Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy and Autoimmune Disorders: A Systematic Scoping Review of Published Cases.

Introduction: Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TCM) features transient left ventricular apical dysfunction or ballooning. The underlying mechanism remains elusive; however, evidence suggests the role of different physical and psychological stressors. We systematically reviewed patients presenting with TCM and autoimmunity to explore the link between the two conditions. Methods: We applied the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) to report this review. Using keywords related to autoimmune/immune-mediated diseases and TCM, we searched PubMed, Scopus, and WOS in March 2022. The final results were added to a data extraction sheet. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 26.0. Results: Our search yielded 121 studies, including 155 patients. Females were considerably predominant. Most patients had a history of autoimmune disease, and almost a third had a history of cardiovascular disease. Dyspnea and chest pain were the most common chief complaints. More than 70% of patients had experienced physical stress. Myasthenia gravis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and multiple sclerosis were the most frequently reported autoimmune diseases. Conclusion: There were similarities in age and sex compared to classic TCM. TCM should be considered as a differential diagnosis for ACS, especially in patients with a positive background of autoimmunity. A precise reporting system is required for further studies.

Preventive Effect of Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cell Transplantation on Acute Myocardial Infarction-Induced Heart Failure: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

PURPOSE: Heart failure (HF) is a major complication of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Transplantation of bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM-MNC) in the setting of AMI has been proposed as a means for myocardial tissue regeneration. Several trials have explored the outcomes of these cells on surrogate end points such as left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in patients with AMI. However, the data regarding the clinical efficacy are infrequent. Here, we performed a meta-analysis investigating the effect of BM-MNCs injection on the rate of hospitalization for HF in the long-term follow-up period. METHODS: PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane databases were queried with various combinations of keywords through May 2, 2022. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed to calculate risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of hospitalization for HF, all-cause mortality, and stroke rate. Subgroup analyses for hospitalization based on time and cell dose were performed. RESULTS: A total of 2150 patients with AMI across 22 trials were included for quantitative synthesis. At long-term follow-up, AMI patients treated with an intracoronary injection of BM-MNCs were less likely to be hospitalized for heart failure compared to the control group receiving standard treatment (RR = 0.54, 95% CI = [0.37; 0.78], p = 0.002). There was no association between BM-MNC therapy and all-cause mortality (RR = 0.69, 95% CI = [0.47; 1.01], p = 0.05) and stroke (RR = 1.12, 95% CI= [0.24; 5.21], p = 0.85). CONCLUSION: Autologous injection of BM-MNC in the setting of AMI may be associated with decreased risk of hospitalization of heart failure in the long term. However, its effect on all-cause mortality and stroke rate is questionable.

Protective effects of Panax ginseng against doxorubicin-induced cardiac toxicity in patients with non-metastatic breast cancer: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: Anthracycline-based chemotherapy increases the risk of cancer therapeutics-related cardiac dysfunction. Recently, evidences from in vitro experiments and animal studies have shown that ginsenosides may exert cardiovascular protection against cancer therapeutics-related cardiac dysfunction. Here, we aimed to evaluate this effect in a clinical situation. METHODS: In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, women with non-metastatic breast cancer whose left ventricular ejection fraction was ≥ 50% were randomly assigned in 1:1 ratio to receive ginseng (1 g/day) or placebo besides standard chemotherapy. Echocardiographic measurements were performed at baseline, after the fourth, and eighth chemotherapy cycles. High-sensitive cardiac troponin I was assessed at baseline and after the 4th cycle. The primary endpoint of the study was change in left ventricular ejection fraction. Cancer therapeutics-related cardiac dysfunction was defined as a drop in left ventricular ejection fraction of ≥ 10% from baseline. RESULTS: Results from 30 patients were included in the final analysis (15 patients in each group). In the intervention and control groups, left ventricular ejection fraction was dropped from 62.0 ± 0.9% to 60.7 ± 1.0% (difference = -1.3 ± 1.1%) and from 63.27 ± 1.1% to 58.0 ± 1.3% (difference = -5.27 ± 0.8%), respectively (difference = 3.97%, p = 0.006) at the end of the fourth cycle of chemotherapy. After the eighth cycle of chemotherapy, the mean left ventricular ejection fraction was increased by 0.8 ± 1.3% from baseline in the intervention group, whereas the placebo group experienced a reduction of -7.3 ± 1.4% (difference = 8.1%, p-value < 0.001). None of the patients in the ginseng group in comparison to 1(6.7%, p-value = 0.5) and 5 (33.3%, p-value = 0.02) patients in the placebo group developed cancer therapeutics-related cardiac dysfunction after the fourth and eighth cycles, respectively. High-sensitive cardiac troponin I levels were not significantly different between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Prophylactic ginseng supplementation may protect against doxorubicin-induced early cancer therapeutics-related cardiac dysfunction and early decline in left ventricular ejection fraction in breast cancer patients.

