culturales y socioambientales promovidos por procesos específicos de educación ambiental no formal realizados en Santiago de Cali - Colombia acerca de conservación de bienes ambientales y servicios ecosistémicos, embellecimiento del entorno, soberania alimentaria y preservación de la biodiversidad. Se identificaron indicadores de educación ambiental potenciales para valorar los cambios promovidos, se definieron indicadores específicos indagando experiencias, percepciones y motivaciones de actores sociales participantes y se contrastó su correspondencia desde la ecologia política y el pensamiento ambiental crítico. Se encontró que la definición de indicadores de educación ambiental presenta retos considerables y que, si bien los procesos educativos posibilitaron una mejor comprensión de las problemáticas medioambientales, los cambios culturales y socioambientales promovidos dependen de dinâmicas socioeconómicas, prácticas éticas, culturales y del ejercicio del poder político.

ABSTRACT In the face of anthropogenic pressure on the environment, the role of environmental education to generate changes that redefine the human-nature relationship in the territories is preponderant. This qualitative hermeneutic research had a descriptive explanatory approach and studied cultural and socio-environmental changes promoted by specific non-formal environmental education processes carried out in Santiago de Cali - Colombia regarding the conservation of environmental goods and ecosystem services, beautification of the environment, food sovereignty and preservation of biodiversity Potential environmental education indicators were identified to assess the changes promoted, specific indicators were defined by investigating experiences, perceptions and motivations of participating social actors and their correspondence was contrasted from political ecology and critical environmental thinking. It was found that the definition of environmental education indicators presents considerable challenges and that, although the educational processes enabled a better understanding of environmental issues, the cultural and socio-environmental changes promoted depend on socioeconomic dynamics, ethical and cultural practices and the exercise of political power.

RESUMO Diante da pressão antropogênica sobre o meio ambiente, o papel da educação ambiental na geração de mudanças que redefinem a relação homem-natureza nos territórios é preponderante. Esta pesquisa hermenêutica qualitativa teve uma abordagem explicativa descritiva e estudou as mudanças culturais e socioambientais promovidas por processos específicos de educação ambiental não-formal realizados em Santiago de Cali - Colombia sobre a conservação dos bens e serviços ambientais, o embelezamento do meio ambiente, a soberania alimentar e a preservação da biodiversidade. Indicadores potenciais de educação ambiental foram identificados para avaliar as mudanças promovidas, indicadores específicos foram definidos através de pesquisas sobre as experiências, percepções e motivações dos atores sociais participantes e sua correspondência foi contrastada a partir da perspectiva da ecologia politica e do pensamento ambiental crítico. Verificou-se que a definição de indicadores de educação ambiental apresenta desafios consideráveis e que, embora os processos educacionais tenham levado a uma melhor compreensão das questões ambientais, as mudanças culturais e socioambientais promovidas dependem da dinâmica socioeconòmica, das práticas éticas e culturais e do exercicio do poder politico.

Educación ambiental mediada desde las ecologías sociocuturales para el abordaje del territorio en contextos escolares / Environmental education mediated from socio-cultural ecologies for the approach to territory in school contexts

RESUMEN Desde la perspectiva de las ecologías socioculturales, como campo emergente interdisciplinario, se puede enriquecer de manera alternativa y complementaria la educación ambiental, puesto que permite un acercamiento comprensivo a las dinámicas de ocupación humana y las transformaciones en un territorio concreto desde una mirada histórica, política y sociocultural. Esta investigación, se llevó a cabo en el contexto territorial de la cuenca del río Quindío, en el centro-occidente de Colombia, con la participación de 144 estudiantes y 40 docentes, de cuatro Instituciones Educativas públicas. La metodología fue de enfoque cualitativo, donde se empleó como instrumento de recolección y análisis de información, una encuesta tipo cuestionario con preguntas abiertas, para indagar aspectos socioambientales, históricos y paisajísticos del contexto territorial de dicha cuenca. Los resultados develaron que estudiantes y docentes, en general, desconocen los procesos históricos de ocupación humana de la región; con relación a los principales cambios percibidos en el paisaje, los estudiantes señalaron el incremento de las urbanizaciones, la disminución de las zonas verdes y la contaminación, mientras que los docentes manifestaron cambios en los usos del suelo, el crecimiento urbanístico y el desarrollo basado en el turismo. Sin duda, estos hallazgos son importantes, como lectura del territorio, para ser tenidos en cuenta en la praxis de la educación ambiental de las instituciones educativas.

