Cancer Care Coordination: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Over 30 Years of Empirical Studies.

BACKGROUND: According to a landmark study by the Institute of Medicine, patients with cancer often receive poorly coordinated care in multiple settings from many providers. Lack of coordination is associated with poor symptom control, medical errors, and higher costs. PURPOSE: The aims of this systematic review and meta-analysis were to (1) synthesize the findings of studies addressing cancer care coordination, (2) describe study outcomes across the cancer continuum, and (3) obtain a quantitative estimate of the effect of interventions in cancer care coordination on service system processes and patient health outcomes. METHODS: Of 1241 abstracts identified through MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library, 52 studies met the inclusion criteria. Each study had US or Canadian participants, comparison or control groups, measures, times, samples, and/or interventions. Two researchers independently applied a standardized search strategy, coding scheme, and online coding program to each study. Eleven studies met the additional criteria for the meta-analysis; a random effects estimation model was used for data analysis. RESULTS: Cancer care coordination approaches led to improvements in 81 % of outcomes, including screening, measures of patient experience with care, and quality of end-of-life care. Across the continuum of cancer care, patient navigation was the most frequent care coordination intervention, followed by home telehealth; nurse case management was third in frequency. The meta-analysis of a subset of the reviewed studies showed that the odds of appropriate health care utilization in cancer care coordination interventions were almost twice (OR = 1.9, 95 % CI = 1.5-3.5) that of comparison interventions. CONCLUSIONS: This review offers promising findings on the impact of cancer care coordination on increasing value and reducing healthcare costs in the USA.

The effects of the Norwegian Coordination Reform on the use of rehabilitation services: panel data analyses of service use, 2010 to 2013.

BACKGROUND: In 2012 the Norwegian Coordination Reform was implemented. The main motivation was to encourage municipalities to expand local, primary health care services. From 2012 to 2014, under the Municipal Co-Financing regime, municipalities were obliged to cover 20 % of the costs of health services provided at the specialist (hospital) level. Importantly, use of rehabilitation services in private institutions was not part of the cost-sharing mechanism of Municipal Co-Financing. Rehabilitation services may be seen as quite similar in nature whether they be provided by municipalities, hospitals or private institutions. Thus, with rehabilitation patients readily "transferrable" between levels, the question is whether the reform brought with it a sought after shift towards more municipal rehabilitation and less specialist rehabilitation. METHODS: Data from the Norwegian Patient Register and from Statistics Norway/KOSTRA were utilized to gauge annual expenditures and inputs in specialist, municipal and private institution rehabilitation services respectively. Fixed effects and first difference regression analyses for the period 2010-2013 were carried out to account for certain time-invariant traits of municipalities and/or hospital regions, and results were adjusted for contemporaneous trends in local needs. RESULTS: Expenditures in specialist rehabilitation services declined sharply (typically by 8-10 %) from 2011 (pre-reform) to 2012 (post-reform), while expenditures in private rehabilitation services rose markedly in the same period (typically by 42-44 %). The results do not suggest any general expansion of municipal rehabilitation services. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the analyses suggest that municipalities shift away from the use of specialist rehabilitation services and towards the use of rehabilitation services in private institutions since the latter becomes relatively cheaper (free-of charge) than both municipal and specialist services in post-reform periods (as specialist services come at a cost to municipalities post-reform). While the main goal of the reform has not materialized the results nevertheless suggest that incentives (of cost-shifting) do play a significant role in rehabilitation service use.

Interface, interaction and integration: how people with chronic disease in Australia manage CAM and conventional medical services.

OBJECTIVES: To understand the extent to which conventional and complementary health care are integrated for CAM users with chronic conditions. METHODS: In-depth interviews and a self-administered questionnaire were used to collect data on care-seeking, self-management and CAM use among people with type 2 diabetes and/or cardiovascular disease living in Victoria, Australia. RESULTS: Many participants reported regular, frequent and long-term use of CAM therapies to maintain their health or assist in the management of their chronic condition. They generally managed the interface between convention and complementary health care on their own, as the perceived or expressed negative attitudes of some doctors, or the belief that the doctor did not need to know, were barriers to the disclosure of CAM use. For a smaller group, there was interaction between conventional and CAM providers, which limited the extent of uncertainty and conflicting information being (mis)interpreted by consumers. CONCLUSIONS: Greater interaction between CAM and medical providers would be beneficial to consumers. Structural barriers, related to financing and service organization, need to be addressed. Attitudinal shifts of some health-care practitioners also need to be addressed, in the context of workforce development.

Too many cooks could spoil the broth: choice overload and the provision of ambulatory health care.

Patient empowerment calls for an intensified participation of (informed) patients with more treatment opportunities to choose from. A growing body of literature argues that confronting consumers with too many opportunities can lead to a choice overload (CO) resulting in uncertainty that the selected alternative dominates all other options in the choice set. We examine whether there is a CO effect in the demand for ambulatory health care in Germany by analyzing the association of medical specialists supply on so-called patients' health uncertainty. Further, we investigate if the CO effect is smaller in areas with a higher density of general practitioners (GPs). We find that patients who live in an area with a large supply of specialists are subject to a CO effect that is expressed by an increased health uncertainty. The coordinating role of GPs seems to be effective to reduce the CO effect, while preserving free consumer choice.

Proposal of a Knowledge Management Model for Complex Systems: Case of the Supervision and Control Subsystem of the Colombian Health System.

