RESUMEN
Representations of disease in Renaissance paintings have been discussed in medical literature, in the context of historical epidemiology, as potential sources of information about the incidence and appearance of particular conditions in earlier times. The present study seeks to show how Renaissance art can also contribute to historical nosology by casting light on the question of whether particular conditions recognized as abnormal today were understood as pathological in the past. The hands of two Renaissance Madonna figures are examined in sculptures produced by Francesco di Simone Ferrucci (1437-1493). Because the Virgin Mary was considered physically perfect by believers, and because Francesco was a successful producer of devotional sculptures for a wide audience, it is highly probable that any abnormal conditions found in the hands of Madonnas sculpted by him would not have been regarded as pathological at the time. The sculptures examined appear to depict camptodactyly and boutonniere deformity in the hands of Madonna figures. These uncommon conditions are also found in Renaissance artworks that show other individuals of high social status, but their presence in the hands of the Madonna gives the strongest indication that they were not considered pathological, due to religious belief in the Virgin's physical perfection. Examination of Madonna figures in late fifteenth century Renaissance art can contribute to historical nosology by identifying abnormal conditions that were not regarded as pathological at the time. The examples of such conditions identified in the present study are camptodactyly and boutonniere deformity.
RESUMEN
Bartolomeo Vivarini (1432-1499) was the most prolific member of a prominent 15th-century Venetian family of artists who specialised in religious art, particularly altarpieces. Unlike their Florentine counterparts, Venetian artists of this period were typically more concerned with decorative effects than with accuracy of description, so their paintings often lacked detailed anatomical information. Bartolomeo, however, began the move toward anatomical realism in the Vivarini family. Two pictures of saints from his altarpieces are presented here to illustrate his depiction of arthritic hand deformities. The hands of Saint Louis of Toulouse (painted c. 1465-7), a young man who died in his 20s, show signs of inflammatory arthritis, while the effects of degenerative osteoarthritis can be seen in the hands of Saint Mark (painted c. 1470), who is portrayed as a man in late middle age. These observations extend the findings of previous studies of Florentine altarpieces from the same period, as well as more general studies of deformed extremities in Italian, Flemish and French Renaissance paintings. They also support the broader proposition that when 15th-century Venetian painters began to embrace anatomical realism they were capable of providing sufficient detail to enable pathological deformities in their figures to be identified.
Asunto(s)
Osteoartritis/historia , Pinturas/historia , Santos/historia , Mano , Historia del Siglo XV , Historia del Siglo XVI , Humanos , Medicina en las ArtesRESUMEN
A fifteenth-century Florentine altarpiece painted by the Pollaiuolo brothers, Antonio (1433-1498) and Piero (1443-1496), shows three saints with evident deformities of the hands and feet. The pathologies concerned are tentatively identified, and various rationales for their presence in the painting are discussed. Of particular importance is the location of the altarpiece in a chapel which houses the tomb of the Cardinal of Portugal, Prince James of Lusitania (1433-1459). It is argued that both the artistic style of the day and the religious symbolism of the Cardinal's funeral chapel contributed to the artists' decision to portray the saints with deformities. An unnatural curvature of the fifth finger was apparently considered elegant in fifteenth-century paintings, and the depiction of bare feet with hallux valgus gave them a shape which approximated and could have been caused by fashionable pointed shoes. But in addition, deformities in religious art could be symbolic of suffering and martyrdom, a theme which the Cardinal's chapel emphasised in a number of ways. It is suggested therefore that the Pollaiuolo altarpiece reconciles these two disparate factors, portraying genuine deformities in a way that was artistically stylish and symbolically meaningful.
Asunto(s)
Hallux Valgus/historia , Deformidades de la Mano/historia , Medicina en las Artes , Pinturas/historia , Santos , Historia del Siglo XV , ItaliaRESUMEN
Examination of the four saints in Filippino Lippi's Magrini Altarpiece (c. 1482) shows that they all have hand deformities of various kinds. The two saints on the viewer's left, St Rocco and St Sebastian, are portrayed as young, aristocratic men. Those on the viewer's right, St Jerome and St Helena, are depicted as a much older man and a young woman, respectively. It is of interest that the two young men have more significant deformities, while the older man and the young woman are less severely affected. The realism of the depiction of the young men's hands makes it probable that the artist deliberately chose models with arthritic deformities or else painted the hands from memory after having observed other arthritis sufferers. As a more speculative concluding note, it is also suggested, on the basis of comparisons with other paintings from the same period, that the artist may have chosen to depict the young male saints' hands in this way to emphasise both their aristocratic standing and the role of suffering and martyrdom in their traditional biographies.
