Análisis Mediante Espectrofotometría UV/Vis de Diferentes Productos Terminados Homeopáticos de Nux Vomica 6CH, 7CH y 30CH, Comercializados en Tres Farmacias en Bogotá, Colombia / Analysis by Spectrophotometry UV / Vis of Different Products Homeopathic Finished Nux Vomica 6CH, 7CH and 30CH, Marketed in Three Pharmacies in Bogota Colombia

El aumento de la frecuencia de uso de los medicamentos homeopáticos en la población en general implica que la calidad en la elaboración de los mismos debe indagarse para evitar situaciones adversas en la población que los consume. En Colombia existen procesos legales para obtener el permiso de producción y venta; sin embargo, en éstos no hay verificación del producto terminado contrastándolo con un control. Los medicamentos homeopáticos se elaboran mediante ultradiluciones de sustancias que actúan basados en el principio similia similibus curantur. La Nux vomica es un medicamento homeopático de uso frecuente, dado su carácter de policresto para diferentes patologías, y por lo tanto es importante tener un control de calidad de dicho medicamento. En este estudio se realizaron mediciones de la concentración de Nux vomica 6CH, 7CH y 30CH comprada en diferentes farmacias (FAR) y vendida como producto terminado, comparándolos con un medicamento elaborado por las autoras de este trabajo, utilizando para ello la espectrofotometría UV/Vis, no encontrándose diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ellos después de aplicar energía cinética. (AU)

The increasing use of homeopathic medicines in the general population implies that the quality in the preparation of those should be investigated to avoid adverse situations in the people who consumes them. In Colombia, there are legal processes to obtain the production and sale license, however, there is no verification of the finished product against a control. Homeopathic medicines are made by ultradilutions of substances that act based on the Similia similibus curentur principle. The Nux vomica is a homeopathic medicine of frequent use, given its character of policresto, for different pathologies and therefore it's important to have a quality control of that medication. In this study, measurements were made of Nux vomica 6CH, 7CH and 30CH concentration purchased in different pharmacies (FAR) and sold as a finished product, comparing them with a drug elaborated by the authors using UV/Vis spectrophotometry. No statistically significant differences were found between them. after applying kinetic energy. (AU)

Homeopatía durante la gestación: un análisis crítico / Homoeopathy during pregnancy: a critical appraisal

Objetivos: realizar una revisión sobre la eficacia y seguridad de los tratamientos homeopáticos durante la gestación Métodos: revisión de la literatura. Resultados: los productos homeopáticos más utilizados durante la gestación, en el trabajo del parto y durante el puerperio, son: Caulophyllum, Actaea racemosa, Árnica montana y China rubra. Existen pocos estudios comparativos que hayan analizado la eficacia de estos productos frente a placebo o frente a tratamientos médicos tradicionales. Una revisión Cochrane no encontró evidencias para recomendar el uso de homeopatía en el trabajo de parto. Además, los tratamientos homeopáticos no están exentos de posibles efectos secundarios. Conclusiones: no existe evidencia científica de calidad para apoyar el uso de tratamientos homeopáticos durante la gestación y el trabajo de parto (AU)

Objectives: To assess the efficacy and safety of homoeopathy during pregnancy through a literature review. Methods: Literature review. Results: The homoeopathic treatments most commonly used during pregnancy, labour and the postpartum period are Caulophyllum, Actaea racemosa, Árnica montana and China rubra. Few studies have compared homoeopathy with either placebo or traditional treatments. A Cochrane review found no evidence to recommend the use of homoeopathy during labour. Moreover, homoeopathic treatments are not free from possible side effects. Conclusion: There is insufficient good quality evidence to support the use of homoeopathy during pregnancy and labour (AU)

Homeopathic drug standardization through biological evaluations: An untrodden avenue

Background: There is a dearth of chemico-analytical or instrumental methods for standardization and quality control of higher dilutions of homeopathic drugs. Aim: This review highlights the challenges in standardization of anti-inflammatory homeopathic drugs and suggests a battery of biological assays for their standardization. Methods: We retrieved a total 57 scientific reports from the experimental studies and scientific reviews published between January 1999 and June 2014 related to anti-inflammatory homeopathic drugs and their high dilutions. These comprised of 18 reports on preclinical evaluation, 15 on source materials, 9 on isolated constituents and 15 studies on in-vitro experiments. Few recent citations which supported the initial studies were added later during the compilation of the manuscript. Conclusion: Standardization and quality control of homeopathic mother tinctures and high dilutions warrants an urgent attention. As biological activities are observed to be attributed to the high dilutions which are practically devoid of active ingredients, their standardization may be done through the suggested battery of biological investigations. It is suggested that the current methods of standardization of homeopathic drugs need to be upgraded to include sensitive, reproducible and relevant biological assays so that the end users are assured of the quality, efficacy, and safety of homeopathic dilutions. (AU)