BACKGROUND: Considering regulatory, supervision, and control health policy, an innovative knowledge management model is proposed for the Colombian health system, which is recognized as a complex system. METHODS: A model is constructed through a comparative analysis of various theoretical and conceptual frameworks, and an original methodology is proposed based on an analysis of the macroprocesses of the Supervision and Control System (SSC) of the Colombian General Social Security System in Health (SGSSS). After formulating hypotheses and conceptual references, information errors are determined within the different macroprocesses of the SGSSS, including those of governance and the SSC. RESULTS: The risks of generating duplicate, wrong, hidden, or non-existent information arise when the associated regulations need more specificity to be applied in all cases, thus leading to the risk of different interpretations by some actors. In this way, it is possible to hinder the generation of unified information, as there is no clarity as to who is responsible for the generation or creation of certain data. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed model is characterized by its flexibility and adaptability, integrating several processes that can be executed simultaneously or cyclically (depending on the system's needs) and allowing for the generation and feedback of knowledge at different stages, with some processes simultaneously executed to complement each other.

Intersectoral collaboration and coordination mechanisms for implementing water fluoridation: Challenges from a case study in Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: Community water fluoridation has been associated with better oral health conditions globally and reduced dental caries. While oral health policies are governed by the health sector agenda, water fluoridation is undertaken by public, private, and mixed public/private companies of the sanitation sector. The first aim of this study was to investigate the degree of intersectoral collaboration, and the second was to investigate how the coordination mechanisms are perceived by the sanitation agents of the sectors involved in water quality management, for the potential establishment of water fluoridation in a central-west state in Brazil. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with chief sanitation agents from nonprofit, profit, and mixed public/private companies responsible for water quality and fluoridation in a purposive sample. Theoretical frameworks of intersectoral collaboration and coordination mechanisms were used for analysis. RESULTS: Twelve interviews were conducted. Informal collaboration was identified in the sanitation sector within companies involved in water provision. The main coordination mechanisms were network-type mechanisms, which involve consultations and knowledge sharing, and market-type mechanisms, which explore new job opportunities and cost-effectiveness, especially in water quality measures. Enabling themes (enablers) were identified, such as positive attitude toward including water quality and fluoridation in a collaborative health and sanitation common agenda. Moreover, fluoridation did not meet the regulatory and surveillance agenda at the state level, and until that moment, there was no proposal of the health sector for water fluoridation. CONCLUSIONS: Partnership creation, consolidation, and shared mission, especially between health and sanitation sectors, were identified as main challenges for implementing water fluoridation policy.

Práticas Avançadas de Enfermagem ­ PAE / Advanced Nursing Practices ­ ANP

Trata de nota técnica sobre Práticas Avançadas de Enfermagem (PAE) no Brasil, elaborada por comissão e submetida à aprovação do plenário do Conselho Federal de Enfermagem (Cofen). O documento aborda conceitos, ações, implementação e regulação das práticas avançadas de Enfermagem, expandindo os limites do escopo da atuação do enfermeiro e reforçando a sua prática clínica. (AU)

This is a technical note on Advanced Nursing Practices (ANP) in Brazil, prepared by a committee and submitted for approval by the plenary of the Federal Nursing Council (Cofen). The document addresses concepts, actions, implementation and regulation of advanced nursing practices, expanding the limits of the scope of nurses' work and reinforcing their clinical practice. (AU)

Esta es una nota técnica sobre las Prácticas Avanzadas de Enfermería (PAE) en Brasil, elaborada por un comité y sometida a la aprobación del plenario del Consejo Federal de Enfermería (Cofen). El documento aborda los conceptos, acciones, implementación y reglamentación de las prácticas avanzadas de enfermería, ampliando los límites del ámbito de actuación de las enfermeras y reforzando su práctica clínica. (AU)

Psychotropic Polypharmacy Among Youths With Serious Emotional and Behavioral Disorders Receiving Coordinated Care Services.

OBJECTIVE: The study examined differences in psychotropic polypharmacy among youths with serious emotional and behavioral disorders who received coordinated care services (CCS) that used a wraparound model and a matched sample of youths who received traditional services. METHODS: A quasi-experimental design compared psychotropic polypharmacy one year before and one year after discharge from CCS. The cohort was youths with serious emotional and behavioral disorders who were enrolled in CCS from December 2009 through May 2014. The comparison group was youths with serious emotional and behavioral disorders who received outpatient mental health services during the same time. Administrative data from Medicaid, child welfare, and juvenile justice services were used. A difference-in-difference analysis with propensity score matching evaluated the CCS intervention by time effect on psychotropic polypharmacy. RESULTS: In both groups, most youths were male, black, and 10-18 years old, with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (54%-55%), mood disorder (39%-42%), depression (26%-27%), and bipolar disorder (25%-26%). About half of each group was taking an antipsychotic. The percentage reduction in polypharmacy from one year before CCS enrollment to one year after discharge was 28% for the CCS group and 29% for the non-CCS group, a nonsignificant difference. CCS youths excluded from the analysis had more complex mental health needs and a greater change in polypharmacy than the CCS youths who were included in the analytic sample. CONCLUSIONS: Mental health care coordination had limited impact in reducing psychotropic polypharmacy for youths with less complex mental health needs. Further research is needed to evaluate the effect on psychotropic polypharmacy among youths with the greatest mental health needs.

