The effect of sequential embryo transfer on pregnancy outcomes in patients with recurrent implantation failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to assess the impact of sequential embryo transfer on pregnancy outcomes among patients with recurrent implantation failure (RIF). METHODS: We conducted a comprehensive search across various databases for eligible clinical trials from inception to January 2024. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included if they compared sequential embryo transfer, comprising both cleavage-stage and blastocyst-stage embryos, with other transfer protocols in infertile women with repeated implantation failure. Meta-analysis was performed using Revman software. Our primary focus was on the ongoing pregnancy rate. Our secondary measures included rates of chemical pregnancies, clinical pregnancies, miscarriages, and multiple pregnancies. RESULTS: Seven RCTs, encompassing 909 patients, met the inclusion criteria. Sequential embryo transfer demonstrated a significant increase in the ongoing pregnancy rate compared to the control group (OR = 2.28, 95% CI [1.46, 3.56], p = 0.003). Moreover, the sequential embryo transfer group exhibited notable improvements in chemical and clinical pregnancy rates. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups regarding multiple pregnancy and miscarriage rates (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Sequential embryo transfer shows promise in enhancing pregnancy outcomes among RIF patients. However, additional trials are warranted to validate our findings.

Effect of reduced needle versus standard needle on pain experience during oocyte retrieval procedure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare reduced needle versus standard needle regarding pain experience among women undergoing oocyte retrieval procedures. METHODS: A systematic search was done in Cochrane Library, PubMed, ISI web of science, and Scopus during April 2021. We selected randomized clinical trials (RCTs) compared reduced needle versus standard needle among women undergoing ultrasound-guided oocyte retrieval procedures. Revman software was utilized for performing our meta-analysis. Our primary outcomes were pain scores evaluated by the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) during the procedure, directly post-procedure, and 30 min post-procedure. Our secondary outcomes were the request for more analgesia, clinical pregnancy rate, and rate of vaginal bleeding less than expected. RESULTS: Six RCTs met our inclusion criteria with a total number of 1063 patients. We found reduced needle was linked to a significant reduction in VAS pain score during and directly after the procedure, respectively (MD= -1.54, 95% CI [-2.38, -0.70], p = .003 and MD= -1.14, 95% CI [-1.38, -0.91], p < .001). After removal of the reported heterogeneity, the reduced needle had significantly reduced the pain score 30 min post-procedure and request for more analgesia in comparison with standard needle (p < .001). No significant difference was found between both groups regarding clinical pregnancy rate (p = .17). More patients in reduced needle group were reported to vaginally bleed less than expected compared to standard needle group (RR = 1.91, 95% CI [1.35, 2.70], p = .003). CONCLUSIONS: Patient perceived pain, analgesic requirement, and vaginal bleeding are decreased with reduced needle administration versus standard needle without affecting the clinical pregnancy rate in oocyte retrieval procedure.

Elevated and diagnostic androgens of polycystic ovary syndrome.

INTRODUCTION: A genetic variation at the level of aromatase enzyme and/or androgen receptors was suggested in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). AIM OF THE STUDY: To determine the androgens elevated and diagnostic for PCOS. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 120 PCOS women were compared to non-PCOS controls in this study. The studied women were evaluated thoroughly, including: day 2-3 hormonal profile and any hormonal change confirmed by two laboratory results eight weeks apart. Collected data were analysed to determine the androgens elevated and diagnostic for PCOS. RESULTS: The luteinising hormone (LH) and LH/follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) ratio were significantly high in the studied PCOS group compared to controls (p = 0.02 and 0.01, respectively). In addition, total and free testosterone and androstenedione were significantly high in the studied PCOS group compared to controls (p = 0.001, 0.003, and 0.02, respectively).The studied PCOS group had higher relative risk (RR) and odds ratio (OR) of elevated total testosterone (2.4 and 5.7, respectively), elevated free testosterone (2.9 and 4.9, respectively), and elevated androstenedione (3.0 and 4.8, respectively), compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS: Testosterone (both total and free testosterone) and androstenedione were the main elevated androgens and were diagnostic for excess ovarian androgens in the studied PCOS women, whereas dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) was not elevated and/or diagnostic for excess ovarian androgens in the studied PCOS women.

