Behavioral verification and risk factors of HIV cross-population transmission in China: analysis of national surveillance data 1989-2022.

INTRODUCTION: The dynamic HIV/AIDS epidemic significantly impacts China, particularly affecting injection drug users (IDUs), former plasma donors (FPDs), men who have sex with men (MSM), and those engaging in high-risk heterosexual behavior (HRHB). This study specifically focuses on identifying the risk factors and influences that drive the spread of HIV among these population groups by performing a comprehensive analysis of contact histories of individuals diagnosed with HIV. METHODS: Data for this research were gathered from China's HIV/AIDS Comprehensive Response Information Management System (CRIMS). Contact histories were described using bar and venn diagram. Trend in engaging in HBRB among MSM were identify potential change using the Cochran-Armitage test. Logistic regression was employed to analyze the factors influencing HBRB in MSM. RESULTS: From 1989 through to 2022, a total of 1,457,218 individuals aged 15 years or older in China, who reported being infected with HIV, indicated they had one or more types of contact histories including injecting drug use, male homosexual behavior, commercial plasma donation, and high-risk heterosexual behavior. Among these, 97.0% reported a single type of contact history, while 3.0% reported having multiple contact histories. Of those with multiple contact histories, 98.0% (42,258 individuals) had engaged in HRHB. Among all HIV-infected IDUs, MSM, and FPDs, their respective proportions of engagement in HRHB were 11.8%, 5.7% and 6.2%. Prior to 2012, most were reported to be IDUs; however, subsequent to this, most reported being MSM. Factors that heightened the risk of engaging in HRHB among HIV-infected MSM included being of age between 25-34 years [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.29] or 35-44 years (AOR = 1.22), marital status such as being married (AOR = 1.23) or being divorced/widowed (AOR = 1.17), belonging to an ethnic minority (AOR = 1.29), receiving diagnosis in hospitals (AOR = 1.81), residing in rural areas (AOR = 1.12), among others. However, the risk of HRHB decreased when age ≥ 55 years (55-64 years: AOR = 0.82; ≥ 65 years: AOR = 0.64). CONCLUSION: The potential for HIV transmission among diverse populations is substantial. As such, it is imperative that strategies are implemented to mitigate the propagation of HIV to the general populace via heterosexual intercourse.

[Association Between Medication Compliance and Various Risky Behaviors in Patients With Schizophrenia]. / ç²¾ç¥žåˆ†è£‚ç—‡æ‚£è€ æœè¯ä¾ä»Žæ€§ä¸Žä¸åŒç±»åž‹å±é™©è¡Œä¸ºçš„å ³è”ç ”ç©¶.

Objective: To investigate the status of medication adherence and various types of risky behaviors of schizophrenia patients in a certain area of western China and to explore accordingly the correlation between the two. Methods: A total of 292 667 patients with schizophrenia were enrolled in a follow-up survey between 2006 and 2018. In addition, based on the outcome-wide analysis strategy, a multivariate Cox proportional risk regression model was used to estimate and compare the impact of medication adherence on different types of risky behaviors in schizophrenia patients. Results: In this 13-year prospective cohort, 65 175 patients (31.4%) showed good medication adherence, while 142 394 patients (68.6%) showed poor medication adherence. The incidence rates of various risky behaviors during the follow-up period were as follows, minor nuisances, 12.25%, violation of the Law of the People's Republic of China on Penalties for Administration of Public Security (APS law), 3.82%, violation of criminal law, 0.94%, suicide completed, 0.28%, self-harm, 1.42%, and attempted suicide, 0.82%. Schizophrenia patients who had poor medication adherence had higher risks of committing violence against others and self-inflicted injury compared to patients with good medication adherence did, with the associated effects being minor nuisances (hazard ratio [HR]=1.31, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.27-1.35), violation of APS law (HR=1.47, 95% CI: 1.38-1.56), violation of criminal law (HR=1.17, 95% CI: 1.05-1.31), and self-harm (HR=1.43, 95% CI: 1.32-1.56), respectively, while the risk of suicide completed is lower in schizophrenia patients with poor medication adherence than that in patients with good medication adherence (HR=0.56, 95% CI: 0.47-0.66). There was no statistically significant association between attempted suicide and medication adherence. Conclusion: There are variations in the direction and strength of the association between medication adherence and different types of risky behaviors and further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms of the association.