Homeopathic drug standardization through biological evaluations: An untrodden avenue

There is a dearth of chemico-analytical or instrumental methods for standardization and quality control of higher dilutions of homeopathic drugs. Aim: This review highlights the challenges in standardization of anti-inflammatory homeopathic drugs and suggests a battery of biological assays for their standardization. Methods: We retrieved a total 57 scientific reports from the experimental studies and scientific reviews published between January 1999 and June 2014 related to anti-inflammatory homeopathic drugs and their high dilutions. These comprised of 18 reports on preclinical evaluation, 15 on source materials, 9 on isolated constituents and 15 studies on in-vitro experiments. Few recent citations which supported the initial studies were added later during the compilation of the manuscript. Conclusion: Standardization and quality control of homeopathic mother tinctures and high dilutions warrants an urgent attention. As biological activities are observed to be attributed to the high dilutions which are practically devoid of active ingredients, their standardization may be done through the suggested battery of biological investigations. It is suggested that the current methods of standardization of homeopathic drugs need to be upgraded to include sensitive, reproducible and relevant biological assays so that the end users are assured of the quality, efficacy, and safety of homeopathic dilutions...

Información incluida en las fichas técnicas de los primeros medicamentos homeopáticos "sin indicaciones" de uso humano autorizados y registrados en España / Information included in the summary of product characteristics of the first homeopathic medicinal products "without therapeutic indications" for human use registered in Spain

No disponible

Assessment of the quality of compounded fluconazole capsules marketed in the region of Araraquara (SP, Brazil) / Avaliação da qualidade de cápsulas de fluconazol manipuladas comercializadas na região de Araraquara (SP, Brasil)

O controle de qualidade de fármacos desempenha um papel importante na saúde pública ao garantir segurança e eficácia de medicamentos. No sistema de saúde pública,as farmácias magistrais também são importantes. Elas fornecem medicamentos personalizados como produtos dermatológicos e doses específicas para crianças.Infelizmente, muitos casos de produtos magistrais fabricados fora do padrão mínimo de qualidade têm sido relatados no Brasil. Neste trabalho, a qualidade das cápsulas magistrais de fluconazol 150 mg foi avaliada e os resultados foram comparados com os valores recomendados pela Farmacopeia Brasileira. Os resultados sugerem que é possível manipular produtos que satisfaçam as especificações farmacopeicas, mas estes ainda mostram que há farmácias magistrais onde o controle de qualidade é deficiente ou inexistente. O fluconazol é um fármaco importante no tratamento de infecções fúngicas. Seu uso como forma farmacêutica manipulada sem elevados padrões de qualidade é fortemente relacionado com a falha terapêutica e intoxicações, assim como o surgimento de microorganismos resistentes. Portanto, a necessidade de melhoria dos processos nas farmácias magistrais se torna mais enfático. Existem métodos validados que podem ser utilizados com sucesso para a análise de rotina de controle de qualidade e que podem ser implementados por qualquer farmácia de manipulação...

The quality control of drugs has an important role in public health, in ensuring the efficacy and safety of medicines. In the public health system, compounding pharmacies play a vital part. They provide medicines tailored to the individual patient, for example dermatological products and specific doses for children. Unfortunately, many cases of compounded products falling below the minimum quality standard have been reported in Brazil. In this study, the quality of compounded 150 mg fluconazole capsules was assessed and the results were compared with values stipulated in the Brazilian pharmacopoeia. The results suggest that, while it is certainly possible to prepare products meeting pharmacopoeial specifications, there are pharmacies where the quality control is deficient or nonexistent. Fluconazole is an important drug in combatting fungal infections. The use of fluconazole in dosage forms manufactured without high standards of quality control is strongly linked to treatment failure and cases of intoxication, as well as the emergence of resistant microorganisms. This highlights the urgent need for process improvement in compounding pharmacies. There are validated methods that can be successfully employed for routine quality control analysis that can be implemented by any compounding pharmacy...

Certificados de qualidade para matrizes homeopáticas / Certificate of quality for homeopathic matrixes

Os medicamentos homeopáticos são manipulados em farmácias, que precisam de matérias primas, tinturas-mãe ou dinamizações mais baixas, chamadas de matrizes, compradas de laboratórios de insumos farmacêuticos homeopáticos, pequenas empresas que não contam com uma legislação específica. Matérias primas para a manipulação alopática são sempre acompanhadas de Laudos de Análises. Como as matrizes dinamizadas não podem ser analisadas, um termo diferente deve ser proposto, que traga o máximo de informações sobre o produto comprado. Através da análise de documentos fornecidos por laboratórios nacionais e estrangeiros, este texto propõe um Certificado de Qualidade, que deve conter informações básicas para garantir a rastreabilidade e a qualidade das matrizes adquiridas por uma farmácia para atender às prescrições homeopáticas.