Major cardiovascular events after bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation following acute myocardial infarction: an updated post-BAMI meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: The effect of bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs) after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) on myocardial function indices such as left ventricular ejection fraction has been widely studied. However, the effect of this intervention on major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) was not the principal purpose of most investigations and its role is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible long-term clinical efficacy of BM-MNCs on MACE after AMI. METHODS: A comprehensive search was conducted through electronic databases for potentially eligible randomized trials investigating the impact of BM-MNC therapy following acute MI on clinical outcomes. Risk of bias of the eligible studies was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's tool. The effect of treatment was displayed by risk ratio (RR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) using random-effects model. RESULTS: Initial database searching found 1540 records and 23 clinical trials with a total of 2286 participants eligible for meta-analysis. Injection of BM-MNCs was associated with lower risk of composite end points of hospitalization for congestive heart failure (CHF), re-infarction, and cardiac-related mortality (91/1191 vs. 111/812, RR = 0.643, 95% CI = 0.489 to 0.845, p = 0.002). This effect was derived from both reduction of CHF (47/1220 vs. 62/841, RR = 0.568, 95% CI = 0.382 to 0.844, p = 0.005) and re-infarction rate (23/1159 vs. 30/775, RR = 0.583, 95% CI = 0.343 to 0.991, p = 0.046), but not cardiac-related mortality (28/1290 vs. 31/871, RR = 0.722, 95% CI = 0.436 to 1.197, p = 0.207). CONCLUSION: This is the first meta-analysis focused on the cardiovascular outcomes of stem cell therapy after AMI and it revealed that transplantation of BM-MNCs may reduce composite endpoint of hospitalization for CHF, re-infarction, and cardiac related mortality driven mainly by reducing reinfarction and hospitalization for heart failure rates but not cardiovascular mortality.

Global longitudinal strain for detection of cardiac iron overload in patients with thalassemia: a meta-analysis of observational studies with individual-level participant data.

BACKGROUND: Although cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is the most reliable tool for assessment of CIO in patients with thalassemia, it is not always readily available. Recent studies have explored the potential of GLS as an alternative for diagnosis of CIO. We aimed to investigate the efficacy of global longitudinal strain (GLS) for detection of cardiac iron level (CIO). METHODS: We searched SCOPUS, MEDLINE, and Embase to identify the studies which used GLS for assessment of CIO. We searched for individual participant data (IPD) in eligible studies to perform ROC curve analysis. CMR with a T2* cut-off value of 20 ms was considered as the gold standard. A meta-analysis was performed and the risk of bias was assessed using the JBI Checklist. RESULTS: A total of 14 studies with 789 thalassemia patients (310 and 430 with and without CIO respectively and 49 with undetermined condition) were considered eligible for meta-analysis. IPDs of 405 participants were available. GLS was significantly lower in patients with CIO (-17.5 ± 2.7%) compared to those without CIO (-19.9 ± 2.3%; WMD = 1.6%, 95% CI = [0.76-2.4], p = 0.001, I2 = 77.1%) and to normal population (-20.61 ± 2.26%; WMD = 2.2%, 95% CI = [0.91-3.5], p = 0.001, I2 = 83.9%). A GLS < -19.5% could predict CIO with 92.8% sensitivity and 34.63% specificity (AUC = 0.659, 95% CI = [0.6-0.72], p-value < 0.0001). A GLS value < -6% has 100% positive predictive and ≥ -24.5% has 100% negative predictive values for detection of CIO. CONCLUSIONS: According to our study, GLS is a strong predictor of CIO and when CMR is not available, it may be a useful screening method for identification of CIO in thalassemia patients.