Sublingual vs vaginal misoprostol for completion of first trimester missed abortion: a randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of sublingual and vaginal misoprostol for termination of pregnancy in women with first trimester missed abortion. METHODS: A single-blind, parallel group, randomised clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02686840) was conducted in a university hospital between 1 February 2016 and 31 January 2017. All women who presented with first trimester missed abortion were invited to participate in the study and were randomised to one of two groups: one group received sublingual misoprostol in three doses of 800 µg every 4 h, while a second group received vaginal misoprostol in the same dosage regimen. The primary outcome of the study was the rate of complete abortion within 7 days after initiation of treatment. RESULTS: The study included 200 women (100 in each arm). By day 7, successful complete abortion was significantly more frequent in the sublingual misoprostol group (71.4%) than in the vaginal misoprostol group (51.5%) (p = .006). By day 30, the rate of complete abortion was higher in the sublingual misoprostol group (90.6%) than in the vaginal misoprostol group (83.9%), but with no statistically significant difference (p = .164). The mean length of the induction-expulsion interval in the sublingual misoprostol group was significantly shorter compared with the vaginal misoprostol group (12.3 ± 3.1 h vs 16.4 ± 4.2 h, respectively; p = .001) and the sublingual misoprostol group had a smaller drop in haemoglobin level (p = .001). The side effects of misoprostol were significantly more frequent in the sublingual group compared with the vaginal group. CONCLUSION: Sublingual misoprostol is more effective than vaginal misoprostol in completing first trimester missed abortion, with a shorter induction-expulsion time. Sublingual misoprostol is, however, associated with more side effects, such as unpleasant taste, gastrointestinal symptoms and fever, compared with vaginal misoprostol.

Oral micronised flavonoids versus tranexamic acid for treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding secondary to copper IUD use: a randomised double-blind clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of micronised flavonoids versus tranexamic acid in reducing menstrual blood loss (MBL) associated with the use of the TCu 380A intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) in women with heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB). METHODS: We conducted a randomised double-blind clinical trial between October 2016 and August 2017 in 100 women with HMB (defined as a pictorial blood assessment chart [PBAC] score >100) secondary to IUD use. After assessment of MBL using PBAC score in a baseline cycle, participants were randomised to receive either oral tranexamic acid 500 mg or oral micronised flavonoids 500 mg every 6 h for the first three days of menstruation. PBAC scores were collected in the three subsequent treatment cycles. The primary outcome was the difference in PBAC scores between the groups. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to assess the primary outcome of the change in PBAC scores. RESULTS: Mean PBAC scores were significantly improved in the tranexamic acid group compared with the micronised flavonoids group (236 ± 48, 105 ± 26, 97 ± 16 and 93 ± 15 at the baseline, first, second and third study cycle, respectively, versus 227 ± 52, 139 ± 29, 128 ± 25 and 125 ± 24 in the micronised flavonoids group; p = .01). Moreover, the number of bleeding days and number of pads used were significantly reduced in the tranexamic acid group compared with the micronised flavonoids group (p = .009 and p = .03, respectively). Side effects were comparable between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Oral tranexamic acid compared with oral micronised flavonoids is more effective in reducing HMB associated with copper IUD use. Treating IUD-induced HMB using tranexamic acid was more effective compared with micronised flavonoids in decreasing MBL volume and the number of bleeding days.

The impact of systemic methotrexate and surgical management on fertility preservation in tubal ectopic pregnancy among Saudi women.

