Division of labor and growth during electrical cooperation in multicellular cable bacteria.

Multicellularity is a key evolutionary innovation, leading to coordinated activity and resource sharing among cells, which generally occurs via the physical exchange of chemical compounds. However, filamentous cable bacteria display a unique metabolism in which redox transformations in distant cells are coupled via long-distance electron transport rather than an exchange of chemicals. This challenges our understanding of organismal functioning, as the link among electron transfer, metabolism, energy conservation, and filament growth in cable bacteria remains enigmatic. Here, we show that cells within individual filaments of cable bacteria display a remarkable dichotomy in biosynthesis that coincides with redox zonation. Nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry combined with 13C (bicarbonate and propionate) and 15N-ammonia isotope labeling reveals that cells performing sulfide oxidation in deeper anoxic horizons have a high assimilation rate, whereas cells performing oxygen reduction in the oxic zone show very little or no label uptake. Accordingly, oxygen reduction appears to merely function as a mechanism to quickly dispense of electrons with little to no energy conservation, while biosynthesis and growth are restricted to sulfide-respiring cells. Still, cells can immediately switch roles when redox conditions change, and show no differentiation, which suggests that the "community service" performed by the cells in the oxic zone is only temporary. Overall, our data reveal a division of labor and electrical cooperation among cells that has not been seen previously in multicellular organisms.

ZraP, the most prominent zinc protein under zinc stress conditions has no direct role in in-vivo zinc tolerance in Escherichia coli.

Escherichia coli ZraP (zinc resistance associated protein) is the major Zn containing soluble protein under Zn stress conditions. ZraP is the accessory protein of a bacterial two-component, Zn2+ sensitive signal transduction system ZraSR. ZraP has also been reported to act as a Zn2+ dependent molecular chaperone. An explanation why ZraP is the major Zn protein under the stress condition of Zn2+ overload (0.2 mM) has remained elusive. We have recombinantly produced E. coli ZraP and measured Zn2+ and Cu2+ affinity in-vitro using Isothermal Titration Calorimetry. ZraP has a significantly higher affinity for Cu2+ than for Zn2+. Mutation of the conserved Cys102 to Ala or Ser resulted in a change of the oligomeric state of the protein. Mutation of the conserved His107 to Ala did not affect the zinc binding affinity or the oligomeric state of the protein. Deletion of the ZraP coding gene from the E. coli genome resulted in a phenotype with tolerance to very high zinc concentrations (up to 2.5 mM) that were lethal to wild type E. coli. These results exclude a direct role for ZraP in Zn2+ tolerance in E. coli.