Homeopathic medicines are manipulated in pharmacies, which need raw materials, mother-tinctures or low potencies called matrixes, which are bought from homeopatic pharmaceutical laboratories, namely small companies for which there is no specific legislation. The raw materials for conventional manipulation are given Analysis Certificates. Since potentiated matrixes may not be analyzed, a different term must be developed indicating the maximum of information on the acquired product. After analyzing the document supplied by national and European laboratories, this article suggests a Certificate of Quality containing the essential information to warrant the sourcing and quality of the matrixes a pharmacy acquires to fill homeopathic prescriptions.

Certificados de qualidade para matrizes homeopáticas / Certificate of quality for homeopathic matrixes

Os medicamentos homeopáticos são manipulados em farmácias, que precisam de matérias primas, tinturas-mãe ou dinamizações mais baixas, chamadas de matrizes, compradas de laboratórios de insumos farmacêuticos homeopáticos, pequenas empresas que não contam com uma legislação específica. Matérias primas para a manipulação alopática são sempre acompanhadas de Laudos de Análises. Como as matrizes dinamizadas não podem ser analisadas, um termo diferente deve ser proposto, que traga o máximo de informações sobre o produto comprado. Através da análise de documentos fornecidos por laboratórios nacionais e estrangeiros, este texto propõe um Certificado de Qualidade, que deve conter informações básicas para garantir a rastreabilidade e a qualidade das matrizes adquiridas por uma farmácia para atender às prescrições homeopáticas.(AU)

Homeopathic medicines are manipulated in pharmacies, which need raw materials, mother-tinctures or low potencies called matrixes, which are bought from homeopatic pharmaceutical laboratories, namely small companies for which there is no specific legislation. The raw materials for conventional manipulation are given Analysis Certificates. Since potentiated matrixes may not be analyzed, a different term must be developed indicating the maximum of information on the acquired product. After analyzing the document supplied by national and European laboratories, this article suggests a Certificate of Quality containing the essential information to warrant the sourcing and quality of the matrixes a pharmacy acquires to fill homeopathic prescriptions.(AU)

Autoridad reguladora de medicamentos cubana: experiencia y entrenamiento a otras autoridades latinoamericanas en la autorización de ensayos clínicos / The Cuban drug regulatory authority: experience gained and training offered to other Latin American agencies in authorizing clinical trials

El Departamento de Vacunas y Biológicos de la OMS ha desarrollado una herramienta de evaluación para identificar el estado de las funciones básicas en las autoridades reguladoras y tanto la OMS como la OPS, proponen lineamientos para el entrenamiento de las autoridades reguladoras de medicamentos. La función relacionada con la autorización de ensayos clínicos ha sido desarrollada en Cuba y existe la experiencia y calificación pertinente para esta actividad. El propósito es desarrollar entrenamientos para que las autoridades de países en desarrollo, puedan implementar con éxito su función básica en la autorización de ensayos clínicos con vacunas. Se tomaron como fuentes bibliográficas, las referencias de la OMS, la Conferencia Internacional de Armonización, Unión Europea, Consejo de la Organización Internacional de Ciencias Médicas, la Administración de Drogas y Alimentos de los Estados Unidos y otros documentos reguladores de interés. Se describen los cinco indicadores que evalúan el contenido y función de las autoridades reguladoras de medicamentos, sus características y aspectos relevantes a tener en consideración en cada uno de ellos, se brinda un resumen sobre los aspectos esenciales de los estudios clínicos en vacunas según la guía de la OMS así como la experiencia de la autoridad reguladora cubana en la autorización de ensayos clínicos en vacunas y se hace referencia a las modificaciones que actualizan estos indicadores. En resumen la Autoridad Reguladora de Medicamentos es la encargada de garantizar que los medicamentos y en particular las vacunas que se administran a los seres humanos cumplan con la calidad, seguridad y eficacia, conforme los estándares y requerimientos reguladores vigentes de cada país