A novel ECG criterion to differentiate left from right ventricular outflow tract premature complex.

Objectives. Catheter ablation is an effective method in the treatment of idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias. The mapping methods used for predicting the original site of arrhythmias are difficult to use and time-consuming. Consequently, developing methods using surface ECG for guiding the location is important. Here, we have tested a new ECG criterion to differentiate the left from the right ventricular originated complexes (PVCs) or tachycardias (VTs). Designs. Sixty patients with idiopathic PVC or VT who had undergone a successful radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFA) of arrhythmia were enrolled. The surface ECG during sinus rhythm and arrhythmia was analyzed. Initial r wave Surface Area (ISA) index was measured by multiplying the R wave duration in milliseconds by the R wave amplitude in terms of millivolt in V1 or V2 leads. Results. Thirty-seven patients with right ventricular (RVOT) and 23 with left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) originated VT or PVC were enrolled. The ISA index was significantly greater in LVOT-VT/PVC compared to RVOTs (63.6 ± 78.9 vs. 8.3 ± 7.3, p < .001). With a cut off value of ≥15, the index could differentiate a left from right arrhythmia with 94.6% specificity and 78.2% sensitivity (Area on the curve, 0.81; p < .001). Compared to other previously reported indices, ISA is the most specific one. Conclusion. ISA index can serve as a very useful ECG criterion for differentiating a LVOT- from RVOT-originated VTs or PVCs.

Management of COVID-19 in people with epilepsy: drug considerations.

People with epilepsy (PWE) are neither more likely to be infected by the coronavirus nor are they more likely to have severe COVID-19 manifestations because they suffer from epilepsy. However, management of COVID-19 in PWE may be more complicated than that in other individuals. Drug-drug interactions could pose significant challenges and cardiac, hepatic, or renal problems, which may happen in patients with severe COVID-19, may require adjustment to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). In this review, we first summarize the potential drug-drug interactions between AEDs and drugs currently used in the management of COVID-19. We then summarize other challenging issues that may happen in PWE, who have COVID-19 and are receiving treatment.

Association of coronary artery dominance and mortality rate and complications in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention.

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the treatment of choice for patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Effect of coronary artery dominance on the patients' outcome following primary PCI (PPCI) is not fully investigated. We investigated the association of coronary artery dominance with complications and 1-year mortality rate of PPCI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, patients with STEMI treated with PPCI from March 2016 to February 2018 were divided into three groups based on their coronary dominancy: left dominance (LD), right dominance (RD), and codominant. Demographic characteristics, medical history, results of physical examination, electrocardiography, angiography, and echocardiography were compared between the groups. RESULTS: Of 491 patients included in this study, 34 patients (7%) were LD and 22 patients (4.5%) were codominant. Accordingly, 54 propensity-matched RD patients were included in the analysis. The demographics and comorbidities of the three groups were not different (P > 0.05); however, all patients in the RD group had thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) 3, while five patients in the LD and five patients in the codominant group had a TIMI ≤2 (P = 0.006). At admission, the median left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was highest in RD patients and lowest in LD and codominant patients (34%, P = 0.009). There was no difference in terms of success or complications of PCI, in-hospital, and 1-year mortality rate (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Patients with left coronary artery dominance had a higher value of indicators of worse outcomes, such as lower LVEF and TIMI ≤ 2, compared with RD patients, but not different rates of success or complications of PCI, in-hospital, and 1-year mortality. This finding may suggest that interventionists should prepare themselves with protective measures for no-reflow and slow-flow phenomenon and also mechanical circulatory support before performing PPCI in LD patients.

