Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) regional nodal disease at standard lymphadenectomy: is MRI accurate for identifying node-positive patients?

OBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy of qualitative and quantitative MRI features for the diagnosis of pathologic regional lymph nodes at standard lymphadenectomy in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). METHODS: All adult patients with pancreatic MRI performed from 2011 to 2021 within 3 months of a pancreaticoduodenectomy were eligible for inclusion in this single-center retrospective cohort study. Regional nodes at standard lymphadenectomy were independently reviewed by two fellowship-trained abdominal radiologists for the following qualitative features: heterogeneous T2 signal, round shape, indistinct margin, peri-nodal fat stranding, and restricted diffusion greater than the spleen. Quantitative characteristics including primary tumor size, largest node short- and long-axes length, number of regional nodes, absolute apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values, and ADC node-to-spleen signal index were assessed. Analysis was at the patient-level with surgical pathology as the reference standard. RESULTS: Of 75 patients, 85% (64/75) were positive for regional nodal disease on histopathology. None of the qualitative variables evaluated on MRI was associated with pathologic nodes. Median primary tumor maximum diameter was slightly larger for patients with pathologic nodes compared to those without (18 mm (10-42 mm) vs 16 mm (9-22 mm), p = 0.027). None of the other quantitative features was associated with pathologic nodes. Radiologist opinion was not associated with pathologic nodes (p = 0.520). Interobserver agreement was fair (kappa = 0.257). CONCLUSIONS: Lymph node morphologic features and radiologist opinion using MRI are of limited value for diagnosing PDAC regional nodal disease. Improved diagnostic techniques are needed given the prognostic implications of pathologic lymph nodes in these patients. KEY POINTS: • Multiple lymph node morphologic features routinely assessed on MRI for malignancies elsewhere in the body are likely not applicable when assessing for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma nodal disease. • Interobserver agreement for the presence or absence of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma lymph node morphologic features on MRI is fair (kappa = 0.257). • Many more lymph nodes are resected at PDAC standard lymphadenectomy than are detectable on MRI, median 25 vs 5 (p < 0.001), suggesting improved diagnostic techniques are needed to identify PDAC nodal disease.

How well do we represent ourselves: an analysis of musculoskeletal radiology fellowships website content in Canada and the USA.

OBJECTIVE: Radiology residents review information available on fellowship program websites for shortlisting programs and for applying for fellowships. The aim of this study was to evaluate the comprehensiveness of musculoskeletal (MSK) fellowship program websites. METHODS: The content of US and Canadian MSK fellowship program websites was evaluated using 25 distinct criteria in the following domains: application, recruitment, research, clinical, education, clinical work, benefits. Programs without websites were excluded from analysis. RESULTS: In Canada and the USA, there were 100 MSK fellowship programs, 90 of them having dedicated websites. The average score across all programs was 9.5/25 or 38%. The most comprehensive program included 18/25 items or 72%. The least comprehensive program included only 1/25 items or 4%. The median score across all programs was 9/25 or 36%.More programs included information on the application process (65.5/90, 72.8%; SD 24.7%) than in education/research (24/90, 26.7%; SD 17.3%) or incentives (12.5/90, 13.9%; SD 7.8%).Mean scores amongst US schools did not differ based on geographical distribution (p = 0.32), although they did by rank; schools ranked in the bottom tier scored lower than the unranked, middle, and top tier schools (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The majority of MSK fellowship program websites are not comprehensive. Areas that needed the most improvement include incentives, education/research, clinical teaching, and recruitment information. Addressing these insufficiencies can help programs in easing the application process for prospective fellows and enhance recruitment.

Equity, diversity & inclusion in academic radiology: An elusive dream.

BACKGROUND: Disparities in sex and race/ethnicity continue to persist in the academic radiology. This study addresses the sex/racial underrepresentation and evolution in the academic radiology. PURPOSE: To evaluate academic radiology temporal trends disparities by analyzing sex and race/ethnicity diversity in academic degree and tenure status. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional analysis conducted using American Association of Medical College database between 2007 and 2018. Trends in academic degree, tenure status, race/ethnicity, and sex assessed with linear regression analysis and Poisson regression model for annual percent change with statistical significance of p < 0.05. RESULTS: Out of 107,213 radiologists 72%, n = 76,893 males and 64%, n = 68,738 white faculty with 1277 males and 872 females. White MD-degree radiologists constitute 67.2%, Asian (20.9%), Black (2.5%), Hispanic (3.2%), multiple (3.4%), unknown (1.8%) and "other" (1%) races with a similar PhD/other doctoral and dual-degree. White faculty recruitment trend (n2007 = 955, n2018 = 703) and representation (-0.82% per year; 95% CI, -1.00 to -0.63; p < 0.0001) decreased, while Asian URM decreased respectively (n2007 = 152, n2018 = 205) (0.68% per year; 95% CI, 0.58 to 0.77; p < 0.0001). Females were underrepresented in all categories. CONCLUSION: URM and females are underrepresented in academic radiology. Academic degree types and tenure track may contribute to White and male academic radiologists overrepresentation.

