Characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome of Mango tilapia (Sarotherodon galilaeus: Cichlidae).

BACKGROUND: Sarotherodon galilaeus (Linné, 1758) is a member of the family Cichlidae, which is considered the most important aquaculture freshwater species endemic to Africa and the Middle East. The genetics and molecular biology of this species are rare. This requires more comprehensive mitochondrial genomes-based phylogenetics to enhance understanding of the relationship and delineate this species. METHODS AND RESULTS: Here, we assembled the complete mitogenome of S. galilaeus using Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology. The mango tilapia mitogenome was 16,631 bp in length with an AT composition of 53.4% and 46.4% GC content. It encodes 37 genes comprising two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), and 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs) as well as the D-loop known as the control region. The phylogenetic tree was conducted to provide a relationship within the haplotilapiine lineage based on the maximum likelihood method, and the newly sequenced S. galilaeus was clustered with other Sarotherodon species. CONCLUSION: Our results provide a new perception of the genetic basis of S. galilaeus species for further research on systematics, evolution, population genetics, and molecular ecology.

Growth performance, carcass criteria, and serum biochemical parameters of broiler chickens supplemented with either synbiotic or prebiotic under hot climatic conditions.

1. Two separate experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of either prebiotic or synbiotic on growth performance, carcass yield, organ weights, and serum metabolic profile of broilers under hot climatic conditions. 2. In experiment 1, 150 1-d-old Ross 308 male broiler chickens were fed dietary synbiotic (Biomin® IMBO, 0, 1 or 1.5 g kg-1 of the starter diets and 0, 0.5 or 0.75 g kg-1 of the grower diets) for 6 weeks. In experiment 2, 150 1-d-old Ross 308 male broiler chickens were fed dietary prebiotic (Mannan oligosaccharide 0, 0.5 or 1 g kg-1 of the starter diets and 0, 0.25 or 0.5 g kg-1 of the grower diets) for 6 weeks. Each treatment had 10 replicates containing 5 broiler chickens each. 3. Supplementation of synbiotic at 1 or 1.5 g kg-1 feed to broiler diets during 1-21 d and 0.5 or 0.75 g kg-1 feed, respectively, during 22-42 d improved (P < 0.01) body weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and decreased (P < 0.01) abdominal fat, serum total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels in experiment 1. 4. Similarly, supplementation of the prebiotic at 0.5 or 1 g kg-1 in broiler diets during 1-21 d and 0.25 or 0.50 g kg-1 feed, respectively, during 22-42 d improved (P < 0.01) body weight gain, FCR, and decreased (P < 0.01) abdominal fat, serum cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol levels in experiment 2.