Asunto(s)
Deformidades de la Mano , Pinturas/historia , Santos/historia , Femenino , Historia del Siglo XV , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To offer a second opinion on the recently published retrospective diagnosis of Cardinal Carlo de' Medici (1596-1666), a prominent member of the grand ducal family then ruling Tuscany. METHODS: Retrospective diagnosis of historical figures is difficult and at times controversial, even with modern technology. It is based on contemporaneous medical descriptions and historical reviews, inherited iconography, and rarely - as in the case of the Medici of Florence - skeletal assessment, completed with radiological, histological and even immunological studies. Modern clinical work is often complemented with a second opinion obtained from specialists in the relevant fields. It is this type of second opinion that our collaborative Australian and Italian team, comprised of an orthopaedic/spinal surgeon, a rheumatologist and two medical historians, now offers. RESULTS: The authors concur with the first opinion's diagnosis of Klippel-Feil syndrome in Carlo de' Medici, but disagree with the diagnoses of tuberculosis (Pott's disease) and rheumatoid arthritis. We find evidence, instead, for a psoriatic-DISH arthropathy with involvement of Klippel-Feil syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: A psoriatic-DISH arthropathy, previously described by the present authors as the 'Medici syndrome', was commonly found in the males of the primary branch of the family. The diagnosis of this condition in Cardinal Carlo de' Medici represents its first identification in a male of the secondary (grand ducal) branch of the family.
Asunto(s)
Artritis Psoriásica/historia , Personajes , Síndrome de Klippel-Feil/historia , Historia del Siglo XVII , Humanos , Italia , MasculinoRESUMEN
The identity of the young man in Jacopo Pontormo's Portrait of a Halberdier has long been disputed by art historians. Two probable candidates have been identified: Francesco Guardi, a Florentine nobleman, and Cosimo I de' Medici, Duke of Florence from 1537 and Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1569. The present study is intended to help resolve this controversy by providing evidence, based on pathological criteria, for the identification of Pontormo's Halberdier. Pathological anomalies of the finger joints in the left hand of the Halberdier are compared with those in three acknowledged portraits of Cosimo I de' Medici. These three portraits show the hands of Cosimo in approximately the same position as the Halberdier's hand, thus allowing a meaningful comparison. Detailed observation indicates that there is a close correspondence between the Halberdier's hand deformity and that of Cosimo I in the comparison portraits. This deformity is also consistent with what is known about the medical history of Cosimo I and with the skeletal remains of his left hand. The pathological evidence supports the conclusion that Pontormo's Halberdier is Cosimo I as a young man and that the painting was done around 1537 when Cosimo first became Duke.
Asunto(s)
Articulaciones de los Dedos/anomalías , Pinturas/historia , Articulaciones de los Dedos/diagnóstico por imagen , Historia del Siglo XVI , Humanos , Masculino , RadiografíaRESUMEN
Paul Klee was a major contributor to the development of modern European art. An ethnic German (although born in Switzerland) and a German citizen, he was persecuted by the Nazi government on political rather than racial grounds because of his allegedly "degenerate" artistic style. Dismissed from his teaching position, he emigrated to Switzerland in 1933; shortly afterward he became ill with systemic sclerosis and struggled with this condition for the remaining years of his life. Many publications have examined the effect of social rejection and illness on his art, but the present study considers the effect of these adversities on Klee's attitude toward his fellow humans. After being an extreme misanthrope in his early adult years, he developed an attitude of cosmic indifference toward humanity during the First World War, which he then maintained until the end of 1939. Although his rejection by Germany had been a significant emotional blow, it was the physical suffering caused by his illness that led him, at the end of his life, to show compassion toward the suffering of other individuals. In this he was like tragic figures such as King Lear who learned from their great misfortunes to value humanity.
Asunto(s)
Personajes , Medicina en las Artes , Esclerodermia Sistémica/historia , Alemania , Historia del Siglo XX , Pinturas/historia , SuizaRESUMEN
Jusepe de Ribera's seventeenth-century painting devoted to the sense of taste, part of a series on the five senses, depicts a man from one of 'the humbler walks of life' enjoying his meal. The redness of the man's cheeks and nose, and the swollen index finger on his left hand, are discussed in relation to the food and drink shown in the painting. It is suggested that the man's high purine intake combined with a substantial quantity of alcohol supports the hypothesis that the swollen finger is affected by gout, which was traditionally considered a 'patrician disease'. Ribera's portrayal of a well-fed but non-patrician figure with gouty arthritis of the finger may have been intended as a warning against overindulgence and gluttony at all levels of society.
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Artritis Gotosa/historia , Medicina en las Artes , Pinturas/historia , Historia del Siglo XVII , Humanos , ItaliaRESUMEN
This article analyses the nature of the multiple finger anomalies found in portraits by the French Renaissance artistic dynasty, the Clouets. The multiplicity of finger anomalies could be either innocent congenital variants, or pathological and traumatic deformities. In view of the presence of such `beautifying variations' in the works of other Renaissance artists, the authors decided that these features were not the result of an epidemic of deformities, but instead represented a stylistic approach in paintings of this period at the French Court.