ABSTRACT From the perspective of socio-cultural ecologies as an emerging interdisciplinary field, environmental education can be enriched in an alternative and complementary way since they allow a comprehensive approach to the dynamics of human occupation and transformations in a specific territory from a historical perspective, political and socio-cultural. This research was carried out in the territorial context of the Quindío River basin in central-western Colombia, with the participation of 144 students and 40 teachers from four public educational institutions. The methodology was a qualitative approach, where a questionnaire-type survey with open questions was used as an instrument for collecting and analyzing information to investigate socio-environmental, historical, and landscape aspects of the territorial context of said basin. The results revealed that students and teachers, in general, are unaware of the historical processes of human occupation of the region; Concerning the main changes perceived in the landscape, the students pointed out the increase in urbanizations, the decrease in green areas, and pollution; while teachers expressed changes in land use, urban growth, and development based on tourism. Undoubtedly, these findings are important as a reading of the territory to be considered in the praxis of environmental education in educational institutions.

El juego como facilitador del conocimiento de la legislación ambiental / Jogar como um facilitador do conhecimento do direito ambiental / The game as a facilitator of knowledge of environmental legislation

RESUMEN Introducción: El trabajo abordó la importancia de la utilización del juego recreativo en las actividades de educación ambiental como recurso para contribuir al conocimiento de las normas jurídicas ambientales en el Consejo Popular San Vicente, perteneciente al Parque Nacional Viñales. Objetivo: El objetivo del trabajo consistió en demostrar la utilización de los juegos recreativos en las actividades de educación ambiental para contribuir al fomento y aprendizaje de las normas jurídicas ambientales aplicables a la comunidad, para enfrentar los problemas ambientales existentes. Materiales y métodos: Se utilizaron métodos teóricos tales como: análisis-síntesis, histórico-lógico, inducción-deducción los cuales permitieron: realizar generalizaciones con respecto a las posiciones teóricas y arribar a conclusiones, estudiar y particularizar las cualidades de los juegos recreativos. Se utilizó de igual forma la entrevista semi estandarizada para realizar el diagnóstico de la utilización de los juegos por parte de los especialistas en la comunidad. Resultados: El trabajo permitió ratificar la efectividad de vincular el juego recreativo en las actividades de educación ambiental como vía para contribuir al conocimiento necesario sobre la legislación ambiental en una comunidad. Conclusiones: La implementación del juego permitió vincular a la comunidad con los problemas ambientales existentes y su posible solución, al incrementar el conocimiento mediante estas actividades tanto de la educación ambiental como de la legislación ambiental.