Assessing the effectiveness of Enhanced Psychological Care for patients with depressive symptoms attending cardiac rehabilitation compared with treatment as usual (CADENCE): a pilot cluster randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Around 17% of people attending UK cardiac rehabilitation programmes have depression. Optimising psychological wellbeing is a rehabilitation goal, but provision of psychological care is limited. We developed and piloted an Enhanced Psychological Care (EPC) intervention embedded within cardiac rehabilitation, aiming to test key areas of uncertainty to inform the design of a definitive randomised controlled trial (RCT) and economic evaluation. METHODS: An external pilot randomised controlled trial (RCT) randomised eight cardiac rehabilitation teams (clusters) to either usual care of cardiac rehabilitation provision (UC), or EPC in addition to UC. EPC comprised mental health care coordination and patient-led behavioural activation with nurse support. Adults eligible for cardiac rehabilitation following an acute coronary syndrome and identified with new-onset depressive symptoms during an initial nurse assessment were eligible. Measures were performed at baseline and 5- and 8-month follow-ups and compared between EPC and UC. Team and participant recruitment and retention rates, and participant outcomes (clinical events, depression, anxiety, health-related quality of life, patient experiences, and resource use) were assessed. RESULTS: Eight out of twenty teams were recruited and randomised. Of 614 patients screened, 55 were eligible and 29 took part (5%, 95% CI 3 to 7% of those screened), with 15 patient participants cluster randomised to EPC and 14 to UC. Nurse records revealed that 8/15 participants received the maximum number of EPC sessions offered; and 4/15 received no sessions. Seven out of fifteen EPC participants were referred to another NHS psychological service compared to none in UC. We followed up 27/29 participants at 5 months and 17/21 at 8 months. The mean difference (EPC minus UC) in depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory) at follow-up (adjusting for baseline score) was 1.7 (95% CI - 3.8 to 7.3; N = 26) at 5 months and 4.4 (95% CI - 1.4 to 10.2; N = 17) at 8 months. DISCUSSION: While valued by patients and nurses, organisational and workload constraints are significant barriers to EPC implementation. There remains a need to develop and test new models of psychological care within cardiac rehabilitation. Our study offers important data to inform the design of future trials of similar interventions. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN34701576 . Registered on 29 May 2014. Funding details: UK NIHR HTA Programme (project 12/189/09).

Making a 'JUMP' from paediatric to adult healthcare: A transitional program for young adults with chronic neurological disease.

BACKGROUND: "JUMP" is a multidisciplinary program based at the Pitie-Salpêtrière Hospital Paris that transitions young adults with chronic neurological conditions from paediatric to adult healthcare. Transitional care programs have been shown to improve medical, educational and psychosocial outcomes for adolescent patients. METHODS: Demographic details and health-related variables of all patients referred to the JUMP program were collected. Satisfaction outcome measures were the 18-item On Your Own Feet Transfer Experience Scale (OYOF-TES) and a visual analogue scale, which assessed overall satisfaction with the transfer process. Scales were sent to JUMP patients attending the JUMP day hospital (n = 94) and their parents (n = 94). RESULTS: Since its inception, 111 patients have been seen in the JUMP program. Nine neurological clinical syndromes and four main underlying etiologies were identified. Approximately half of all questionnaires and scales (86/188) sent to patients and parents were returned. Eighty-nine percent of patients and 91% of parents were very satisfied with their transfer experience. There was a strong, positive correlation between patient and parent satisfaction [r = 0.910; p < 0.0001]. CONCLUSION: The JUMP program which is rooted in a multidisciplinary and coordinated approach to transitional care encompasses a broad range of neuro-pathologies. Overall, satisfaction levels were high amongst patients within the program, and their parents. The key role played by the coordination nurse specialists throughout the transfer process is a likely key determinant in satisfaction levels.

Análise da regulação médica em unidades pré-hospitalares fixas de um município paulista / Analysis of medical regulation of the Emergency Department in a city in the State of São Paulo, Brazil

Resumo Objetivo Analisar o perfil das regulações das unidades pré-hospitalares fixas de um município paulista. Metodologia: Estudo observacional descritivo retrospectivo, cuja amostra compreendeu os dados dos indivíduos regulados das unidades durante o ano de 2019. Ao final da coleta dos dados, foi realizada uma análise estatística descritiva. Resultados Foram encontrados dados válidos de 9.984 referenciamentos. A média de tempo de liberação da vaga foi de 26,6 horas (± 35,8). Dentre todos os pacientes regulados, 1.592 (15,9%) não concluíram seus destinos, tendo como desfechos: alta (9,3%), óbito (2,3%), evasão (2,8%) ou encerramento de ficha (1,5%). O tempo médio de permanência na unidade dos pacientes que receberam alta foi de 40,8 horas (±36,2), enquanto para os que vieram a óbito foi de 40,9 horas (±42,7). Conclusões Os tempos de espera para liberação das vagas de internação solicitadas pelas unidades pré-hospitalares estão mais elevados do que os recomendados pela literatura. Tal fato pode provocar piores desfechos aos pacientes regulados e extrapola as competências do serviço de emergência definidas pelo Ministério da Saúde.

Abstract Objective To analyze the profile of referrals from the emergency department in a city in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Methodology: This is a retrospective descriptive observational study. The sample of this study included the data of individuals referred by the emergency department during the year of 2019. At the end of data collection, a descriptive statistical analysis was performed. Results Valid data from 9,984 referrals were found. The average time to the release of the hospital bed was 26.6 hours (± 35.8). Among all referred patients, 1,592 (15.9%) did not complete their destinations, evolving to one of the following outcomes: medical discharge (9.3%), death (2.3%), patient dropout (2.8%) or termination of its file (1.5%). The average length of stay in the unit for patients who were discharged was 40.8 hours (±36.2), while for those who died it was 40.9 hours (±42.7). Conclusions The waiting times for releasing the hospital beds requested by the emergency department are longer than those recommended in the literature. This can cause worse outcomes for referred patients and goes beyond the competencies of the emergency service as defined by the Brazilian Ministry of Health.