Recognizing the Frequency of Exposure to Cyberbullying in Children: The Results of the National HBSC Study in Serbia.

Nowadays, children are able to enrich their reality via the Internet. Unfortunately, this may increase their risk of becoming victims of cyberbullying. We analyzed the health characteristics and risk behavior of two cohorts of children in Serbia; those who reported being exposed to cyberbullying and those who did not. The statistical differences and logistic regression models were applied to the data on 3267 students collected from 64 schools participating in the 2017 Serbian Study on health behavior in school-age children (HBSC). Children exposed to cyberbullying reported having the following health problems on a daily basis: headache (18.5%), back pain (19.5%), depression (21.6%), irritability or bad mood (17.7%), nervousness (16.0%), sleep problems (16.1%), and dizziness (21.2%). As for the different types of risk behavior, cigarette smoking ranging from six to nine days ever was the most prevalent (26.9%). It was followed closely by getting drunk more than 10 times ever (24.1%). Compared to non-victims, victims were found to be at a higher risk of perceived back pain (OR = 2.27), depression (OR = 1.43), irritability or bad mood (OR = 2.07), nervousness (OR = 2.23), and dizziness (OR = 2.43) as well as being injured once or twice (OR = 1.98) or three or more times (OR = 4.09). Victims were associated with further risk factors: having smoked more than five cigarettes ever in life (OR = 1.73) and having gotten drunk two to three times (OR = 1.71) or four or more times (OR = 1.65). As the number of school-age children using social media continues to rise, we must prioritize educating them about self-help and community resources for addressing related health issues with greater speed and intensity. The findings from Serbia suggest that while children may be aware of their health issues, they may be unaware of their link to cyberbullying, which could hinder their ability to address these issues promptly. The respondents' attention to the health implications of cyberbullying could be increased by reformulating the survey questions used in the HBSC study.

The Effect of Psychoeducation on Attitudes toward Violence and Risky Behaviors among Refugee Adolescents.

This study was conducted to examine the effect of psychoeducation on attitudes toward violence and risky behaviors among refugee adolescents. This was a randomized controlled experimental study conducted with refugee adolescents (n = 101) studying in a high school in southern Turkey. After psychoeducation, it was determined that there was a significant decrease in the prevalence of antisocial behaviors, alcohol use, suicidal thoughts, unhealthy eating habits, and school dropout thoughts among adolescents according to the subdimensions of the risky behavior scale. Psychoeducation was found to be effective in reducing attitudes toward violence and preventing risky behaviors among refugee adolescents.

Knowledge and Behaviors toward Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Cancer in the Women of Reproductive Age in Thailand-Myanmar Border Areas.

BACKGROUND: Infectious disease is an important health problem in border areas as there is a possibility that the migrants may carry the disease into the area. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the knowledge and behaviors toward human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer in the women of reproductive age in the Thailand-Myanmar border area. METHODS: A survey study in a population of 418 women of reproductive age in Mae Hong Son Province in the Thailand-Myanmar border area. Knowledge and risk behaviors of HPV and cervical cancer were described using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Fifty percent of the participants had sexual debut at age less than 20 years, 27% had more than one lifetime sexual partner and only 3% had sex outside a monogamous relationship during the past 12 months. In term of knowledge, 62.5% knew about HPV. The proportion of correct answers about HPV and cervical cancer questions ranged from 14-95% and 52-94%, respectively. Among the cervical cancer screening target, 69.4% accessed the screening. The factors associated with better knowledge about HPV and cervical cancer were education level higher than high school and sexual debut. CONCLUSION: The women of reproductive age in the Thailand-Myanmar border areas showed relatively low sexually risk behaviors for HPV infection. More than one-third of the participants did not know about HPV. The percentage of correct answer to questions about cervical cancer were low.  We encourage the Thai Ministry of Public Health to increase health promotion and health literacy on prevention of HPV and cervical cancer in the women of pre- and reproductive age in the Thailand-Myanmar border area.

A systematic review of the factors influencing the risky behaviors of syrian forced migrant children and adolescents in Turkey.