BACKGROUND: The impact of various management plans on subsequent fertility after tubal ectopic pregnancy (EP) is not well known. The objective of the present study was an evaluation of the subsequent fertility outcome among women with EP managed either surgical or medical with systemic methotrexate or medical management followed by surgical one. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was done by reviewing of medical records of all women diagnosed with EP at King Faisal Military Hospital, Southern Region, Saudi Arabia throughout the period from January 2015 to December 2016 provided that they were hemodynamic stable, with starting ßhCG level less than 10000 IU/L, and adnexal mass less than 5 cm. These cases were followed for four years from January 2017 to December 2020. RESULTS: The study included 85 women with EP. Their mean age was 31.3 ± 6.7 years. Medical management (systemic Methotrexate) was followed in 48.2% of cases whereas surgical management was applied for 43.5% of them while medical management followed by surgical one was seen in 8.2% of cases. Complete follow-up throughout 2017-2020 was available for 52 women. A history of recurrent EP was observed among 3 women (5.8%). Most of them (75%) had a viable pregnancy. There was no statistically significant association between the method of management of EP and subsequent fertility, although the rate of normal pregnancy (intrauterine viable pregnancy ≥ 24 weeks which is the age of viability at our hospital) was higher among those managed surgically or by medical followed by surgical management than those managed medical only (84.6% and 100% vs. 62.5%). CONCLUSION: Although the normal pregnancy rate was higher among those managed surgically or by medical followed by surgical management than those managed medically only, this was not statistically significant.

The impact of music therapy on anxiety and pregnancy rate among infertile women undergoing assisted reproductive technologies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: We aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of music therapy on anxiety and pregnancy rates among infertile women undergoing to perform assisted reproductive technologies (ART).Methods: Cochrane Library, PubMed, ISI web of science, and Scopus were searched from inception to May 2021. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared music therapy (intervention group) to no music intervention (control group). Our primary outcomes were anxiety score using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) tool and pain score utilizing the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Our secondary outcomes were the overall satisfaction score and clinical pregnancy rate. We extracted the available data from included studies and pooled them in a meta-analysis model using RevMan software. The overall quality of evidence was assessed through GRADEpro GDT software.Results: Seven RCTs with a total number of 793 patients were included in our study. Music therapy significantly reduced the anxiety score compared to control group (MD= -3.09, 95% CI [-5.57, -0.61], p = 0.01). Moreover, pain score was significantly improved after music treatment (MD= -2.93, 95% CI [-3.86, -2.00], p > 0.001). A significant improvement in the overall satisfaction score was found among music therapy group (MD= 1.51, 95% CI [0.40, 2.61], p = 0.008). Although more women in music therapy group experienced an increase in the clinical pregnancy rate in comparison with control group, the result was not statistically significant (RR= 1.08, 95% CI [0.94, 1.26], p = 0.28). The GRADEpro GDT tool showed a moderate quality of evidence for the evaluated outcomes.Conclusions: There is evidence of moderate quality that music therapy improves anxiety, pain, and satisfaction scores among infertile women undergoing ART. Moreover, it increases the clinical pregnancy rate but without statistical significance. More trials with a larger sample size are needed to investigate the influence of music therapy on the clinical outcomes of ART.

Value of intrauterine platelet-rich concentrates in patients with intrauterine adhesions after hysteroscopy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the value of intrauterine platelet-rich concentrates among patients with intrauterine adhesions (IUAs) after hysteroscopic adhesiolysis. METHODS: Four different databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and ISI web of science) were searched for the available studies from inception to November 2021. We selected randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that compared platelet-rich concentrates in the intervention group versus no injection of platelet-rich concentrates in the control group among women with intrauterine adhesions after operative hysteroscopy. Revman software was utilized for performing our meta-analysis. Our primary outcomes were the adhesion score and incidence of recurrence of severe intrauterine adhesions postoperatively. Our secondary outcomes were the clinical pregnancy rate, menstrual flow duration in days, and menstrual flow amount (number of pads). RESULTS: Five RCTs met our inclusion criteria with a total number of 329 patients. We found that platelet-rich concentrates were linked to a significant reduction in the postoperative adhesion score (MD = -1.00, 95% CI [-1.68, -0.32], p = 0.004). Moreover, there was a significant reduction in the incidence of severe IUAs recurrence among the platelet-rich concentrates group (7.6%) compared to the control group (23.4%) after hysteroscopy (p = 0.001). The clinical pregnancy rate was significantly increased among the platelet-rich concentrates group (37.1%) in comparison with the control group (20.7%) after hysteroscopic adhesiolysis (p = 0.008). There were significant improvements in the menstrual flow duration and amount among the platelet-rich concentrates group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Intrauterine placement of platelet-rich concentrates is an effective method for the treatment of intrauterine adhesions after hysteroscopy.

