Differentiation of Features of Inflammatory Neovascular Membrane Versus Active Posterior Uveitis by SS-OCTA.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Neovascularization is a sight-threatening, uncommon complication of posterior uveitis that often goes undetected until persistent clinical findings appear, or in light of treatment failure. This could be attributed to the relative similarity of activity signs in inflammatory neovascular membranes (NVM) and active posterior uveitis. The purpose of the present study is to recognize imaging features that distinguish uveitic neovascularization from active uveitis using swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study. Patients with posterior uveitis with visual acuity (VA) decrease and at least one of the following findings were assessed by SS-OCTA: retinal thickening, subretinal or intraretinal fluid, and retinal hyperreflective areas. The change of VA and imaging features after treatment with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy were analyzed in cases with inflammatory NVM. RESULTS: Forty-five eyes of 40 patients were evaluated. Twenty-four eyes (53.3%) showed signs of activity, of which eight (33.3%) presented inflammatory NVM. Imaging features that differentiate inflammatory neovascularization from active posterior uveitis included: vitreous cellularity (P = .003), outer retinal infiltration (P = .08), choroidal thickness (P = .003), posterior shadowing (P = .013), subretinal fluid (P = .04), and neovascular network (P ≤ .001). According to NVM characteristics by OCTA, multiple anastomoses and peripheral arcades were visualized at baseline in 85.7% of cases. Mean pre-operative best-corrected VA of inflammatory NVM was 20/150 (logMAR: 0.88 ± 0.60) with significant improvement to 20/40 (logMAR: 0.32 ± 0.22) after anti-VEGF treatment (P = .027). CONCLUSIONS: SS-OCTA achieves the distinction of inflammatory NVM from active posterior uveitis through specific imaging features. Inflammatory neovascularization presents a suitable response after anti-VEGF therapy. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2021;52:129-137.].