Risky behaviors are defined as emotional and behavioral problems that harm mental and physical health. The present study aimed to systematically review and synthesize research investigating the risky behaviors of Syrian children living in Turkey. The study was conducted through a systematic review of articles published in the Scopus and Web of Science database between 2013 and the present day, and met the STROBE reporting criteria. The inclusion criteria for studies in the systematic review were established, and studies that focused on Syrian-origin forced migrant child-adolescents aged 7-18 years and investigated risky behaviors without a clinical diagnosis and treatment purpose were included. Four studies with a sample of 790 children were examined. According to the findings of this study, there is a measurement issue for risky behaviors. In this study, there are numerous factors influencing risky behaviors, including those related to traumatic life events due to war, psychopathology, acculturation-related factors, and sociodemographic factors. The most significant finding highlighted in the study is the need for methodological improvements and context-specific studies to be repeated in future research, to ensure statistical generalizability and clinical implications in research on this subject.

Studies on the factors influencing risky behaviors in children and adolescent forced migrants have been conducted using diverse research designs, questions, hypotheses, and results. Risky behaviors are defined as emotional and behavioral problems that harm mental and physical health. The present study aimed to systematically review and synthesize research investigating the risky behaviors of Syrian children living in Turkey. According to the findings of this study, there is a measurement issue for risky behaviors. In this study, there are numerous factors influencing risky behaviors, including those related to traumatic life events due to war, psychopathology, acculturation-related factors, and sociodemographic factors.

Noradrenergic modulation of stress induced catecholamine release: Opposing influence of FG7142 and yohimbine.

Background: Life stress modulates decision making, particularly in the face of risk, in some cases prompting vulnerable populations to make suboptimal, life-altering choices. In the brain, stress is known to alter the extracellular release of catecholamines in structures such as basolateral amygdala (BLA) and nucleus accumbens (NAc), but the relationship between catecholamines and decision-making behavior under stress has not been systemically explored. Methods: We developed an operant touchscreen decision-making task for rats comprising elements of loss aversion and risk seeking behavior. Rats were first injected systemically with an adrenergic α 2 A -receptor agonist (guanfacine) and antagonist (yohimbine), as well as a partial inverse GABAA agonist, FG 7142, known to induce anxiety and stress related physiological responses in a variety of species, including humans. We then used fiber photometry to monitor NE in the basolateral amygdala (BLA), and DA activity in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) while animals engaged in decision-making and following systemic injections of FG 7142 and yohimbine. Results: Neither yohimbine nor guanfacine had any impact on decision making strategy but altered motivational state with yohimbine making the animal almost insensitive to the reward outcome. The pharmacological induction of stress with FG 7142 biased the rats' decisions towards safety, but this bias shifted toward risk when co-treated with yohimbine. In the BLA and NAc, the FG 7142 altered catecholamine release, with systemic yohimbine producing opposing effects on NE and DA release. Conclusions: Stress induced changes in catecholamine release in the BLA and NAc can directly influence loss sensitivity, decisions and motivation, which can be modulated by the α 2 A adrenoreceptor antagonist, yohimbine.

How Does Psychological Distance Influence Public Risky Behavior During Public Health Emergencies.

Background: Public health emergencies not only threaten the physical and mental health of the public but also trigger a series of risky behaviors of the public, which in turn lead to the emergence or intensification of risk events, disrupting existing economic and social order. Purpose: Based on construal level theory, cognitive appraisal theory of emotions and mood maintenance hypothesis, the study aims to investigate the collectively effect of risk perception and psychological insecurity in the connection between psychological distance and public risky behavior. Participants and Methods: Cross-sectional data was derived from 257 China urban residents. All participants finished the psychological distance scale, risk perception scale, psychological insecurity scale, and risky behavior scale. The research hypothesis was tested using the PROCESS macro. Results: The direct impact of psychological distance on risky behavior was not significant (ß=-0.018, p>0.05). The indirect impact of psychological distance on risky behavior was significant. In other words, the impact of psychological distance on risky behavior was serially mediated via risk perception and psychological insecurity (ß=0.011, 95% CI= [0.0013, 0.025]). Conclusion: Risk perception and psychological insecurity play serial mediating roles in the relationship between psychological distance and public risky behavior. We conclude that during public health emergencies, public health managers should pay extra attention to the risk perception and psychological insecurity level of the public with closer psychological distance, take measures to reduce their risk perception, enhance their psychological security, and reduce their risky behavior, thereby ensuring the physical and mental health of the public and maintaining the stability of economic and social order.