Transvaginal sonographic measurement of cervical length versus Bishop score in labor induction at term for prediction of caesarean delivery.

OBJECTIVE: The current study aims to compare between a transvaginal sonographic measurement of cervical length and Bishop score in the induction of labor (IOL) at term for prediction of cesarean delivery (CD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective cohort study included 320 full-term pregnant women attending Ain Shams Maternity Hospital in the period from August 2017 to February 2018 were enrolled. Seventy-three women were delivered by CD (positive group), and 247 women were delivered vaginally (negative group). All patients had a vaginal examination for assessing the Bishop Score before IOL then a transvaginal ultrasound for assessment of cervical length. IOL was initiated by using PGE1 analog. The primary outcome measure was the accuracy of the cervical length or the bishop score for prediction of the CD. RESULTS: In our current study, CD was achieved in 22.8% of all participants while vaginal delivery was achieved in 77.8% after IOL by misoprostol 25 micrograms within 24 h from the beginning of induction. Both the cervical length and Bishop Score had poor predictive value for CD (AUC = 0.694 and 0.623, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Both transvaginal sonography for cervical length and Bishop score are useful predictors of the need for CD following labor induction.

Complications associated with higher order compared to lower order cesarean sections.

Background: The rate of multiple cesarean sections is persistently on the rise because of cultural demands for large families, and multiple cesarean sections are an important cause of maternal morbidity and mortality.Objectives: This study was designed to detect the complications associated with higher order compared to lower order cesarean sections.Materials and methods: The hospitals record of women who had a cesarean section performed after three or more previous cesarean sections, and those who had a cesarean section for the second time over 2 years reviewed. Women with ≥3 cesarean sections admitted for elective cesarean section after 38 weeks' gestation, and those with ≥3 cesarean sections admitted in labor for emergency cesarean section were included in group 1. Women with history of previous one lower segment cesarean section (LSCS), who refused trial of labor and women with one LSCS who had an emergency cesarean section after failed trial of labor (TOL) were included in group 2. Antenatal, intraoperative, and postoperative data were reviewed. Statistical analysis done using SPSS version 20 (Chicago, Illinois, USA), to detect the complications associated with higher order compared to lower order cesarean sections. Primary outcome measures; complications associated with higher order compared to lower order cesarean sections. Secondary outcome measures; intraoperative, and postoperative complications.Results: Four hundred and fifty (450) women undergoing repeat cesarean section studied; 32.2% (145/450) had ≥3 previous cesarean sections (group 1), and 67.8% (305/450) had previous one cesarean section (group 2). In group 1, 77.2% (112/145) had previous three cesarean sections, 12.4% (18/145) had previous four cesarean sections, 9% (13/145) had previous five cesarean sections, and 1.4% (2/145) had previous six cesarean sections. The proportion of unbooked admission, and emergency cesarean sections were significantly high in group 2 compared to group 1 (11.1% (34/305) and 73.1% (223/305) versus 4.83% (7/145) and 40.7% (59/145); respectively) (p<.05, 95% CI; 0.1-0.2) and p<.01, 95% CI; 0.4-11.4; respectively. The risk of dense omental adhesions, and bladder injuries were significantly high in group 1 compared to group 2 (4.14% (6/145) and 1.38% (2/145) versus 0.66% (2/305) and 0% (0/305); respectively), (p=.01 (95% CI; 0.6-1.6) and p=.01 (95% CI; 0.5-5.5); respectively). Logistic regression analysis showed that the bladder injury was 5 times more (odds ratio 5.0 (95% CI; 0.035-711.8)) and the blood transfusion was 4.7 times more (odds ratio 4.7 (95% CI; 0.147-151.5)) in women with >3 repeat cesarean sections compared to women with previous one cesarean section (insignificant difference p=.52 and .38; respectively).Conclusion: The risk of dense omental adhesions and bladder injury was significantly high in women with previous ≥3 cesarean sections compared to women with previous one cesarean section. Logistic regression analysis showed that the bladder injury was five times more and the blood transfusion was 4.7 times more in women with >3 repeat cesarean sections compared to women with previous one cesarean section (insignificant difference).