Analysis of Gender Disparity in US and Canadian Radiology Residency Programs.

BACKGROUND: Equity, diversity, and inclusion in academic radiology are a work in progress and although the gender gap has decreased, there remains a paucity of studies examining female representation among radiology trainees over the past decade. OBJECTIVE: The aim of our undertaking was to evaluate gender parity in United States (US) and Canadian radiology residency programs and to suggest future directions to improve female representation MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of publicly available data on radiology residents from the US and Canada was performed from 2007to 2019. Data on diagnostic radiology residents was collected from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education for the US and the Canadian Post M.D. Education Registry for Canada. Statistical tests including regression and ANOVA were used to study the gender proportions from 2007to 2019. RESULTS: There has been little progress in bridging the gender gap in the last 12 years. The proportion of female residents pursuing radiology has remained at an average of 26.74% (n = 1,238of 4,629) in US programs and 31.78% (n = 28 of88) in Canadian programs. The average change in the percentage of female residents was 0.0% per year (P = 0.0) for US programs and -2.9% per year (P = 0.3) for Canadian programs. DISCUSSION: Despite a higher proportion of females in North American medical schools, gender disparity persists among radiology residents. More research is needed to identify barriers limiting female representation and improve gender parity across North American radiology programs.

Diagnostic Test Accuracy of Ultrasonography vs Computed Tomography for Papillary Thyroid Cancer Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Importance: The use of ultrasonography (US) vs cross-sectional imaging for preoperative evaluation of papillary thyroid cancer is debated. Objective: To compare thyroid US and computed tomography (CT) in the preoperative evaluation of papillary thyroid cancer for cervical lymph node metastasis (CLNM), as well as extrathyroidal disease extension. Data Sources: MEDLINE and Embase were searched from January 1, 2000, to July 18, 2020. Study Selection: Studies reporting on the diagnostic accuracy of US and/or CT in individuals with treatment-naive papillary thyroid cancer for CLNM and/or extrathyroidal disease extension were included. The reference standard was defined as histopathology/cytology or imaging follow-up. Independent title and abstract review (2515 studies) followed by full-text review (145 studies) was completed by multiple investigators. Data Extraction and Synthesis: PRISMA guidelines were followed. Methodologic and diagnostic accuracy data were abstracted independently by multiple investigators. Risk of bias assessment was conducted using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2) tool independently and in duplicate. Bivariate random-effects model meta-analysis and multivariable meta-regression modeling was used. Main Outcomes and Measures: Diagnostic test accuracy of US and CT of the neck for lateral and central compartment CLNM, as well as for extrathyroidal disease extension, determined prior to study commencement. Results: A total of 47 studies encompassing 31 942 observations for thyroid cancer (12 771 with CLNM; 1747 with extrathyroidal thyroid extension) were included; 21 and 26 studies were at low and high risk for bias, respectively. Based on comparative design studies, US and CT demonstrated no significant difference in sensitivity (73% [95% CI, 64%-80%] and 77% [95% CI, 67%-85%], respectively; P = .11) or specificity (89% [95% CI, 80%-94%] and 88% [95% CI, 79%-94%], respectively; P = .79) for lateral compartment CLNM. For central compartment metastasis, sensitivity was higher in CT (39% [95% CI, 27%-52%]) vs US (28% [95% CI, 21%-36%]; P = .004), while specificity was higher in US (95% [95% CI, 92%-98%]) vs CT (87% [95% CI, 77%-93%]; P < .001). Ultrasonography demonstrated a sensitivity of 91% (95% CI, 81%-96%) and specificity of 47% (95% CI, 35%-60%) for extrathyroidal extension. Conclusions and Relevance: The findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that further study is warranted of the role of CT for papillary thyroid cancer staging, possibly as an adjunct to US.

The association between child exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) and perpetration of IPV in adulthood-A systematic review.

Increasingly recognized as a distinct form of childhood maltreatment, children's exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) has been shown to be associated with an array of negative psychosocial outcomes, including elevated risk for additional violence over the life course. Although studies have identified child exposure to IPV as a predictor of IPV perpetration in adulthood, no review has critically evaluated the methodology of this quantitative work. The present study examines the association between childhood exposure to IPV and the perpetration of IPV in adulthood based on a systematic review of the literature from inception to January 4, 2016. Databases searched included Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Sociological Abstracts and ERIC. Database searches were complemented with backward and forward citation chaining. Studies were critically appraised using the Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies. Of 5601 articles identified by the search, 19 studies were included for data extraction. Sixteen of these studies found that child exposure to IPV was significantly and positively associated with adult IPV perpetration; three studies reported null findings. The methodological quality of the studies was low. Work thus far has tended to focus on child exposure to physical IPV and the perpetration of physical IPV within heterosexual contexts. In addition, measures of child exposure to IPV vary in their classification of what exposure entails. We critically discuss the strengths and limitations of the existing evidence and the theoretical frameworks informing this work.