Roadside experiences of parents of children with developmental coordination disorder and/or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Introduction: Pedestrians are a vulnerable group at the roadside and previous research has identified that children with DCD and ADHD are at a heightened risk of pedestrian injuries. Despite this, limited research has explored parental perspectives of the pedestrian risks faced by children with DCD and/or ADHD. Understanding parents' perspectives provides a unique insight into the challenges children face every day and the concerns that parents perceive regarding their children's safety as pedestrians. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore parents' perspectives of the pedestrian risks faced by their children with DCD and/or ADHD. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 parents of primary school and early secondary school aged children with age range 7-17. The participants were divided into three groups based on their children's conditions: DCD group (10-17 years, n = 3), ADHD group (7-13 years, n = 5), and co-occurring group (7-16 years, n = 6). All parents confirmed an existing diagnosis and completed the SNAP-IV and DCDQ as screening tools. The interviews explored parents' perspectives regarding their children's pedestrian behaviors, parents' concerns and preventative measures taken to improve the pedestrian safety of their children with DCD and/or ADHD. Reflexive thematic analysis was undertaken to analyze the interviews, from which three themes were developed. Results: The first theme related to the challenges experienced by children at the roadside; parents emphasized the significance of structured and controlled pedestrian crossing sites, underlining their preference for designated crossings as safer options due to their heightened perceptions of risk associated with other road-crossing locations. The second theme: parental concerns and influences on children's road safety referred to their children's performance and safety at the roadside, leading to increased monitoring and a more protective approach to road crossing. The third theme: road safety education related to various strategies parents implemented to mitigate risks, while balancing independence and prioritizing their safety. Discussion: While there were commonalities in the challenges faced by children with DCD and/or ADHD at the roadside, there were also notable differences. Parents of children with DCD discussed challenges with spatial awareness and motor skills, whereas parents of children with ADHD discussed challenges with impulsivity and inattention. Parents of children with co-occurring DCD and ADHD described a complex interplay of these challenges. It is evident from the interviews that children with DCD and/or ADHD require a distinct approach to develop their pedestrian skills effectively and parents reported specific strategies they used to address the risks associated with their children's roadside behavior. Promoting pedestrian safety for children with DCD and/or ADHD necessitates collaboration among parents, schools and local authorities to implement comprehensive measures ensuring their safety. These findings contribute to understanding parental experiences and needs, providing valuable guidance for targeted interventions and policies to enhance the road safety of children with DCD and/or ADHD.

Consumo de riesgo para alcohol durante el tiempo de cuarentena por la pandemia del COVID-19 en Paraguay, 2020: encuesta virtual

Introducción: Para la contención de la pandemia causada por la enfermedad del coronavirus (COVID-19) se aplicaron una serie de medidas sanitarias a toda la población, como el distanciamiento social, cierre de fronteras y cuarentena en el hogar. Dichas medidas, además, pudieron haber repercutido en un deterioro de la salud en general, un aumento del consumo de bebidas alcohólicas y otras sustancias para contrarrestar o reducir la intensidad de su respuesta a estas consecuencias. Objetivo: Determinar las características demográficas del consumo de riesgo para alcohol durante el tiempo de cuarentena estricta por la pandemia de covid-19. Metodología: Estudio observacional analítico de corte transverso tipo exploratorio. Constó de 16.538 encuestas virtuales realizadas a personas mayores de edad pertenecientes a todo el territorio nacional entre junio y septiembre del 2020. Se excluyó a 219 encuestados por no cumplir criterios de inclusión o datos incorrectamente llenados. Se determinó el consumo de riesgo mediante una prueba que calificaba el consumo por puntajes. Más de 5 puntos para hombres, más de 4 para mujeres. Resultados: 12224 participantes adultos (18-65 años) con una media de 31,9 años (±9,2), formaron parte del análisis, con predominio de participación masculina 64,5% (n=10531). El 74,9% (n=12224) proveniente del Eje Metropolitano. Según géneros, el OR fue 1,15 IC95 (1,08 - 1,23), vp=0,001. Al comparar nivel educativo, secundaria completa/incompleta, el OR fue 1,56 IC95 (1,19 - 2,06), vp=0,001. Y al comparar por ejes de residencias el OR fue 0,83 IC95 (0,77 - 0,89), vp=0,001. Discusión: Se pudo observar que, durante el tiempo de cuarentena, el consumo de alcohol crecía conforme el nivel educativo de la población aumentaba. Los hombres presentaron un consumo de riesgo mayor que los hombres. Conocer este comportamiento ayudaría a plantear acciones que ayuden a prevenir el consumo de alcohol en el grupo de mayor riesgo.