Efficacy of ferrous bis-glycinate versus ferrous glycine sulfate in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia with pregnancy: a randomized double-blind clinical trial.

Objective: The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy and tolerability of oral ferrous bis-glycinate versus ferrous glycine sulfate in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) with pregnancy.Methods: A randomized double-blind clinical trial (NCT02590224) conducted at a tertiary University Hospital in the period between 1 January 2016 and 31 July 2017 included pregnant women at 14-18 weeks of gestation with mild to moderate IDA. Patients were randomized into two groups: (Group I) received oral ferrous bis-glycinate tablets once daily for eight consecutive weeks and (Group II) received oral ferrous glycine sulfate capsules in the same dose and duration. The primary outcome of the study was the rate of increase of hemoglobin (HB) level after 8 weeks of iron treatment.Results: The study included 187 women in the final analysis. The mean increase in HB level after 8 weeks of treatment in ferrous bis-glycinate group was 2.48 ± 0.12 g/dL versus 1.32 ± 0.18 g/dL in ferrous glycine sulfate group (p ≤ .0001). The percentage of women with HB level more than 11 g/dL after 8 weeks of treatment was 89.2% in ferrous bis-glycinate group versus 71.3% in ferrous glycine sulfate group (p < .0001). The rate of adverse effects was significantly higher in ferrous glycine sulfate group (p = .001).Conclusions: Pregnant women with second trimester IDA could be supplied with ferrous bis-glycinate which is more efficient in increasing HB level. Moreover, it has tolerable adverse effects and high compliance than ferrous glycine sulfate.

The effect of prophylactic oral tranexamic acid plus buccal misoprostol on blood loss after vaginal delivery: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of prophylactic oral tranexamic acid (TA) plus buccal misoprostol on the amount of blood loss after vaginal delivery in women at low risk for post-partum hemorrhage (PPH). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was a randomized open label clinical trial conducted in a tertiary University Hospital between January 2016 and June 2017. We included women who delivered vaginally with a singleton pregnancy. They were randomized into three groups: group I (women received 10 IU oxytocin IV after delivery of the baby), group II (women received 600 µg buccal misoprostol after delivery of the baby), and group III (women received 1000 mg oral TA at the end of the first stage of labor plus 600 µg buccal misoprostol after delivery of the baby). In each group, pre- and post-delivery pulse rate, blood pressure, temperature, and hemoglobin level were evaluated. Additionally, the amount of blood loss, need for blood transfusion, need for additional uterotonics, and side effects of the study medications were recorded. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant lower hemoglobin level and higher blood loss in the misoprostol group compared with oxytocin group and TA plus misoprostol group (p = .0001). There was a statistically significant higher hemoglobin level and lower blood loss in the TA plus misoprostol group compared with the oxytocin group (p = .004 and .043, respectively). PPH occurred in 16.7% of women in the misoprostol group compared 1.7% in the oxytocin group and no cases of PPH in the TA plus misoprostol group (p = .0001). CONCLUSIONS: In settings like rural area or home delivery in which oxytocin is not available, alternative oral TA plus buccal misoprostol may be considered as an effective line in prevention of PPH.