Interações entre regulação sanitária e Avaliação de Tecnologias em Saúde para cobertura em sistemas de saúde e a integralidade do cuidado / Interactions between health regulation and Health Technology Assessment for coverage in health systems and comprehensive care

Resumo Este estudo analisa as interações entre os processos regulatórios e de avaliação de tecnologias de saúde (ATS) voltados para a cobertura dos sistemas de saúde. Foi realizada revisão em cinco bases de dados visando identificar experiências de articulação entre processos regulatórios e processos de ATS, sendo incluídas 19 publicações. Quanto ao tipo de processo, destacaram-se o early dialogue, scientific advice e parallel advice como forma de interação entre ATS e regulação. Os estudos abordaram a interação entre a ATS e a regulação sanitária para as políticas de cobertura de medicamentos em sistemas de saúde, sendo escassas as evidências em relação a outros produtos. Ademais, essa interação é descrita basicamente para o que se refere à entrada de novas tecnologias nos sistemas de saúde. A interação entre ATS e regulação sanitária resultou na redução de prazos para a comercialização e incorporação da tecnologia nos sistemas de saúde. Os tipos de processo de interação identificados podem apresentar benefícios para todo o sistema de saúde, aumentando a cobertura e a integralidade do cuidado, entretanto, apesar dos avanços, ainda persistem barreiras para a interação entre agências reguladoras e a gestão de sistemas de cobertura.

Abstract This study analyzes the interactions between regulatory and health technology assessment (HTA) processes aimed at health systems coverage. A review was carried out in five databases to identify experiences of articulation between regulatory processes and HTA processes, and 19 publications were selected. Regarding the type of process, early dialogue, scientific advice and parallel advice stood out as forms of interaction between HTA and regulation. The studies addressed the interaction between HTA and health regulation for medicines coverage policies in health systems, with scant evidence in relation to other products. Furthermore, this interaction is basically described according to the entry of new technologies into health systems. The interaction between HTA and health regulation resulted in reduced deadlines for the commercialization and incorporation of the technology into health systems. The types of interaction processes identified can benefit the entire health system, increasing coverage and comprehensiveness of care. However, despite advances, some barriers to interaction between regulatory agencies and the management of coverage systems still persist.

Análise dos componentes de auditoria no Sistema Único de Saúde / Analysis of audit components in the Unified Health System / Análisis de los componentes de auditoría en el Sistema Único de Salud

Objetivo: analisar a evolução e a distribuição dos componentes de auditoria do Sistema Nacional de Auditoria nos municípios e nos estados brasileiros, entre os anos 2008 e 2015. Método: foi desenvolvido um estudo quantitativo de abordagem descritiva, o qual utilizou dados secundários, disponíveis na página do Departamento de informática do Sistema Único de Saúde do Brasil, referentes ao número de componentes municipais e estaduais do Sistema Nacional de Auditoria estruturados por cada região do País. Resultados: os dados apontam que há um crescimento no número de componentes municipais e estaduais em todas as regiões. Destaca-se a Região Nordeste, que apresentou expressivo aumento dos componentes municipais e estaduais no período. No entanto, em todas as regiões, o registro dos componentes de auditoria municipal foi menor que 2%. Conclusão: o número de componentes estaduais e municipais sofreu incremento ao longo dos anos, mas, não o suficiente para contemplar todas as Unidades Federativas

Objectives: to analyze the evolution and distribution of the audit components of the National Audit System in Brazilian municipalities and states, between the years 2008 and 2015. Method: a quantitative study with a descriptive approach was developed, which used secondary data, available at page of the Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System of Brazil, referring to the number of municipal and state components of the National Audit System structured by each region of the Country. Results: the data indicate that there is an increase in the number of municipal and state components in all regions. The Northeast Region stands out, which showed a significant increase in municipal and state components in the period. However, in all regions, registration of municipal audit components was less than 2%. Conclusion: the number of state and municipal components has increased over the years, but not enough to cover all the Federative Units

Objetivos: analizar la evolución y distribución de los componentes de auditoría del Sistema Nacional de Auditoría en los municipios y estados brasileños, entre los años 2008 y 2015. Método: se desarrolló un estudio cuantitativo con enfoque descriptivo, que utilizó datos secundarios, disponibles en la página del Departamento de Informática del Sistema Único de Salud de Brasil, referente al número de componentes municipales y estaduales del Sistema Nacional de Auditoría estructurado por cada región del País. Resultados: los datos indican que hay un aumento en el número de componentes municipales y estatales en todas las regiones. Se destaca la Región Nordeste, que mostró un aumento significativo en los componentes municipales y estaduales en el período. Sin embargo, en todas las regiones, el registro de componentes de auditoría municipal fue inferior al 2%. Conclusión: el número de componentes estatales y municipales ha aumentado con los años, pero no lo suficiente para cubrir todas las Unidades de la Federación

A regulação de alimentos de origem animal no Brasil à luz da teoria processual administrativa da regulação / The regulation of animal-source foods in Brazil in the light of a process-oriented approach to regulation