Introduction: The impact of the outbreak of pandemic proportions of COVID-19 has initiated several health and social measures worldwide. Thus, there is growing concern about the consequences of preventive social confinement associated with the pandemic due to the potential increase in the consumption of alcohol and other harmful substances. Between 2010-2014, in Paraguay approximately 5% of deaths over 15 years of age are attributable to alcohol consumption and are associated with external cause injuries, cancers, liver disease, cardiovascular diseases, addictions and domestic violence. Early detection and treatment are recommended intervention strategies to prevent these consequences. Objective: To determine the demographic characteristics of alcohol risk consumption during the covid-19 pandemic quarantine period. Methods: Analytical cross-sectional, exploratory observational study. It consisted of 16,538 virtual surveys carried out on persons of legal age throughout the national territory between June and September 2020. A total of 219 respondents were excluded for not meeting the inclusion criteria or for incorrectly filled out data. Risk consumption was determined using a test that rated consumption by scores. More than 5 points for men, more than 4 for women. Results: 12224 adult participants (18-65 years old) with a mean age of 31.9 years (±9.2), were part of the analysis, with a predominance of male participation 64.5% (n=10531). The 74.9% (n=12224) came from the Metropolitan Axis. According to gender, the OR was 1.15 CI95 (1.08 - 1.23), pv=0.001. When comparing educational level, high school complete/incomplete, the OR was 1.56 CI95 (1.19 - 2.06), pv=0.001. And when comparing by axes of residence, the OR was 0.83 CI95 (0.77 - 0.89), pv=0.001. Discussion: It was observed that, during the quarantine period, alcohol consumption increased as the educational level of the population increased. Males presented a higher risk consumption than males. Knowing this behavior would help to propose actions to help prevent alcohol consumption in the most at-risk group.

Construção e validação da escala multifatorial de atração por eventos mórbidos / Construction and Validation of Attraction for Morbid Events Multifactor Scale

Resumo Objetivo. Este estudo buscou construir e validar a Escala Multifatorial de Atração por Eventos Mórbidos (AMAEM). Método. Do primeiro estudo participaram 252 pessoas da população geral, as quais responderam à EMAEM e a perguntas sociodemográficas. A análise de componentes principais indicou uma estrutura de cinco fatores. No segundo estudo, a amostra foi de 609 pessoas da população geral brasileira, as quais a escala de personalidade e a escala de busca de sensações. Resultado. A análise fatorial confirmatória apoaiou a adequação do modelo de cinco fatores. Adicionalmente, demonstrou ainda que os fatores da EMAEM podem contribuir com a compreensão de características da personalidade e sua associação com o engajamento em comportamentos antissociais.

Abstract Objective. This study aimed to construct and validate the Attraction for Morbid Events Multifactor Scale (EMAEM). Method. Two empiric studies were conducted. 252 people from the general population participated in the first study, in which a main component analysis was conducted to attest the factor structure of EMAEM. In this study, the five-factor model was most suitable. In the second study, the participants were 609 people from the general population that answered personality and antisocial behavior scales, besides EMAEM. Results. Confirmatory Factor Analysis shows the suitability of the five-factor model. Moreover, the EMAEM scale can provide aids to a better understanding of personality traits associated with engaging in risky behavior.

Intervenções familiares para prevenir comportamentos de risco na adolescência: possibilidades a partir da Teoria Familiar Sistêmica / Family-based interventions to prevent risky behaviors in adolescence: possibilities from the Family Systems Theory

Esta revisão narrativa visa discutir como a Teoria Familiar Sistêmica (TFS) pode contribuir para a prevenção ao envolvimento em comportamentos de risco na adolescência. A alternativa proposta baseia-se na promoção de fatores como limites e afeto, acolhimento aos sentimentos e às necessidades dos membros da família; estabelecimento de fronteiras nítidas que permitam o desenvolvimento de autonomia e pertencimento; e presença de uma comunicação familiar efetiva e de valores familiares pró-sociais. Para tanto, diferentes técnicas podem ser usadas, tais como a reestruturação, o genograma, as técnicas narrativas, a linha do tempo, as metáforas e a escultura familiar. Este estudo apontou a viabilidade do uso da TFS como teoria que embasa o desenvolvimento de intervenções familiares preventivas e oferece ferramentas para familiares e profissionais. Estudos futuros devem examinar mecanismos de mudança em intervenções preventivas familiares e a avaliação empírica do uso das técnicas apresentadas.