Asunto(s)
Dedos/anomalías , Deformidades de la Mano/historia , Medicina en las Artes , Pinturas , Francia , Historia del Siglo XVI , HumanosRESUMEN
Johann Christoph Friedrich Schiller (1759-1805) is remembered today for his contributions to literature and aesthetic theory-it is less well known that his first career was in medicine (an army appointment). Scholars have generally held that his primary interest lay in psychology and the psychological aspects of medicine, and that his commitment to other aspects of medicine was perfunctory at best. The present paper argues that a study of Schiller's three medical dissertations-two on psychological aspects of medicine and one on fevers-reveals his attempt "to maintain a balance" between the mind and the body in his approach to medicine.
Asunto(s)
Tesis Académicas como Asunto/historia , Literatura Moderna/historia , Filosofía Médica/historia , Arte/historia , Fiebre/historia , Historia del Siglo XVIII , Historia del Siglo XIX , Humanos , Países Bajos , Psicología/historiaRESUMEN
The great Renaissance scholar Erasmus of Rotterdam was a pioneering advocate of the importance of medicine for social as well as individual welfare. Erasmus' "Oration in praise of the art of medicine" (1518) illustrates his literary approach to this topic. Although the original version of his text did not address the state's role in promoting the health of the populace, Erasmus inserted new material on this topic into the "Oration" for a 1529 edition. This new material and references in some of his other writings from the same period indicate that it was in the 1520s that Erasmus first became a strong advocate of government intervention in public health matters. It is suggested that medical events in Erasmus' own life-his experiences both as a patient and as an observer of diseases-may explain why his interest in public health legislation increased significantly around this time.
Asunto(s)
Historia del Siglo XVI , Salud Pública/historia , Brotes de Enfermedades/historia , Europa (Continente) , Historia del Siglo XV , Humanos , Países Bajos , Peste/historia , Sífilis/historiaRESUMEN
The German-Swiss modernist painter Paul Klee (1879-1940) suffered in the final years of his life from a severe illness, diagnosed in 1936 as scleroderma, later renamed SSc. New classification criteria for this disease issued in 2013 now allow for a diagnosis to be confirmed. Important for this process, however, is the question of whether or not Klee's hands were affected by his illness. The morphology of the artist's hands and evidence of dysgraphic changes in his handwriting are reviewed as indications of his manual pathology. Despite his illness, Klee triumphed over his infirmity, simplifying his painting and drawing styles and substantially increasing his artistic output from 1936 until his death in 1940.
Asunto(s)
Agrafia/historia , Personajes , Pinturas/historia , Esclerodermia Sistémica/historia , Agrafia/etiología , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Masculino , Esclerodermia Sistémica/complicaciones , SuizaRESUMEN
The diagnosis of Fixed Sagittal Imbalance (FSI), previously known as Flat Back Syndrome, requires the measurement of spinal curvatures on a lateral radiograph in the standing position (C7-S1). It can be difficult to position a spastic patient, sometimes repeated exposure are required, at separate thoracic and lumbar levels, increasing the radiation dosage. CT Scanography is suggested as an alternative radiological diagnostic method since it is rapid to perform. The patient is comfortably positioned (horizontal) and it combines both prone and supine positions, therefore acting as a functional examination. This test was performed on 34 consecutive patients with fractured vertebrae (lumbar, dorsal) and with back pain persisting beyond the bone healing period. The functional scanogram was found to be accurate in diagnosing sagittal imbalances, but more importantly it offered reduction in radiation: in Entrance dose; in Effective dose and Absorption dose. Scanogram is therefore proposed as an alternative method for the diagnosis of FSI.
Asunto(s)
Dolor de Espalda/diagnóstico por imagen , Dosis de Radiación , Curvaturas de la Columna Vertebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Fracturas de la Columna Vertebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X/métodos , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Humanos , Vértebras Lumbares/diagnóstico por imagen , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , PosturaRESUMEN
A better understanding of the relationship between medicine and art could have significant implications for the role of the creative arts in medical education. This study seeks to contribute to that understanding by providing an overview of the involvement of medical practitioners in artistic creation from the Renaissance to the present--based on historical material, statements published by medico-artists in professional journals, and an informal survey of members of a Medical Art Society. Our findings support the hypothesis that there are close links between medical practice and artistic creativity, and that individuals who engage in both forms of activity find the interaction beneficial. The implications of this hypothesis are that the inclusion of practical art training in the medical curriculum would not only enrich the experience of medical students during their education, but would also enhance their later wellbeing, both while they are engaged in medical practice and after they have retired. Although this study is preliminary, we believe that we have identified a consistent relationship which, if established, would have significant implications for medical education, and which therefore merits further investigation by psychological, sociological and educational researchers. The article concludes with some suggestions for further research.