Objetivo: analisar a regulação de alimentos de origem animal realizada pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa) e pelo Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA) sob a perspectiva da teoria processual administrativa da regulação, bem como casos normativos sobre substâncias químicas em alimentos de origem animal. Metodologia: foram realizados dois estudos de caso ­ um sobre os atos normativos da Anvisa sobre resíduos de medicamentos veterinários em alimentos de origem animal; e outro sobre a decisão do MAPA pelo fim das análises oficiais de amostras de água em indústrias de alimentos de origem animal de forma rotineira ­ a partir de uma abordagem qualitativa da composição institucional e normativa da Anvisa e do MAPA, sob a ótica da teoria processual administrativa da regulação. Resultados: a Anvisa tem adotado mecanismos condizentes com a teoria processual administrativa da regulação, como autonomia, estabilidade funcional dos agentes reguladores e participação social. Em relação ao MAPA, seu ambiente institucional detém menor autonomia e tem formalmente adotado, desde 2015, elementos processuais compatíveis com tal teoria, mas que podem ser desconsiderados durante a produção normativa interna. Conclusão: o modelo regulatório brasileiro, que divide a regulação dos alimentos de origem animal entre dois órgãos, pode gerar decisões que não levam em conta o interesse público e a participação social, o que pode ser percebido na produção normativa do MAPA, mesmo com a adoção formal de boas práticas regulatórias.

Dimensões e regimes da regulação na Rede de Atenção às Urgências e Emergências: um jogo de disputas entre o interesse público e o privado / Regulatory aspects and measures of the Emergency Care Network: a game of disputes between the public and private interests / Dimensiones y regímenes de regulación en la Red de Atención de Urgencias: un juego de disputas entre intereses públicos y privados

O artigo tem o objetivo de analisar as dimensões e regimes da regulação enquanto produção social na Rede de Atenção às Urgências e Emergências (RUE) em duas regiões de saúde. Trata-se de um estudo de casos múltiplos, de caráter qualitativo, realizado por meio de 61 entrevistas com gestores, usuários e gerentes de serviços de saúde. A análise teve como referencial teórico a Teoria da Produção Social. Foram identificados os regimes de regulação profissional, leiga, clientelista e governamental, nas dimensões sistêmica, dos serviços e de acesso. Os principais resultados apontam para fluxos de regulação produzidos por movimentos de diversos atores sociais, com destaque para a ação de representantes de prestadores de serviços hospitalares, sobretudo privados, caracterizando a proposta de um outro regime: a regulação mercantil. Os limites e potências de arranjos como as centrais de regulação hospitalares e do Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência (SAMU), os núcleos internos de regulação hospitalar e o uso do WhatsApp são evidenciados. A regulação em saúde na RUE é constituída por processos sociais complexos, contraditórios e conflitantes, cujos fluxos são produzidos no limite entre o interesse público e o privado.

The study analyzes regulatory aspects and measures as social production in the Emergency Care Network (RUE) of two health regions. This is a multiple case study of qualitative character, performed via 61 interviews with public administrators, users, and health services managers. The analysis had as theoretical reference the Theory of Social Production. We identified professional, lay, clientelistic, and governmental regulatory measures, in the systemic aspects, of the services and of access. The main results point to regulatory flows produced by movements of various social actors, with emphasis on the action of representatives of hospital service providers, especially private ones, characterizing the proposal of another regime: market regulation. We emphasize the limits and powers of arrangements, such as hospital and the Mobile Emergency Care Service (SAMU) regulation centers, the internal hospital regulation centers, and the use of WhatsApp. Health regulation in RUE consists of complex, contradictory, and conflicting social processes, whose flows are produced at the limit between the public and private interests.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar las dimensiones y regímenes de regulación como producción social en la Red de Atención de Urgencias (RUE) en dos regiones de salud. Se trata de un estudio de casos múltiples, de naturaleza cualitativa, en que se realizó 61 entrevistas a gestores, usuarios y gerentes de servicios de salud. Para el análisis se utilizó la Teoría de la Producción Social. Se identificaron regímenes de regulación profesional, laica, clientelista y gubernamental en las dimensiones sistémica, de servicios y de acceso. Los principales resultados apuntan a flujos regulatorios producidos por movimientos de diversos actores sociales, con énfasis en la acción de los representantes de los prestadores de servicios hospitalarios, especialmente privados, lo que caracteriza una propuesta de otro régimen, la de regulación mercantil. Se destacan los límites y posibilidades de arreglos como clave en la regulación hospitalaria y del Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência (SAMU), los centros de regulación hospitalaria internos y el uso de WhatsApp. La regulación sanitaria en las RUE se compone de procesos sociales complejos, contradictorios y conflictivos, cuyos flujos se producen en la frontera entre el interés público y el privado.

Avaliação da implantação de um projeto de telerregulação assistencial em uma capital brasileira / Assessment of the implementation of an care teleregulation project in a Brazilian capital city / Evaluación de la implementación de un proyecto de telerregulación asistencial en una capital brasileña