This narrative review aims to discuss how Systemic Family Theory (STF) can contribute to prevent involvement in risky behavior in adolescence. The proposal presented here is based on the promotion of factors such as limits and affection, welcoming the feelings and needs of family members; the establishment of clear boundaries that allow the development of autonomy and belonging; and the presence of effective family communication and pro-social family values. For this, different techniques can be used, such as restructuring, genogram, narrative techniques, timeline, metaphors and family sculpture. This study pointed out the feasibility of using STF as a theory that underlies the development of preventive family interventions and offers tools for family members and professionals. Future studies should examine mechanisms of change in family preventive interventions and the empirical assessment of the use of the techniques presented.

Early childhood abuse: adult impulsivity and risky behavior / Abuso na infância: impulsividade no adulto e comportamentos de risco

We review the role of childhood abuse (CA) in the practice of impulsive, risk-taking behaviors during adulthood. CA deregulates the adult response to stress, which in turn disrupts the prefrontal-striatal systems that provide executive control over reward-related behavior. The result is impulsivity and risk-taking, including self-medication with drugs and alcohol and the practice of unsafe sex. These behaviors decrease quality of life and impair the attainment of long-term goals. Risky sexual behavior, in particular, increases the chance of HIV infection and perpetuates the epidemic.

Revisamos o papel do abuso na infância na prática de comportamentos impulsivos e de risco durante a vida adulta. O abuso na infância desregula a resposta do adulto ao estresse, o que, por sua vez, impede os circuitos frontoestriatais de fornecerem o adequado controle executivo sobre comportamentos associados à recompensa. O resultado é a impulsividade e escolhas de risco, incluindo automedicação com drogas e álcool e a prática de sexo inseguro, reduzindo a qualidade de vida e prejudicando o alcance de metas de longo prazo. O comportamento sexual de risco, em particular, aumenta a chance de infecção pelo Vírus de Imunodeficiência Humana e perpetua a sua epidemia.

Premarital sexual activities among adolescents in prostitution circumstance and influencing factors

Background: Lifestyle in globalization era gives negative impacts on adolescent's premarital sexual activities. The wide gap between the age of menarche and marriage encourages an increase in premarital sexual activities, especially in socially vulnerable areas. This research presented premarital sexual activities among adolescents in the prostitution area and the influencing factors.Methods: This study was an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design, involving as many as 70 adolescents who lived in the Dolly prostitution area of Surabaya, the second biggest city in Indonesia. The dependent variable in this study was adolescent premarital sexual activities. The independent variables were age, sex, education level, knowledge towards reproductive health, attitude, social-economic status, the onset of puberty categories, closeness to parents, access to sexual media, and peer pressure. Data were analyzed using simple and multiple logistic regressions.Results: The results showed that sociosexual behavior (sexual activity with partners) was significantly influenced by knowledge (OR=59.05; 95% CI=1.12-3114.22; p= 0.04). Adolescents who had less knowledge of reproductive health were more likely to engage in sociosexual behavior.Conclusions: The right knowledge about reproductive health is essential for adolescents. The government must implement a more effective intervention in order to increase adolescent’s knowledge about the accurate reproductive health information in socially vulnerable areas.

Review of factors affecting health-related behaviors / 中华流行病学杂志

Health related behaviors are closely related to health outcomes. This paper reviews the studies on factors for health related behaviors worldwide published in recent 15 years, and systematically summarizes the current research status of the factors for health related behaviors. The factors influencing health related behaviors are individual social demographic factors, social cognitive factors of individuals, and social environmental factors. The individual social demographic factors mainly include gender, age, marital status, economic level and educational level. The social cognitive factors of individuals mainly include self-efficacy, health belief, social support and peer influence. The social environmental factors mainly include mass media, accessibility of facilities and level of urbanization, etc.