RESUMO Introdução: O trabalho abordou a importância do uso de jogos recreativos em atividades de educação ambiental como um recurso para contribuir com o conhecimento das normas legais ambientais no Conselho Popular de San Vicente, pertencente ao Parque Nacional Viñales. Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi demonstrar o uso de jogos recreativos em atividades de educação ambiental para contribuir para a promoção e aprendizagem de normas legais ambientais aplicáveis à comunidade, a fim de enfrentar os problemas ambientais existentes. Materiais e métodos: Foram utilizados métodos teóricos como: análise-síntese, histórico-lógica, indução-dedução, que permitiram generalizações com respeito às posições teóricas e conclusões a serem alcançadas, e as qualidades dos jogos recreativos a serem estudadas e particularizadas. Uma entrevista semi-padronizada também foi utilizada para diagnosticar o uso de jogos por especialistas da comunidade. Resultados: O trabalho nos permitiu ratificar a eficácia da associação de jogos recreativos em atividades de educação ambiental como forma de contribuir para o conhecimento necessário sobre a legislação ambiental em uma comunidade. Conclusões: A implementação do jogo tornou possível ligar a comunidade aos problemas ambientais existentes e sua possível solução, aumentando o conhecimento através destas atividades tanto da educação ambiental quanto da legislação ambiental.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The work addressed the importance of the use of recreational games in environmental education activities as a resource to contribute to the knowledge of environmental legal norms in the San Vicente Popular Council, belonging to the Viñales National Park. Objective: The objective of the work was to demonstrate the use of recreational games in environmental education activities to contribute to the promotion and learning of the environmental legal norms applicable to the Community, to face existing environmental problems. Materials and methods: Theoretical methods such as: analysis-synthesis, historical-logical, induction-deduction were used, which allowed: making generalizations regarding the theoretical positions and reaching conclusions, studying and specifying the qualities of recreational games. The semi-standardized interview was used in the same way to diagnose the use of the games by specialists in the community. Results: The work allowed to ratify the effectiveness of linking the recreational game in environmental education activities as a way to contribute to the necessary knowledge about environmental legislation in a community. Conclusions: The implementation of the game allowed linking the community with existing environmental problems and their possible solution, by increasing knowledge through these activities of both environmental education and environmental legislation.

Revisão integrativa sobre atitudes ambientais e educação ambiental / Integrative review of environmental attitudes and environmental education / Revisión integradora de las actitudes ambientales y educación ambiental

A educação ambiental está envolvida na promoção de atitudes ambientais. Sendo essas determinantes para a preservação ambiental, considera-se importante compreendê-las sob o ponto de vista dos sujeitos envolvidos na educação ambiental. Assim, a presente revisão integrativa objetivou a análise da produção científica em torno das atitudes ambientais e suas relações com a educação ambiental, com foco nos sujeitos que executam tais atividades. Foram pesquisadas as bases de dados DOAJ, Medline/Pubmed, PEPSIC, Periódicos CAPES, Psycinfo, Redalyc, Scielo, SCOPUS e Web of Science. Os resultados indicam a predominância de estudos com foco nos destinatários da educação ambiental e na modalidade formal. Entre aqueles que abordam os educadores, identificou-se que características ambientais, apoios e programas ligados à gestão ambiental resultam na execução de uma educação ambiental promotora de atitudes ambientais. Esses mecanismos são fundamentais para o desenvolvimento de percursos formativos que propiciem comportamentos ambientalmente responsáveis de educadores, favorecendo a emergência de atitudes ambientais de seus educandos.

Environmental education is related to promoting environmental attitudes. Since environmental attitudes are determinants to environmental preservation, it is important to understand them from the point of view of the subjects involved in environmental education. Thus, this integrative review aimed to analyze the scientific production around environmental attitudes and their relation with environmental education, focusing on the subjects who perform such activities. Database researched include DOAJ, Medline/Pubmed, PEPSIC, Periódicos CAPES, Psycinfo, Redalyc, Scielo, SCOPUS, and Web of Science. Results indicate the predominance of studies focused on the recipients of environmental education and in the formal modality. Among those who approach educators, it was identified that environmental characteristics, support and programs related to environmental management result in the execution of an environmental education that promotes environmental attitudes. These mechanisms are fundamental for the development of training paths that promote environmentally responsible behavior by educators, favoring the emergence of environmental attitudes among their students.