Resumo: Os objetivos foram avaliar o grau de implantação do projeto Regula+ Brasil e analisar em que medida as variações da implantação influenciam nos resultados observados no acesso a consultas especializadas em Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil. Trata-se de uma pesquisa avaliativa de análise de implantação. Foram elaborados o modelo lógico e a matriz de análise e julgamento com os indicadores para avaliação do grau de implantação e de resultado do projeto, os quais foram submetidos ao consenso de especialistas. A coleta de dados se deu por meio de questionário semiestruturado, aplicado com informantes-chave, e dados secundários extraídos dos documentos oficiais do projeto e do Sistema Nacional de Regulação (SISREG), referentes ao período de maio de 2020 a maio de 2021, os quais foram consolidados e comparados com valores definidos na matriz. O grau de implantação do projeto Regula+ Brasil em Recife foi considerado implantado (83,7%), bem como as dimensões Estrutura (81,7%) e Processo (84,6%). Entretanto, a maioria dos seus indicadores de efeito obtiveram desempenho insatisfatório. Quando confrontados, guardaram coerência com gargalos observados em alguns componentes e subcomponentes do projeto, como a atuação dos profissionais das unidades básicas de saúde (UBS), apontada como incipiente, principalmente no que diz respeito ao acompanhamento das solicitações devolvidas. Os resultados sugerem que qualquer intervenção em telessaúde requer, para sua devida implantação e para o alcance dos resultados esperados, adequação das equipes e dos processos de trabalho, práticas de educação permanente e processo contínuo de avaliação, ou então se configurará em nova burocratização e barreira de acesso.

Abstract: This study evaluates the degree of implementation (DI) of the Regulates+ Brazil project and analyzes to what extent the variations in implementation influence the results observed in access to specialized appointments in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. This is an evaluative research of implementation analysis. A logic model and an analysis and judgment matrix with indicators for evaluating the degree of implementation and the results of the Project were developed and submitted to expert consensus. The data collection was conducted via a semi-structured questionnaire applied to key informants and secondary data extracted from the official documents from Regulates+ Brazil and Brazilian National Regulation System (SISREG), referring to the period from May/2020 to May/2021, which were consolidated and compared with values defined in the matrix. The degree of implementation of the Regulates+ Brazil project in Recife was considered to be implemented (83.7%), as well as the Structure (81.7%) and Methods (84.6%) dimensions. However, most effect indicators underperformed, which, when confronted, were consistent with bottlenecks observed in some components and subcomponents of the Project, such as the performance of professionals in basic health units, which was indicated as incipient, especially regarding follow-up of returned requests. The results suggest that any intervention in Telehealth requires, for its proper implementation, the adequacy of teams and work processes, practices of Continuing Education, as well as a continuous evaluation process, to achieve the expected results, or else it will become another bureaucratization and barrier to access.

Resumen: El objetivo fue evaluar el grado de implementación del proyecto Regula+ Brasil y analizar en qué medida las variaciones de la implementación influyen en los resultados observados en el acceso a consultas especializadas en Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil. Se trata de una investigación evaluativa del análisis de la implantación. Se elaboró un modelo lógico y una matriz de análisis y juicio con los indicadores para la evaluación de la grado de implementación y el resultado del Proyecto, los cuales se sometieron al consenso de especialistas. La recopilación de datos se realizó por medio de un cuestionario semiestructurado aplicado con informantes clave y datos secundarios extraídos de documentos oficiales del Regula+ Brasil y del Sistema Nacional de Regulación (SISREG), relativos al período de mayo de 2020 a mayo de 2021, los cuales fueron consolidados y comparados con valores definidos en el matriz. El grado de implementación del proyecto Regula+ Brasil en Recife fue considerado implementado (83,7%), así como las dimensiones Estructura (81,7%) y Proceso (84,6%). Sin embargo, la mayoría de sus indicadores de efecto obtuvieron un desempeño insatisfactorio, los cuales, al ser confrontados, fueron coherentes con los cuellos de botella observados en algunos componentes y subcomponentes del Proyecto, como el desempeño de los profesionales de las unidades básicas de salud, señalada como incipiente, sobre todo en lo que respecta al seguimiento de las solicitudes devueltas. Los resultados sugieren que toda intervención en Telesalud requiere, para su debida implantación, la adecuación de los equipos y de los procesos de trabajo, prácticas de Educación Permanente, así como un proceso continuo de evaluación, para alcanzar los resultados esperados, o entonces se configurará en una nueva burocratización y barrera de acceso.

A regulação de alimentos de origem animal no Brasil à luz da teoria processual administrativa da regulação / The regulation of animal-source foods in Brazil in the light of a process-oriented approach toregulation / La regulación de los alimentos de origen animal en Brasil a la luz de la teoría procesal administrativa de la regulación

Objetivo: analisar a regulação de alimentos de origem animal realizada pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa) e pelo Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA) sob a perspectiva da teoria processual administrativa da regulação, bem como casos normativos sobre substâncias químicas em alimentos de origem animal. Metodologia: foram realizados dois estudos de caso ­ um sobre os atos normativos da Anvisa sobre resíduos de medicamentos veterinários em alimentos de origem animal; e outro sobre a decisão do MAPA pelo fim das análises oficiais de amostras de água em indústrias de alimentos de origem animal de forma rotineira ­ a partir de uma abordagem qualitativa da composição institucional e normativa da Anvisa e do MAPA, sob a ótica da teoria processual administrativa da regulação. Resultados: a Anvisa tem adotado mecanismos condizentes com a teoria processual administrativa da regulação, como autonomia, estabilidade funcional dos agentes reguladores e participação social. Em relação ao MAPA, seu ambiente institucional detém menor autonomia e tem formalmente adotado, desde 2015, elementos processuais compatíveis com tal teoria, mas que podem ser desconsiderados durante a produção normativa interna. Conclusão: o modelo regulatório brasileiro, que divide a regulação dos alimentos de origem animal entre dois órgãos, pode gerar decisões que não levam em conta o interesse público e a participação social, o que pode ser percebido na produção normativa do MAPA, mesmo com a adoção formal de boas práticas regulatórias.