Sentinel surveillance on HIV status and related factors among men who have sex with men above 50 years in Taizhou Prefecture from 2010 to 2017 / 上海预防医学

[Objective] To investigate the HIV infection status and behavioral characteristics of men who have sex with men (MSM) over the age of 50 in Taizhou during 2010-2017 HIV sentinel surveillance, analyze the related factors of HIV infection, and provide basis for developing targeted intervention strategies. [Methods] HIV sentinel surveillance data from 2010 to 2017 in Taizhou was used to analyze the demographic characteristics, HIV awareness, and sexual behaviors of MSM over the age of 50. Also, HIV infection status and related factors were analyzed by multivariate regression analysis. [Results]A total of 334 MSM aged over 50 were surveyed by HIV sentinel surveillance in 2010-2017, and the HIV positive rate was 14.1％. The average age of the 334 MSM was (59.6 ± 7.2) years, and those with junior high school education and below accounted for 76.0％, with awareness of AIDS knowledge being 85.6％. And78.7％ of them had anal sex with men in the past 6 months. Among them, 30.4％ used condoms each time. And 4.8％ of them had commercial sex with men and 37.1％ had sex with women in the past 6months. Multivariate analysis showed that syphilis-positiveness was a risk factor for HIV infection and awareness of HIV-related knowledge proved to be a protective factor for HIV infection. [Conclusion] The MSM over 50 years old in Taizhou has a high rate of HIV-positiveness and high-risk behaviors exist. It is imperative to strengthen dynamic HIV surveillance for this population and behavioral intervention to reduce HIV related risky behavior.

Perceptions about sexual risk, HIV and HIV-testing in Cali, Colombia / Percepciones sobre riesgo sexual, VIH y prueba del VIH en Cali, Colombia

Abstract Introduction: In Colombia, 20%-54% of the population with sexual practices at higher risk for HIV infection (men who have sex with men, transgender women, women sex workers) has sometime been tested. Objective: To describe perceptions of sexual risk, HIV and HIV testing in people with risky sexual practices and people who identify themselves as heterosexual. Methods: Between 2012 and 2014, it was carried a descriptive study using HIV screening out in Cali-Colombia with the voluntary participation of 940 people aged over 18 years. There were used: informed consent, structured questionnaire and HIV testing. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate Poisson regression models were performed. Results: Average age 28.5 ±10.9 years; 50% men. 357 (38%) were people from the traditional risk group for HIV infection; and 583 (62%) corresponded to the non-traditional risk group (heterosexual men and women). Likewise, 62% and 41% respectively had HIV test. 51% to 53% reported having sex when they consumed liquor; commercial sex was higher in the group with risky sexual practices (32% vs 3%), as well as anal relations (77% vs 23%), consistent use of condom (32% vs 9%), and HIV positive test (14.3% vs 1.6%). The multivariate analysis showed for both groups that having HIV test was associated with being older than 25 years and a history of sexually transmitted infection. Conclusions: Differentiated education strategies are needed based on risky sexual behaviors and that consider the importance of regular HIV tests for early diagnosis and timely enrollment in care and treatment.

Resumen Introducción: En Colombia, 20%-54% de la población con prácticas sexuales de mayor riesgo para infección por VIH (Hombres que tienen sexo con hombres, mujeres transgénero, mujeres trabajadoras sexuales) se ha hecho la prueba alguna vez. Objetivo: Describir las percepciones sobre riesgo sexual, VIH y prueba del VIH, en personas con prácticas sexuales de riesgo y personas que se identifican heterosexuales. Métodos: Entre 2012 y 2014 se hizo en Cali-Colombia un estudio descriptivo mediante tamizaje para VIH con participación voluntaria de 940 personas mayores de 18 años. Fueron utilizados: consentimiento informado, cuestionario estructurado y prueba VIH. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos, bivariado y modelo de regresión multivariada Poisson. Resultados: Edad promedio 28.5 ±10.9 años, 50% hombres. 357(38%) eran personas de grupos tradicionales de riesgo para infección VIH y 583(62%) correspondían a grupo no tradicional de riesgo (hombres y mujeres heterosexuales). Así mismo, 62% y 41% respectivamente, tenían prueba de VIH. Reportaron tener relaciones sexuales cuando consumieron licor 51% a 53%; sexo comercial fue mayor en grupo con prácticas sexuales de riesgo (32% vs 3%), igual que relaciones anales (77% vs 23%), uso consistente de condón (32% vs 9%) y prueba VIH positiva (14.3% vs 1.6%). El análisis multivariado mostro para ambos grupos, que tener prueba de VIH se asoció con ser mayor de 25 años y antecedente de infección de transmisión sexual. Conclusiones: Se necesitan estrategias de educación diferenciadas según comportamientos sexuales de riesgo y que consideren la importancia de las pruebas regulares del VIH para el diagnóstico temprano e inscripción oportuna en la atención y tratamiento.