Urinary tract injuries during cesarean section in patients with morbid placental adherence: retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the cases of lower urinary tract injuries during cesarean section with or without hysterectomy in cases with morbid placental adherence. METHODS: This record based retrospective study was conducted at Ain Shams University Maternity Hospital in Cairo, Egypt during the period between January 2014 and December 2016. It included all patients who had urinary tract injuries during cesarean section with or without hysterectomy in the cases with morbid placental adherence and they were collected from files of pregnant women who were admitted at hospital planned for termination of pregnancy. Patients were enrolled in four groups, Group 1: cases without urinary tract injuries. Group 2: cases with injuries to the bladder. Group 3: cases with injuries of the ureter. Group 4: cases with injuries to the bladder and ureter. RESULTS: This study gave us new information about the incidence of urinary tract injuries during cesarean section with morbid adherence placenta was 21.7% (Bladder 11.7%, Ureter 4.7%, and bladder with ureter 5.3%). There were various types of repair of urinary tract injury, as the following, bladder repair 10.8%, ureteric catheterization 0.9%, ureterovesical repair or reimplantation 1.5%, bladder repair and ureterovesical 1.2%, bladder repair and ureteric catheterization 2.3%, ureteric catheterization and ureterovesical 1.5 and 6.4% of cases needed urologic consultations. There is a real relation between urinary tract injury and obesity (55.3%). Bladder invasion was found in only 26.9% of all cases according to sonography findings. Most of the cases were delivered by cesarean section in 67.5%, and the remainders were delivered by cesarean hysterectomy 32.5%. About 96.5% of cases needed a blood transfusion. CONCLUSIONS: The morbid adherent placenta is still a challenge, which faces us as obstetricians, due to high morbidity and mortality. A multidisciplinary team is mandatory to avoid complications.

Prognostic accuracy of cerebroplacental ratio for adverse perinatal outcomes in pregnancies complicated with severe pre-eclampsia; a prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: The current study aims to assess the efficacy of fetal middle cerebral artery/umbilical artery pulsatility index ratio (cerebroplacental ratio CPR) in predicting the occurrence of adverse perinatal outcomes in pregnancies complicated with severe pre-eclampsia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cohort study included 100 pregnant women between 34 and 40 weeks of gestation attended the labor ward and diagnosed with severe pre-eclampsia. Doppler evaluation was carried out to measure the CPR. Apgar score and fetal umbilical artery pH were assessed within 5 min of delivery. The rate of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission was obtained. RESULTS: Apgar score at 5 min >7 was in 82 cases (82%) and 12 cases (12%) scored < 7. Fetal blood PH was >7.2 in 67% of cases while 33% of cases had PH <7.2. As regard the NICU admission; 66% of neonates did not need admission while 34% of neonates were admitted to the NICU. There was a significant association between CPR and low Apgar score at 5 min (P < 0.001). The sensitivity of CPR in detection of Apgar score <7 was 50%, and specificity 88.1%. CPR had a poor predictive value of the low umbilical artery PH <7.2 (P = 0.318) with 43.75% sensitivity and 69.05% specificity. There was a significant association between CPR and NICU admission (P = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: Adding CPR ratio to routine antepartum fetal surveillance from 34 weeks gestation may help with patient counseling regarding adverse neonatal outcomes for women with severe pre-eclampsia as there is a strong correlation between it and adverse neonatal outcomes.

Five-dimensional long bones biometry for estimation of femur length and fetal weight at term compared to two-dimensional ultrasound: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate accuracy of five-dimensional long bones (5D LB) compared to two-dimensional ultrasound (2DUS) biometry to predict fetal weight among normal term women. METHODS: Fifty six normal term women were recruited at Ain Shams Maternity Hospital, Egypt from 14 May to 30 November 2015. Fetal weight was estimated by Hadlock's IV formula using 2DUS and 5D LB. Estimated fetal weights (EFW) by 2DUS and 5D LB were compared with actual birth weights (ABW). RESULTS: Mean femur length (FL) was 7.07 ± 0.73 cm and 6.74 ± 0.67 cm by 2DUS and 5D LB (p = .02). EFW was 3309.86 ± 463.06 g by 2DUS and 3205.46 ± 447.85 g by 5D LB (p = .25). No statistical difference was observed between ABW and EFW by 2DUS (p = .7) or 5D LB (p = .45). Positive correlation was found between EFW by 2DUS, 5D LB, and ABW (r = 0.67 and 0.7; p < .001). There was strong agreement between FL measured by 2DUS and 5D LB (ICC = 0.78), and perfect agreement between EFW by 2DUS and EFW by 5D LB (ICC = 0.918). 2DUS and 5D LB showed mean absolute percentage error for EFW of 10 ± 7% and 8 ± 7% compared to ABW (p = .15). CONCLUSIONS: 2DUS and 5D LB had same accuracy for fetal weight estimation at normal term pregnancy.