Objective: to analyze the regulation of food of animal origin carried out by the Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency (Anvisa, in Portuguese) and the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply (MAPA, in Portuguese) from the perspective of a process-oriented approach to regulation, with a specific emphasis on cases involving chemical substances in food of animal origin. Methods: this research conducted two case studies. The first case study examined Anvisa's normative acts regarding residues of veterinary drugs in food of animal origin. The second case study analyzed MAPA's decision to discontinue routine official analyses of water samples in the animal food industry. The research approach was qualitative, focusing on investigating the institutional and normative composition of Anvisa and MAPA from the perspective of a process-oriented approach to regulation. Results: the analysis revealed that Anvisa has successfully implemented mechanisms consistent with a process-oriented approach to regulation, including regulatory autonomy, functional stability of regulatory bodies, and administrative procedures to promote social participation. On the other hand, MAPA's institutional-legal environment exhibits less autonomy and formally adopted procedural elements consistent with a process-oriented approach to regulation since 2015. However, there is a concern that these elements might be eliminated when drafting internal regulations. Conclusion: the Brazilian regulatory model divides animal food regulation between two agencies, potentially resulting in decisions that overlook the public interest and social participation. This is evident in the normative production of MAPA, despite their formal adoption of good regulatory practices.

Objetivo: analizar la regulación de alimentos de origen animal realizada por la Agencia Nacional de Vigilancia Sanitaria (Anvisa) y por el Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería y Abastecimiento (MAPA, en portugués) en la perspectiva de la teoría procesal administrativa de la regulación, así como normativa casos sobre sustancias químicas en alimentos de origen animal. Metodología: se realizaron dos estudios de caso ­ uno sobre los actos normativos de Anvisa sobre residuos de medicamentos veterinarios en alimentos de origen animal; y otro sobre la decisión del MAPA de poner fin a los análisis oficiales de muestras de agua en las industrias de alimentos para animales de forma rutinaria ­ basado en un enfoque cualitativo de la composición institucional y normativa de Anvisa y MAPA, en la perspectiva de la regulación administrativa de la teoría procesal. Resultados: Anvisa ha adoptado mecanismos consistentes con la teoría procesal administrativa de la regulación, como la autonomía, la estabilidad funcional de los agentes reguladores y la participación social. Respecto al MAPA, su ámbito institucional tiene menor autonomía y ha adoptado formalmente, desde 2015, elementos procedimentales compatibles con dicha teoría, pero que pueden ser desestimados durante la producción normativa interna. Conclusión: el modelo regulatorio brasileño, que divide la regulación de los alimentos de origen animal entre dos órganos, puede generar decisiones que no toman en cuenta el interés público y la participación social, lo que se puede ver en la producción normativa del MAPA, incluso con la adopción formal de buenas prácticas regulatorias.

Leitos neonatais nas instituições públicas de saúde (2010-2019) / Neonatal beds in public health institutions (2010-2019) / Camas neonatales en instituciones de salud pública (2010-2019)

Objetivo: Identificar as instituições de saúde e distribuição dos leitos no município do Rio de Janeiro, destinados à assistência neonatal. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo serial realizado com base nos processos administrativos do Conselho Regional de Enfermagem do Rio de Janeiro que teve como delimitação temporal o período de 2010 a 2019. Utilizou-se o programa computacional R para análise dos dados. Estudo aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Resultados: Foram encontradas 19 instituições de saúde com Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal do tipo II e/ou III. A quantidade de leitos identificados pelos processos administrativos e pelo Cadastro Nacional dos Estabelecimentos de Saúde foram de 241 e 227, respectivamente. Os leitos foram distribuídos em 18 bairros do município do Rio de Janeiro. Conclusão: Os indicadores revelaram que há uma distribuição desproporcional dos leitos, associado a precarização das condições de trabalho e infraestrutura das unidades. (AU)

Objective: To identify the health institutions and bed distribution in the city of Rio de Janeiro, destined to neonatal care. Methods: A retrospective serial study carried out based on the administrative processes of the Regional Nursing Council of Rio de Janeiro, whose temporal delimitation was the period from 2010 to 2019. The computer program R was used for data analysis. Study approved by the Research Ethics Committee. Results: 19 health institutions with a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of type II and / or III were found. The number of beds identified by administrative processes and by the National Register of Health Establishments was 241 and 227, respectively. The beds were distributed in 18 neighborhoods in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Conclusion: The indicators revealed that there is a disproportionate distribution of beds, associated with the precarious working conditions and infrastructure of the units. (AU)

Objetivo: Identificar las instituciones de salud y distribución de camas en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro, destinadas a la atención neonatal. Métodos: Estudio seriado retrospectivo realizado con base en los procesos administrativos del Consejo Regional de Enfermería de Río de Janeiro, cuya delimitación temporal fue el período de 2010 a 2019. Se utilizó el programa informático R para el análisis de los datos. Estudio aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Investigación. Resultados: Se encontraron 19 instituciones de salud con una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales de tipo II y / o III. El número de camas identificadas por procesos administrativos y por el Registro Nacional de Establecimientos de Salud fue de 241 y 227, respectivamente. Las camas se distribuyeron en 18 barrios de la ciudad de Río de Janeiro. Conclusión: Los indicadores revelaron que existe una distribución desproporcionada de las camas, asociada a las precarias condiciones de trabajo e infraestructura de las unidades. (AU)

Oportunidades, percalços e justificativas: a descentralização da regulação ambulatorial no município do Rio de Janeiro / Opportunities, drawbacks and justifications: outpatient care regulation's decentralization in the city of Rio de Janeiro