The Department of Vaccines and Biologics in the World Health Organization has developed an evaluation tool to identify the condition of the regulatory functions and the training of drug regulatory authorities to comply with their functions. This article was intended to provide the drug regulatory agencies from the non-developed countries with the necessary training, so that they can successfully perform their basic function in giving authorization to clinical trials with vaccines. Literature from WHO, the International Conference of Harmonization, the European Union, the Council of the International Organization of Medical Sciences, the US Food and Drug Administration and other regulatory documents of interest was reviewed. Data related to those indicators evaluating the performance of the drug regulatory authorities in giving permission for clinical trials with vaccines were collected and the five indicators assessing the contents and function of these authorities, their characteristics and relevant aspects were described. Furthermore, a summary of the essential aspects of the clinical trials with vaccines according to the WHO guideline as well as the experience of the Cuban regulatory authority in authorizing the conduction of these clinical trials was provided. The Drug Regulatory Authority is the responsible for assuring that vaccines for human beings meet the regulatory requirements of the country in the first place, and then for the research, commercialization or introduction of the vaccine in the National Immunization Program

Autoridad reguladora de medicamentos cubana: experiencia y entrenamiento a otras autoridades latinoamericanas en la autorización de ensayos clínicos / The Cuban drug regulatory authority: experience gained and training offered to other Latin American agencies in authorizing clinical trials

El Departamento de Vacunas y Biológicos de la OMS ha desarrollado una herramienta de evaluación para identificar el estado de las funciones básicas en las autoridades reguladoras y tanto la OMS como la OPS, proponen lineamientos para el entrenamiento de las autoridades reguladoras de medicamentos. La función relacionada con la autorización de ensayos clínicos ha sido desarrollada en Cuba y existe la experiencia y calificación pertinente para esta actividad. El propósito es desarrollar entrenamientos para que las autoridades de países en desarrollo, puedan implementar con éxito su función básica en la autorización de ensayos clínicos con vacunas. Se tomaron como fuentes bibliográficas, las referencias de la OMS, la Conferencia Internacional de Armonización, Unión Europea, Consejo de la Organización Internacional de Ciencias Médicas, la Administración de Drogas y Alimentos de los Estados Unidos y otros documentos reguladores de interés. Se describen los cinco indicadores que evalúan el contenido y función de las autoridades reguladoras de medicamentos, sus características y aspectos relevantes a tener en consideración en cada uno de ellos, se brinda un resumen sobre los aspectos esenciales de los estudios clínicos en vacunas según la guía de la OMS así como la experiencia de la autoridad reguladora cubana en la autorización de ensayos clínicos en vacunas y se hace referencia a las modificaciones que actualizan estos indicadores. En resumen la Autoridad Reguladora de Medicamentos es la encargada de garantizar que los medicamentos y en particular las vacunas que se administran a los seres humanos cumplan con la calidad, seguridad y eficacia, conforme los estándares y requerimientos reguladores vigentes de cada país(AU)

The Department of Vaccines and Biologics in the World Health Organization has developed an evaluation tool to identify the condition of the regulatory functions and the training of drug regulatory authorities to comply with their functions. This article was intended to provide the drug regulatory agencies from the non-developed countries with the necessary training, so that they can successfully perform their basic function in giving authorization to clinical trials with vaccines. Literature from WHO, the International Conference of Harmonization, the European Union, the Council of the International Organization of Medical Sciences, the US Food and Drug Administration and other regulatory documents of interest was reviewed. Data related to those indicators evaluating the performance of the drug regulatory authorities in giving permission for clinical trials with vaccines were collected and the five indicators assessing the contents and function of these authorities, their characteristics and relevant aspects were described. Furthermore, a summary of the essential aspects of the clinical trials with vaccines according to the WHO guideline as well as the experience of the Cuban regulatory authority in authorizing the conduction of these clinical trials was provided. The Drug Regulatory Authority is the responsible for assuring that vaccines for human beings meet the regulatory requirements of the country in the first place, and then for the research, commercialization or introduction of the vaccine in the National Immunization Program(AU)

Control de la calidad de formulaciones farmacéuticas obtenidas de cassia uniflora mill / Quality control of pharmaceutical formulations obtained from cassia uniflora mill

Introducción: Cassia uniflora Mill tiene una alta biodisponibilidad; se utiliza en el tratamiento de dolores espasmódicos, erupciones cutáneas e infecciones de origen bacteriano. Sus partes más empleadas son las hojas y las semillas. Objetivo: Determinar las especificaciones del control de la calidad para las tinturas a 20 por ciento de las hojas y las semillas de Cassia uniflora Mill. Material y Métodos: Las tinturas a 20 por ciento se prepararon a partir de los polvos de las hojas y las semillas, utilizando como menstruo una solución hidroetanólica. La determinación de las especificaciones del control de la calidad de las tinturas se realizó para cuatro parámetros: pH, índice de refracción, sólidos totales y densidad relativa. Resultados: Los datos obtenidos en el control de la calidad de las tinturas a 20 por ciento se encuentran dentro de los rangos de calidad establecidos en las normas utilizadas. Discusión: Los parámetros de calidad muestran que las tinturas a 20 por ciento de hojas y semillas de Cassia uniflora Mill no tuvieron cambios relevantes que afecten su calidad farmacéutica, por tanto, poseen un determinado grado de estabilidad. Conclusiones: Las especificaciones del control de la calidad de las tinturas indican que, bajo las condiciones aplicadas, los productos elaborados presentan inocuidad, y constituyen una garantía de calidad para su empleo terapéutico(AU)

