RESUMO
The optimal body composition for health is an individual trait and is determined by genetic factors, sex, age, somatotype, physical activity, and individual variability. The present study aims to assess how professional football players' body composition has changed over the training macrocycle in various age groups and to determine the correlation between nutritional awareness and body composition maintenance. Thirty-eight football players participated in the study, with 16 players classified in the younger age group (19-25) and 22 in the older age group (26-31). Using the direct segmented multi-frequency electrical impedance analysis technique, the athletes' body composition was assessed six times across a training macrocycle made up of preparatory, competitive, and transitional periods. The Sports Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire was used to evaluate nutrition knowledge. The above correlations show that both younger and older athletes with higher awareness are better able to adjust their nutrition to meet the goals of the preparation period and can achieve greater gains in muscle mass and greater reductions in body fat. According to the study's results, athletes who are better conscious of their nutritional needs during competition experience less muscle loss and exhibit more consistent body weight and BMI levels. Football players' body composition suffers detrimental alterations throughout the transition period. Higher body mass, lean body mass content, and skeletal muscle mass are traits of older players. Higher nutritional knowledge reduces the negative modifications of body composition consisting of muscle mass reduction and fat gain. Nutritional knowledge influences the stability of body composition in both age groups during all the analyzed periods: Preparation, competition, and transition.
Assuntos
Futebol Americano , Futebol , Humanos , Idoso , Composição Corporal , Peso Corporal , Tecido Adiposo , AtletasRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The differentiation of tablets by their physical appearance is a contributing factor to the safe use of medications. In this study, a "score card" was developed to assess how well one tablet is differentiated from another tablet on the basis of the physical attributes of color, size, and shape. METHODS: The score card was derived from a "2-out-of-5" difference test, in which participants were presented with groups of 5 tablets with varying color, size, and shape, and were asked to identify the 2 tablets that were different from the other 3 tablets. RESULTS: Based on the study results (ie, recognition rate of the differences in the tablets, and confidence in such recognition), simplified metrics were derived to "score" a comparison of 2 tablets differing in color, size, and/or shape. The higher the score, the better the 2 tablets could be visually distinguished from each other. The scores were ranked as representing "strong," "moderate," or "weak" differentiation, with a corresponding stoplight color code, to create the final score card. The score card was internally verified by applying it to the tablets used in the study, then to the multiple strengths of Gilotrif® (afatinib) tablets, a Boehringer Ingelheim approved drug product. CONCLUSION: The score card is a first step in the assessment of adequate differentiation of tablets and can be used for the design of tablets that promote safe use of medication.
RESUMO
Comparative researches of athletes' anthropometric characteristics are undoubtedly of great importance in modern sport. But few researches deal with that issue, and the subject in question is examined on Kosovo athletes. The present research is conducted on a sample of 381 top athletes, divided into three groups, namely: 130 basketball, 133 handball, and 118 football players. The respondents were measured by their height, weight, breadth, girth and skin folds, whereas the following were indirectly calculated - body composition, somatotype components, and BMI index - aiming to establish their common morphologic characteristics and analyze the specific, i.e. the probable differences depending on the sport. Breadth and girth values were evaluated by ANCOVA and height and weight were used as co-variance factors. The other variables were evaluated by metric ANOVA. The research results indicate that football players are shorter and of less body weight compared to basketball and handball players. BMI of football players is statistically significantly lower compared to the handball players, whereas there is no difference in BMI between the football and basketball players. Handball players are shorter compared to the basketball players, and their BMI index is greater to the basketball and football players. Football players have greater relative transversal dimensions and girth, and lower values of all skin folds, and a lower percentage of fat component compared to the handball players. In football players dominates as a whole mesomorphic component, and their somatotype category is a balanced mesomorphy; with the handball players a mesomorphic type is obtained; whereas the basketball players have an ectomesomorphic body type.
Las investigaciones comparativas de las características antropométricas de los atletas son de gran importancia en el deporte moderno. Pocas investigaciones tratan el tema, el cual es abordado en los atletas de Kosovo. La presente investigación se realizó en una muestra de 381 atletas, divididos en tres grupos: 130 de baloncesto, 133 de balonmano y 118 jugadores de fútbol. Se midió la altura, peso, ancho, circunferencia y pliegues de la piel, y se calculó indirectamente: composición corporal, componentes del somatotipo e índice de IMC, con el objetivo de establecer sus características morfológicas y analizar las diferencias específicas y las probables diferencias. Dependiendo del deporte, los valores de amplitud y circunferencia se evaluaron mediante ANCOVA, y la altura y el peso se utilizaron como factores de covarianza. Las otras variables fueron evaluadas por ANOVA. Los resultados de la investigación indicaron que los jugadores de fútbol son más pequeños y tienen menos peso corporal en comparación con los jugadores de baloncesto y balonmano. El IMC de los jugadores de fútbol es más bajo respecto a los jugadores de balonmano, existiendo diferencia significativa, mientras que no existe diferencia en el IMC entre los jugadores de fútbol y baloncesto. Los jugadores de balonmano son más pequeños en comparación con los jugadores de baloncesto, y su IMC es mayor para los jugadores de baloncesto y fútbol. Los jugadores de fútbol tienen mayores dimensiones transversales relativas y circunferencia, y valores más bajos de todos los pliegues de la piel, y un menor porcentaje de componente de grasa en comparación con los jugadores de balonmano. En el fútbol, los jugadores presentan un componente mesomórfico completo, y su categoría de somatotipo es una mesomorfia equilibrada. Con los jugadores de balonmano se obtiene un tipo mesomorfo; mientras que los jugadores de baloncesto tienen una composición corporal ectomesomórfica.