La educación ambiental está involucrada en la promoción de actitudes ambientales. Siendo determinante para la preservación ambiental, se considera importante comprender las actitudes ambientales desde el punto de vista de los sujetos involucrados en la educación ambiental. Así, esta revisión integradora tuvo como objetivo analizar la producción científica en torno a las actitudes ambientales y su relación con la educación ambiental, centrándose en los sujetos que realizan tales actividades. Se realizaron búsquedas en las bases de datos DOAJ, Medline / Pubmed, PEPSIC, CAPES Journals, Psycinfo, Redalyc, Scielo, SCOPUS y Web of Science. Los resultados indican el predominio de estudios enfocados a los destinatarios de la educación ambiental y en la modalidad formal. Entre los que se acercan a los educadores, se identificó que características ambientales, apoyos y programas relacionados con la gestión ambiental dan como resultado la ejecución de una educación ambiental que promueve actitudes ambientales. Estos mecanismos son fundamentales para el desarrollo de itinerarios formativos que promuevan un comportamiento ambientalmente responsable por parte de los educadores, favoreciendo el surgimiento de actitudes ambientales entre sus alumnos.

La educación ambiental en Colombia desde los instrumentos de política pública departamental / The environmental education in Colombia since the politic public departmental instruments / Educação ambiental na Colômbia dos instrumentos de política pública departamental

RESUMEN Se presentan los resultados de un estudio documental que tuvo como objetivo analizar aspectos que orientaron la construcción de los instrumentos de política pública de educación ambiental para los departamentos de Colombia, que tengan vigencia y un acto legislativo de aprobación. La metodologia usada fue cualitativa a partir de exploración, revisión y análisis de contenido. Se consultaron bases de datos institucionales de los 32 departamentos. Se establecieron cinco categorías de análisis: denominación del instrumento específico; participación social e institucional en el proceso de construcción; enfoque conceptual de la educación ambiental; enfoques temáticos; y fase proyectiva. El análisis se realizó con 10 documentos que cumplieron los criterios de selección. Se pudo entrever que, si bien en cada documento se usó una denominación diferente, como plan o política, eso no tuvo una influencia directa en la ruta metodológica para su diseno y formulación. De manera general, en todos se evidencia un liderazgo de las CAR's y las Gobernaciones en los equipos de formulación, que han generado estrategias de participación para recoger aportes que permitieron definir temáticas contextualizadas para los planes de acción.

ABSTRACT It is presented the outcomes of a documental study that has as main purpose to analyze the aspects that lead us built the politic public instruments of Environmental education for Colombian departments, with a validity and a legislative act for being approved. The current used methodology was qualitative from an exploration, revision and analysis of the content. It was consulted the institutional data bases of the 32 departments. It was, as well, established 5 categories of analysis: denomination of the specific project, social and institutional participation in the process of construction, conceptual focus of the Environmental education; thematic focuses; and projective phase. The analysis was done with 10 documents that accomplished the selection criteria. It was possible to make out that, on every single document was used a different denomination, as plan or politics, it really did not have a direct influence on the methodological path or formulation. In a general way, in all of them we can see a CAR's leadership and the Governations in the formulation teams, who have generated strategies of participation to collect all sort of information that let us define contextualized topics to the action plans.

RESUMO São apresentados os resultados de um estudo documental, cujo objectivo era analisar aspectos que orientaram a construção de instrumentos de política pública de educação ambiental para os departamentos da Colômbia, que estão em vigor e têm um acto legislativo de aprovação. A metodologia utilizada foi qualitativa, baseada na exploração, revisão e análise do conteúdo. Foram consultadas as bases de dados institucionais dos 32 departamentos. Foram estabelecidas cinco categorias de análise: nome do instrumento específico; participação social e institucional no processo de construção; abordagem conceptual da educação ambiental; abordagens temáticas; e fase projectiva. A análise foi realizada com 10 documentos que preenchiam os critérios de selecção. Podia ver-se que, embora cada documento utilizasse um nome diferente, tal como plano ou política, isto não teve influência directa na rota metodológica para a sua concepção e formulação. Em geral, em todos eles é evidente a liderança das CAR e dos Governadores nas equipas de formulação, que geraram estratégias de participação para recolher contribuições que permitiram a definição de temas contextualizados para os planos de acção.