Introduction: Cassia uniflora Mill has a high biological availability; It is used in treatments for spasmodic pains, cutaneous eruptions and some infections of bacteriological origin. The most useful parts are its leaves and seeds. Objectives: To determine the specifications of quality control for tinctures made up from leaves and seeds of Cassia uniflora Mill at 20 percent. Material and methods: Tincture at 20 percent was made up of the powders of leaves and seeds, using as menses a hydroethanolic solution. Determination of quality control specifications of the tinctures were made taking into account four parameters: pH, refraction index, total solids and relative density. Results: Data obtained in the quality control of the tinctures at 20 percent are among the ranks of quality established by the standards. Discussion: Quality parameters show that tinctures at 20 percent from leaves and seeds of Cassia uniflora Mill had no relevant changes that could affect its pharmacological quality, therefore they have a certain degree of stability. Conclusions: The specifications of the quality control made to the tinctures indicate that under the conditions applied the elaborated products are innocuous, so they are totally guaranteed for therapeutically use(AU)

Diseño de una formulación de ketotifeno 0, 025 por ciento colirio / Design of a Ketotifen formula: 0, 025 percent eyedrops

El colirio de ketotifeno se indica para aliviar los signos y síntomas de las conjuntivitis alérgicas, por ser este un potente antihistamínico H1 que muestra cierta capacidad para inhibir la liberación de histamina y otros mediadores en mastocitos. El objetivo del presente trabajo consistió en realizar el desarrollo tecnológico del colirio de ketotifeno 0,025 por ciento, de producción nacional teniendo en cuenta que es un medicamento muy utilizado en la Operación Milagro, en la cual participa la República de Cuba, para lo que se hace un diseño y los estudios de preformulación. Se estudió ademàs, las especificaciones de calidad de la formulación seleccionada, la estabilidad del producto y el tiempo de vigencia de este. Se realizó el estudio de estabilidad acelerado y por vida de estante, para lo cual se emplearon 3 lotes del producto a escala piloto. El colirio resultó estable física, química y microbiológicamente envasado en frascos de polietileno de baja densidad, por espacio de 12 meses a temperatura ambiente(AU)

The Ketotifen eyedrops is prescribed to relieve the signs and symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis due to it is a powerful H1 antihistaminic with certain ability to inhibit the histamine release and other mediators in the case of mast cells. The aim of present paper was to perform the technological development of 0,025 percent eyedrops Ketotifen of national production considering that it is a drug very used in the Operación Milagro with participation of the Republic of Cuba and with its own design and the pre-formula. Also, we studied the selected formula specifications, the product stability and its expiry date. An accelerated stability study was conducted and by shelf life using 3 batches of pilot scale product. The eyedrops was physically, chemically and microbiologically stable when it is bottling in low-density polyethylene flasks during 12 months at room temperature(AU)

Validación del método analítico para el control de la calidad y estudio de estabilidad de propiltiouracilo 50 mg / Analytical method validation for quality control and the study of the 50 mg Propylthiouracil stability

Se desarrolló y validó un método analítico por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución, para el control de la calidad y los estudios de estabilidad del propiltiouracilo 50 mg, tabletas. El método se basó en la separación del principio activo a través una columna cromatográfica Lichrospher 100 RP-18 RP-18 (5 µm) (250 x 4 mm), con detección ultravioleta a 272 nm, para lo cual se empleó una fase móvil compuesta por una mezcla desgasificada de solución amortiguadora fosfato de potasio monobásico 0,025 M a pH= 4,6, y acetonitrilo en una proporción de 80:20, con una velocidad de flujo de 0,5 mL/min. El método analítico resultó lineal, preciso, específico y exacto en el intervalo de concentraciones estudiadas(AU)

A high-performance liquid chromatography analytical method was developed and validated for the quality control and stability studies of 50 mg Propylthiouracil tablets. Method is based in active principle separation through a 100 RP-18 RP-18 (5 µm) (250 x 4 mm) Lichrospher chromatography with UV detection to 272 nm, using a mobile phase composed by a ungaseous mixture of a 0.025 M buffer solution-monobasic potassium phosphate to pH= 4,6 ad acetonitrile in a 80:20 ratio with a flux speed of 0,5 mL/min. Analytical method was linear, precise, specific and exact in the study concentrations interval(AU)

