Haptoglobin is an independent marker for disease severity and risk for metabolic complications in hidradenitis suppurativa: A prospective study.

BACKGROUND: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory disease that is highly correlated with obesity. Haptoglobin serum levels have recently been recognized as an important biomarker linking obesity with chronic inflammation. OBJECTIVE: To compare haptoglobin with previously proposed serum biomarkers for the determination of disease severity in HS patients. For this purpose, disease severity of HS patients was determined by a panel of clinical scores as well as several risk factors, such as weight and smoking habits. METHODS: A prospective, diagnostic accuracy study was performed at the International Centre for Hidradenitis suppurativa/Acne inversa Bochum (ICH). The study included a total of 263 patients, including 131 who had a confirmed diagnosis of HS in Hurley I (n = 16), II (n = 56) and III (n = 59) HS, and 132 healthy controls. The main outcome was to identify serological inflammatory markers for HS disease severity [severe (III) vs. moderate/mild (II/I)] as assessed by Hurley classification. RESULTS: The serum levels of acute phase proteins haptoglobin and CRP, as well as the number of neutrophils in peripheral blood, number of monocytes, the systemic immune-inflammation index and the pan-immune-inflammatory value correlated with disease severity according to established clinical scores (mHSS, SAHS, Hurley, DLQI). HS patients had significantly higher haptologlobin levels compared to healthy controls. Logistic regression analysis revealed haptoglobin as the only independent marker predicting severe HS. CONCLUSION: In this prospective study, we discovered that the serum levels of the acute phase protein haptoglobin levels serve as an independent marker of disease severity in HS. While this presents the first study in the context of HS. Thus, the present data not only yield a highly promising serum marker to be further validated.

Complete blood collection-based systemic inflammation biomarkers for patients with hidradenitis suppurativa.

BACKGROUND: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a relatively common chronic inflammatory condition of intertriginous skin. In recent years, the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), monocyte/lymphocyte ratio (MLR) and platelet/neutrophil ratio (PLR) have been shown to be indicators of systemic inflammation correlating with severity of inflammatory conditions. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to analyse for the first time the systemic inflammation biomarkers also including the pan-immune-inflammation value (PIV) and the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) in HS patients and controls. METHODS: This study retrospectively investigated clinical and laboratory data of 142 patients with HS. Moreover, a sex-age-matched healthy control group was included. The severity of HS was routinely assessed by the Hurley staging, the mHSS and the SAHS score. All inflammation-based biomarkers were calculated from absolute values of complete blood counts. Receiver-operating characteristics analyses, including the Youden index, were performed in order to determine optimal cut-off values and test performance. RESULTS: Whereas PIV and SII were significantly higher in HS patients, PLR, MLR and PNR were significantly lower in HS patients when compared to controls. Almost all inflammation-based biomarkers significantly correlated with disease severity. However, PIV was the only test that was significantly associated with HS severity as indicated by a Youden index of 0.56 (associated criterion: 756.4; AUC: 0.79, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Although all systemic inflammation-based biomarkers investigated are more or less associated with HS severity, the PIV appears to have the best performance in this regard. It may be employed in adjunction with the clinical scores for treatment decision making or clinical trial assessments.

Cutaneous findings following COVID-19 vaccination: review of world literature and own experience.

There is growing evidence that not only the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) but also the COVID-19 vaccines can cause a variety of skin reactions. In this review article, we provide a brief overview on cutaneous findings that have been observed since the emerging mass COVID-19 vaccination campaigns all over the world. Unspecific injection-site reactions very early occurring after the vaccination are most frequent. Type I hypersensitivity reactions (e.g. urticaria, angio-oedema and anaphylaxis) likely due to allergy to ingredients may rarely occur but can be severe. Type IV hypersensitivity reactions may be observed, including delayed large local skin lesions ("COVID arm"), inflammatory reactions in dermal filler or previous radiation sites or even old BCG scars, and more commonly morbilliform and erythema multiforme-like rashes. Autoimmune-mediated skin findings after COVID-19 vaccination include leucocytoclastic vasculitis, lupus erythematosus and immune thrombocytopenia. Functional angiopathies (chilblain-like lesions, erythromelalgia) may also be observed. Pityriasis rosea-like rashes and reactivation of herpes zoster have also been reported after COVID-19 vaccination. In conclusion, there are numerous cutaneous reaction patterns that may occur following COVID-19 vaccination, whereby many of these skin findings are of immunological/autoimmunological nature. Importantly, molecular mimicry exists between SARS-CoV-2 (e.g. the spike-protein sequences used to design the vaccines) and human components and may thus explain some COVID-19 pathologies as well as adverse skin reactions to COVID-19 vaccinations.

Expression of DNA mismatch repair proteins in melanoma patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.

PURPOSE: To investigate the protein expression of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) proteins in patients with cutaneous melanoma (CM) under immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry was performed on tumor tissue for MMR proteins MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2 in 50 metastatic CM patients treated with ICI (ipilimumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab). RESULTS: Best overall response (BOR) rate was 48% (24/50). Reduced MMR protein expression (nuclear expression in < 80% of tumor cells) was observed in 8 patients (16%). Compared to other clinical parameters, baseline neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and reduced intratumoral MMR protein expression (P = 0.0033) were determined as the only parameters significantly associated with favorable BOR. However, in this small study population, reduced MMR protein expression did not reach statistical significance in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Reduced MMR protein expression is observed in CM and might predict favorable BOR in patients treated with ICI, as was observed for other entities. However, these findings need to be substantiated in larger patient cohorts.

Pan-immune-inflammation value independently predicts disease recurrence in patients with Merkel cell carcinoma.

PURPOSE: We aimed to determine whether the pan-immune-inflammation value (PIV) of patients with Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) at primary diagnosis differs from controls and whether it is associated with disease stage and outcome. METHODS: In this retrospective study, we recruited MCC patients with stage I-III. PIV was calculated from absolute complete blood cell counts obtained within one week at MCC diagnosis as follows: [neutrophils (103/mm3) × platelets (103/mm3) × monocytes (103/mm3)]/lymphocytes (103/mm3). As controls, we studied age-gender-matched cutaneous melanoma (CM, stage I-III) patients and healthy controls (HC). Univariate and multivariate statistics were used. RESULTS: The median PIV in MCC patients was significantly increased compared to both CM patients as well as healthy controls. PIV of MCC patients in stage II and III was significantly higher compared to stage I patients. ROC analysis revealed that MCC recurrence was significantly associated with a PIV greater than 372 [p < 0.0001, Youden index 0.58; hazard ratio: 4 (95% confidence interval: 1.7 to 9.2)]. In multivariate analysis, only a PIV greater than 372 and higher MCC stage were determined as independent predictors for disease recurrence. CONCLUSION: We determined, for the first time, the prognostic ability of the promising blood-based biomarker PIV in MCC patients and observed that PIV is increased in MCC patients in dependence on disease stage and independently predicts MCC recurrence.