Modeling Risk-Taking from Different Measurement Instruments / Modelando a Propensão ao Risco a partir de Diferentes Instrumentos de Medida / Modelando la Propensión al Riesgo a Partir de Diferentes Medidas

Abstract Risk-taking researches have presented different forms of construction measurements. First, we aimed at evaluating the evidence of validity of the instruments/methods based on external criteria by contrasting the groups on their gender under the three different risk-taking measures: a domain-specific scale and two decision-making tasks in risky situations (Driving a Car game and card games). After that, we aimed at constructing a risk-taking model from the analysis of the relationship between the instruments/methods. The 211 participants (121 women; M = 21.60 years old; SD = 2.19; and 91 men; M = 21.46 years old; SD = 2.0) answered the research in a single experimental session with an average duration of 30 min. Individually, the instruments presented criterion validity for contrasting groups. There was no correlation between the scores obtained for the different instruments in the risk-taking model. In conclusion, the data was designed in a three-factor structure indicating the multidimensionality of the risk-taking construct.

Resumo Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar evidências de validade dos instrumentos/métodos com base em critérios externos, contrastando os grupos pelo sexo nas três diferentes medidas de propensão ao risco: Escala de Propensão ao Risco Específico (EPRE-DE), jogo de dirigir um carro e jogo de cartas. Objetivou-se também construir um modelo de propensão ao risco a partir da análise das relações entre os três instrumentos/métodos. Os 211 participantes (121 mulheres; M = 21.60 anos; DP = 2.19; e 91 homens; M = 21.46 anos; DP = 2.0) responderam à pesquisa em uma única sessão experimental com média de duração de 30 minutos. Individualmente, os instrumentos apresentaram validade de critério para grupos contrastantes. Não houve correlações significativas entre os diferentes instrumentos no modelo de propensão ao risco. Concluímos que os dados foram modelados em uma estrutura de três fatores indicando a multidimensionalidade do construto propensão ao risco.

Resumen La investigación de propensión al riesgo presenta distintas formas de medición del constructo. Primero, se objetivó evaluar evidencias de validez de los instrumentos/métodos sobre la base de criterios externos, contrastando los grupos por el sexo en las tres diferentes medidas de propensión al riesgo: escala de propensión al riesgo, y dos tareas de toma de decisiones. Luego, se objetivó construir un modelo de toma de riesgos a partir del análisis de la relación entre los instrumentos/métodos. Los 211 participantes (121 mujeres; M = 21.60 años, DE = 2.19; y 91 hombres; M = 21.46 años, DE = 2.0) respondieron la investigación en una sola sesión experimental con una duración promedio de 30 min. Los instrumentos presentados validez por el grupos de contraste. No se encontraron correlaciones significativas entre los diferentes instrumentos. Los datos se modelan en una estructura de tres factores indicando la multidimensionalidad de lo constructo propensión al riesgo.

Risky Behavior Subtypes and Suicide Attempts in Adolescents with Depression

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to identify the risky behavior subtypes in adolescents with depression, and the relationship between those subtypes and suicide attempt. METHODS: Ninety adolescents who met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-4th edition criteria for major depressive disorder, dysthymia, or depressive disorder not otherwise specified participated in the study. Participants were interviewed about suicidal attempts, non-suicidal self-injuries. Smoking, drinking behaviors, and searching for the word "suicide" on the internet, negative life events including bulling-bullied experiences, and history of abuse were also included with questionnaires. RESULTS: The results of cluster analysis showed that four risky behaviors were divided into three clusters : non-risky type, characterized by few risky behaviors ; delinquency type, which was characterized by smoking and drinking ; non-suicidal self-injury type. In non-suicidal self-injury type, percentage of girls was higher and clinical symptoms were more severe than delinquency type. In addition, delinquency type members could be a bully, while non-suicidal self-injury type members could be abused by a family member. Logistic regression analysis showed that both risky behavior subtypes were significant predictors of suicide attempt. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that two types of risky behaviors of depressed adolescents have an effect on the suicide attempts independently. Then, the implications and limitations of the study were discussed and directions for future studies were suggested.