Diseño de una formulación de fenilefrina 10 por ciento y tropicamida 1 por ciento colirio / Design of a 10 percent Phenylephrine and 1 percent Tropicamide formula: eyedrops

El colirio de fenilefrina 10 por ciento y tropicamida 1 por ciento se emplea en la pràctica médica como antihistamínico, analgésico, midriàticos y ciclopléjicos. El objetivo del presente trabajo consistió en desarrollar una formulación de fenilefrina 10 por ciento y tropicamida 1 por ciento que cumpliera con las especificaciones de calidad establecidas por el fabricante, que fuera estable física, química y microbiológicamente, para lo cual se realizó un diseño y los estudios de preformulación. Se estudió ademàs, las especificaciones de calidad de la formulación seleccionada, la estabilidad del producto y el tiempo de vigencia de este. Se desarrolló y validó un método analítico para el control de la calidad y el estudio de estabilidad del producto terminado por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución. Se realizaron los resultados analíticos del estudio de estabilidad acelerado y por vida de estante, para lo cual se emplearon 3 lotes del producto a escala piloto. El colirio resultó estable física, química y microbiológicamente envasado en frascos de polietileno de baja densidad, por un tiempo de 12 meses almacenados a temperatura ambiente(AU)

The 10 percent Phenylephrine and 1 percent Tropicamide eyedrops is used in medical practice as antihistaminic, analgesic, mydiatric and cycloplegic. The aim of present paper was to develop a 10 percent Phenylephrine and 1 percent Tropicamide formula fulfilling the quality specifications established by manufacturer physically, chemically and microbiologically stable with the performing of a design and pre-formula studies. Also, we studied the quality specifications of selected formula, the product stability and its expiry time. An analytical method was developed and validated to quality control and stability study of the finished product by high-performance liquid chromatography. Analytical results of accelerated stability study and by shelf life using 3 batches of product at pilot scale. Eyedrops was physically, chemically and microbiologically stable when it was bottling in low density polyethylene flasks during 12 months of storage at room temperature(AU)

Avaliação da qualidade de cápsulas de sinvastatina de farmácias magistrais / Evaluación de la calidad de cápsulas de sinvastatina de farmacias magistrales / Assessment of the quality of simvastatin capsules from compounding pharmacies

OBJETIVO: Validar metodologia por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência para determinação do teor de sinvastatina em cápsulas manipuladas. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliadas 18 amostras de cápsulas de sinvastatina 40 mg de farmácias magistrais de São Paulo, Guarulhos, São Bernardo do Campo e Campinas, SP, prescritas para pacientes fictícios. As análises basearam-se na Farmacopéia Brasileira e no método da cromatografia, otimizado e validado de acordo com as normas nacionais e internacionais, para os ensaios de identificação, e quantificação em cápsulas manipuladas. RESULTADOS: O peso médio das cápsulas variou de 70 mg a 316 mg; quatro amostras apresentaram variação de peso em desacordo com a especificação. O teor de sinvastatina nas cápsulas estava de acordo com a especificação em 11 amostras; em seis, esse teor variou entre 4 por cento e 87 por cento do valor declarado, descumprindo os requisitos de teor do princípio ativo; a determinação do teor e uniformidade de conteúdo de uma amostra não foram realizadas. No teste de uniformidade de conteúdo, 15 amostras apresentaram valores menores que 85 por cento e com os desvios-padrões relativos maiores que 6 por cento; três farmácias atendiam a especificação desse ensaio. No ensaio de dissolução, oito amostras apresentaram resultados insatisfatórios no primeiro estágio do ensaio e as demais apresentaram resultados inconclusivos. CONCLUSÕES: O método utilizado mostrou boa adequação para aplicação em controle de qualidade, revelando a falta de qualidade de cápsulas de sinvastatina produzidas por algumas farmácias de manipulação.

OBJETIVO: Validar metodología por cromatografía líquida de alta eficiencia para determinación del tenor de sinvastatina en cápsulas manipuladas. MÉTODOS: Fueron evaluadas 18 muestras de cápsulas de sinvastatina 40 mg de farmacias magistrales de Sao Paulo, Guarulhos, Sao Bernardo do Campo y Campinas, Sureste de Brasil, prescriptas para pacientes ficticios. Los análisis se basaron en la Farmacopéia Brasileña y en el método de la cromatografia, optimizado y validado de acuerdo con las normas nacionales e internacionales, para los ensayos de identificación, y cuantificación en cápsulas manipuladas. RESULTADOS: El peso promedio de las cápsulas variaron de 70 a 316 mg; cuatro muestras presentaron variación de peso en desacuerdo con la especificación. El tenor de sinvastatina en las cápsulas estaba de acuerdo con la especificación en 11 muestras; en seis, ese tenor varió entre 4% y 87% del valor declarado incumpliendo los requisitos de tenor del principio activo; la determinación del tenor y uniformidad de contenido de una muestra no fue realizada. En la prueba de uniformidad de contenido, 15 muestras presentaron valores menores que 85% y con los desvíos-patrones relativos mayores que 6%; tres farmacias atendían la especificación del ensayo. En el ensayo de disolución, ocho muestras presentaron resultados insatisfactorios en la primera fase del ensayo, y las demás presentaron resultados inconclusitos. CONCLUSIONES: El método utilizado mostró buena adecuación para aplicación en control de calidad, revelando la falta de calidad de cápsulas de sinvastatina producidas por algunas farmacias de manipulación.