RESUMO Desde 2012, o município do Rio de Janeiro possui a inovação no cenário nacional de ter a regulação do acesso à atenção especializada feita por médicos na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS). Este artigo analisa o processo técnico-político que produziu a descentralização da regulação ambulatorial para APS: suas motivações e contexto, atores, apostas, decisões e desdobramentos. Produzido através de entrevistas com gestores, analisou-se o material tendo como referência principal o ciclo de políticas públicas de Howlett e Ramesh, de modo que suas etapas inspiraram a categorização adotada no artigo. O movimento de descentralização da regulação ambulatorial apoiou-se em insatisfações com o acesso ambulatorial. Em contexto de fortalecimento da APS, disputa pelo controle de recursos assistenciais e utilizando a coordenação do cuidado como elemento discursivo, o modelo viabilizou maior protagonismo de APS na regulação do acesso. Em contrapartida, alguns 'sucessos' não são reflexos exclusivos da descentralização para a APS, e surgem consequências negativas. A partir da adoção de processos avaliativos, pode-se viabilizar a criação de outros arranjos regulatórios num modelo que permanece promissor.

ABSTRACT Since 2012, the city of Rio de Janeiro has the innovation on the national scene of having the regulation of access to specialized care made by physicians in Primary Health Care (PHC). This article analyses the technical-political process that produced outpatient regulation decentralization to PHC: its motivations and context, actors, stakes, decisions and ramifications. Produced from interviews with managers, the material was analyzed having as main reference the public policies' cycle of Howllet and Ramesh, so that its steps inspired the categories adopted in the article. The movement to decentralize outpatient regulation was based on dissatisfaction with outpatient access. In a context of strengthening the PHC, disputes for the control of care resources and using the care coordination as a discursive element, the model enabled greater role for PHC in access' regulation. Nonetheless, some 'successes' are not exclusive reflections of decentralization for PHC, and negative consequences arise. From the adoption of evaluation processes, it is possible to create other regulatory arrangements in a model that remains promising.

Supervision of the professional practice of nursing: case study describing the "on-site inspection" sub-process / Fiscalización del ejercicio profesional de enfermería: estudio de caso describiendo el subproceso "inspección in loco" / Fiscalização do exercício profissional de enfermagem: estudo de caso descrevendo o subprocesso "inspeção in loco"

ABSTRACT Objectives: to describe the "On-site inspection" sub-process of the macroprocess "Supervision" conducted at the headquarters unit of the Regional Nursing Council of São Paulo. Methods: an exploratory descriptive research, in a single case study modality using data reported by the Headquarters Unit Inspection Management leaders. Results: the description of the "On-Site inspection" sub-process, initial and return, showed how the activities/tasks pre-established in the inspection roadmap and inserted in the respective inspection terms need to be accurately and sequentially executed to comply with the current legislation and provided the identification of activities that add value to the inspection process. Conclusions: the results obtained give visibility to the activities/tasks developed by the inspectors and will provide the Inspection Management with subsidies for the rational allocation of the required human resources; and, to the technical managers and legal representatives of the inspected institutions, the knowledge of the activities developed during the performance of the sub-process "On-site inspection".

RESUMEN Objetivos: describir subproceso "Inspección in loco" del macroproceso "Fiscalización", realizado en Unidad Sede del Consejo Regional de Enfermería de São Paulo. Métodos: investigación exploratoria-descriptiva, en modalidad estudio de caso único, cuyos datos obtenidos con líderes de la Gerencia de Fiscalización de la Unidad Sede. Resultados: descripción del subproceso "Inspección in loco", inicial y de vuelta, evidenció como las actividades/tareas preestablecidas en el guión de fiscalización, inseridas en los respectivos términos de fiscalización, precisan ser ejecutadas, de manera secuencial y en detalles, objetivando al cumplimiento de legislaciones vigentes; y propició la identificación de las actividades que agregan valor al proceso de fiscalización. Conclusiones: resultados obtenidos confieren visibilidad a las actividades/tareas desarrolladas por fiscales y proveerán a Gerencia de Fiscalización subsidios para mejor ubicación de recursos humanos requeridos; y, a Responsables Técnicos y Representantes Legales de instituciones fiscalizadas, el conocimiento de las actividades desarrolladas durante la realización del subproceso "Inspección in loco".

RESUMO Objetivos: descrever o subprocesso "Inspeção in loco" do macroprocesso "Fiscalização", realizado na Unidade Sede do Conselho Regional de Enfermagem de São Paulo. Métodos: pesquisa exploratório descritiva, na modalidade de estudo de caso único, cujos dados foram obtidos com os líderes da Gerência de Fiscalização da Unidade Sede. Resultados: a descrição do subprocesso "Inspeção in loco", inicial e de retorno, evidenciou como as atividades/tarefas preestabelecidas no roteiro de fiscalização, inseridas nos respectivos termos de fiscalização, precisam ser executadas, de maneira detalhada e sequencial, visando ao cumprimento das legislações vigentes; e propiciou a identificação das atividades que agregam valor ao processo de fiscalização. Conclusões: os resultados obtidos conferem visibilidade às atividades/tarefas desenvolvidas pelos fiscais e fornecerão à Gerência de Fiscalização subsídios para a alocação racional dos recursos humanos requeridos; e, aos Responsáveis Técnicos e Representantes Legais das instituições fiscalizadas, o conhecimento das atividades desenvolvidas durante a realização do subprocesso "Inspeção in loco".