Validación de métodos analíticos de control de procesos de antitumorales inyectables / Analytical methods validation of processes control in injectable antitumor agents

Se validaron los métodos analíticos alternativos para el control de proceso de fluorouracilo 500 mg, doxorrubicina 50 mg y metotrexato 50 mg por espectrofotometría, por ser estos métodos màs sencillos, económicos, que permiten controlar la calidad de los medicamentos en el anàlisis de control de proceso. Las curvas de calibración del fluorouracilo, la doxorrubicina y el metotrexato, se realizaron en el intervalo de 60 al 140 por ciento, donde fueron lineales con coeficientes de correlación iguales a 0,9998; 0,9999 y 0,9999, respectivamente; la prueba estadística para el intercepto y la pendiente se consideraron no significativas. Se obtuvieron recobrados del 99,97, 99,08 y 99,35 por ciento, respectivamente en el intervalo de concentraciones estudiado, y las pruebas de Cochran y t de Student resultaron no significativas. Los coeficientes de variación de los estudios de la repetibilidad fueron inferiores al 3 por ciento para las 6 réplicas ensayadas, mientras que en los anàlisis de la precisión intermedia las pruebas de Fischer y t de Student indicaron diferencias no significativas. Los métodos resultaron específicos, lineales, precisos y exactos en el intervalo de concentraciones estudiadas(AU)

Alternative analytical methods were validated for the process control of 500 mg florouacil, 50 mg doxorrubicin and 50 mg methotrexate by spectrophotometry because of they are more simple and economic allowint to control the drugs quality in process anaslysis control. Calibration curves of fluorouracil, doxorrubicin and methotrexate were plotted in interval from 60 to 140 percent, where there were linear with correlation coeficients similar to 0.9998, 0.9999 and 0.9999, respectively; statistical text for intercept and slope were considered as non-significant. Recoveries of 99.97, 99.98 and 99.35 percent were achieved, respectively in study concentration interval and Cochran and t-Student tests were also non-significant. Methods were specific, linear, precises and exacts in interval of study concentrations(AU)

Desenvolvimento de excipiente específico para cápsulas de nifedipina preparadas magistralmente: parte I / Development of specific excipient for compounded nifedipine capsules. Part I

O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de desenvolver um excipiente específico para cápsula de nifedipina preparada magistralmente, o qual permita o cumprimento dos requisitos farmacopéicos e legais, conforme preconiza a RDC nº 87 de 21 de novembro de 2008. Para isso, foram propostas 6 formulações contendo 10mg de nifedipina, sendo, quatro destas, denominadas A, B, C e D, baseadas na composição de um medicamento industrializado, enquanto as formulações, E e F baseadas em sugestões opcionais de excipientes em função do Sistema de Classificação Biofarmacêutico. Em seguida, estas foram submetidas aos testes de uniformidade de conteúdo e de dissolução utilizando absorção por espectrofotometria na região da ultravioleta (λ = 236nm) para obtenção dos resultados. As amostras (n = 3) se comportaram de forma adequada no teste de uniformidade de conteúdo, entretanto, no teste de dissolução, as formulações não apresentaram uma quantidade satisfatória de ativo dissolvido em 20 min. Pode-se observar uma evolução das formulações quanto à presença de Tween 80 na E, e na F. Entretanto, o aumento na concentração deste agente, não ampliou o perfil de dissolução da nifedipina, pois não houve diferença significativa deste parâmetro entre as duas (E e F). Dentre as fórmulas propostas neste trabalho, concluiu-se que não foi possível determinar uma, que fosse adequada para a aprovação do produto, com a liberação de apenas 20 a 40% do ativo, indicando que há necessidade de novos estudos.

The objective of this study was to develop a specific excipient for extemporaneously compounded nifedipine capsules, which would comply with the specifications of the pharmacopoeia and the legal requisites, set out in Brazilian Health Regulation RDC 87 of November 21, 2008. To this end, 6 formulations for capsules containing 10mg of nifedipine were proposed, the first four (A, B, C and D) being based on the composition of a manufactured medicine, while formulations E and F were based on an alternative excipient, suggested in accordance with the Biopharmaceutical Classification System. After preparation, the formulated capsules were subjected to content uniformity and dissolution tests, using UV absorption spectrophotometry (λ = 236nm) to assay the drug. The samples (n = 3) were found to have adequate content uniformity; however, in the dissolution test, the formulations did not show a satisfactory quantity of dissolved drug in 20 minutes. The formulations E and F were designed with differing amounts of Tween 80. However, increasing the concentration did not improve the dissolution profile of the nifedipine, as there was no significant difference in this parameter between E and F. It was concluded that none of the formulations proposed in this paper could be indicated as suitable for product approval, given that only 20 to 40% of the active component was released, indicating that there is a need for further studies.

Nuevos enfoques de las buenas prácticas de Manufactura / Good manufacturing practices new approaches

Durante los últimos años, el trabajo en Buenas Prácticas de Manufactura (bpm), además de contribuir a mejorar la calidad de los productos farmacéuticos disponibles en el mercado, ha permitido realizar un avance importante en la interpretación conceptual y en la aplicación práctica del verdadero significado del aseguramiento de la calidad en la industria farmacéutica. En ese sentido, este artículo analiza los aportes que sobre este tema han tenido las buenas prácticas de ingeniería, el desarrollo de producto, los programas de acciones correctivas y acciones preventivas, la gestión del riesgo en calidad, el control de procesos productivos en tiempo real y el sistema de gestión de la calidad para la industria farmacéutica. Sin duda, su adopción, que en la mayoría de los casos no corresponde a una exigencia explícita de la guía de bpm y que supone una inversión mayor de recursos, ofrece claros beneficios organizacionales y aporta evidencia para fortalecer la confianza, especialmente de las autoridades reguladoras, del cumplimiento del compromiso con la calidad que manifiesta una empresa determinada.

During the previous years, the Good Manufacturing Practices (gmp) work, besides contributing in improving the pharmaceutical products quality, has allowed an important progress in both the understanding and the practical application in the real meaning of the quality assurance in the pharmaceutical industry. As a contribution to this issue, this document studies the contributions of the good engineering practices, the product development, the corrective and preventive action system, the quality risk management, the process analytical technology and the pharmaceutical quality system. The implementation of these concepts, that in the majority of cases are not explicit gmp guide requirements, could suppose spending more money from the firm. However, on the contrary, it would give obvious benefits and contribute to have evidence, especially for the competent national authorities, about the fulfillment quality police implementation.

Historia y utilidad de la farmacopea homeopática de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos / History and usefulness of the Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States of Mexico

La Farmacopea Homeopática de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos es un instrumento normativo de la Secretaría de Salud que, a través de la Dirección General de Control de Insumos para la Salud, permite proteger los correctos procesos de producción, almacenamiento y venta de los medicamentos homeopáticos en beneficio de la población mexicana. Es una de las pocas obras en su género oficiales en el mundo, y además de ser una referencia obligada para la industria químico-farmacéutica homeopática y para la comunidad médico homeopática mexicana en general, algunos países latinoamericanos la han adoptado como su farmacopea oficial.

The Mexican Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia it's a normative instrument of lhe Ministry of Health, witch through the General Directorate for the Control of Health Products, may supervise the correct production processes, storage and distribution of homeopathic medicines for profit of the Mexican population. It is one of the few official books of its kind in the world, and besides being a must for the chemical pharmaceutical and homeopathic industry, and for the Mexican homeopathic community in general, Latin American countries have adopted it, as their official pharmacopoeia.

Historia y utilidad de la farmacopea homeopática de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos / History and usefulness of the Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States of Mexico

La Farmacopea Homeopática de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos es un instrumento normativo de la Secretaría de Salud que, a través de la Dirección General de Control de Insumos para la Salud, permite proteger los correctos procesos de producción, almacenamiento y venta de los medicamentos homeopáticos en beneficio de la población mexicana. Es una de las pocas obras en su género oficiales en el mundo, y además de ser una referencia obligada para la industria químico-farmacéutica homeopática y para la comunidad médico homeopática mexicana en general, algunos países latinoamericanos la han adoptado como su farmacopea oficial.

The Mexican Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia it's a normative instrument of lhe Ministry of Health, witch through the General Directorate for the Control of Health Products, may supervise the correct production processes, storage and distribution of homeopathic medicines for profit of the Mexican population. It is one of the few official books of its kind in the world, and besides being a must for the chemical pharmaceutical and homeopathic industry, and for the Mexican homeopathic community in general, Latin American countries have adopted it, as their official pharmacopoeia.