Global longitudinal strain as an Indicator of cardiac Iron overload in thalassemia patients.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Cardiac involvement due to iron overload is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with thalassemia, and many patients remain asymptomatic until the late stages. Therefore, early detection of heart problems in such patients at subclinical stages can improve the prognosis of these patients. We investigated the role of speckled tracking (SI) and tissue Doppler echocardiography (TDI) in early detection of iron overload in these patients. METHODS: 52 thalassemic patients who were receiving regular blood transfusion with normal global LV function were examined by two- and three-dimensional echocardiography. Cardiac MRI was done and T2* images were considered as the non-invasive gold standard for evaluating cardiac iron deposition. Serum ferritin level was assessed and the relationships between serum ferritin levels and echo finding with cardiac MRI T2* was investigated. RESULTS: No significant relationship was seen between serum ferritin levels and cardiac MRI T2*. Among the echocardiographic findings, septal systolic myocardial velocity (P = 0.002 and r = 0.43) and global strain (GLS) (P = 0.000 and r = 0.60) were significantly associated with T2*. A GLS < 19.5 could predict a T2* level below 20 by 82.14% sensitivity and 86.36% specificity (area under the curve = 0.87; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: While serum ferritin level and ejection fraction are not useful candidates, GLS may be used as a valuable marker to screen thalassemia patients for myocardial iron deposition, using a cut off value below - 19.5. This approach may facilitate the cardiac follow up, reduce the costs, and contribute to preventing deterioration of cardiac function in countries with limited availability of cardiac MRI.

Intra-aortic balloon pump postcardiac surgery: A literature review.

Intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) has been the most commonly used mechanical assist circulatory device in many postcardiotomy low output disorders for decades. Mechanism of IABP is based on its inflation in time of the diastolic pressure in the aortic root resulting increase in the blood and oxygen amount of the coronary artery and its deflation in left ventricular afterload during the systolic period. Prophylactic and postoperative application of IABP has been suggested by researchers, which has been commonly used in high-risk patients undertaking coronary artery bypass grafting surgery or percutaneous coronary intervention. Other researchers put forward the idea of the percutaneous IABP insertion throughout the left axillary artery as a reliable and relatively well-tolerated approach and also as a recovery tool to bridge patients with end-stage heart failure to heart transplantation. The current review was aimed to give further insight into routine IABP application by presenting the basic principles and trends in the incidence, management, role of IABP recovery, and long-lasting mortality outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disorders and discussing previous and current evidence.

Atrioventricular nodal echoes over a wide echo window as a therapeutic end point for the catheter-guided radiofrequency ablation of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia: a prospective study.

Aims: In previous retrospective studies, it was shown that the presence of residual single atrioventricular node (AVN) echoes with an echo zone longer than 30 ms may increase the rate of recurrence after radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of slow pathway in patients with AVN reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT). Based on that, some centres perform additional RFA in these patients. However, this opinion has never been tested prospectively and many centres do not perform re-ablation in these patients. The purpose of this study was to test whether persistence of a single AVN echo over a wide echo zone is a valid end point for RFA. Methods and results: In this prospective study, 576 patients who had a non-inducible arrhythmia post-RFA of AVNRT were divided into those with a remnant echo over a wide echo zone (case group) and those reaching classical end points (control group). The primary end point of the study was recurrence and patients were followed for 34.5 ± 18.8 months. In the control group (n = 510), 14 patients (2.7%) had a recurrence while no recurrence was seen in the case group (n = 66) (final cure rate, 97.3 vs. 100%; difference, 2.7%; upper bound of the 98% CI, 0.0488; P < 0.0001 for non-inferiority). Two complete heart blocks (0.4%) happened in the control group and none in the case group (P = 0.784). Conclusion: Non-inducibility in the presence of a wide echo window is non-inferior to non-inducibility in the presence of narrow echo window or no AVN echoes. In general, the presence of a single echo beat is not an indication for further ablation and this applies for both narrow and wide windows.

Low Dose Spironolactone Monotherapy in the Management of Stage I Essential Hypertension: A Pilot Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: High blood pressure (BP) is a common chronic disease needs long life drug consumption to control. Spironolactone could be used as the fourth-line therapy in patients with resistant hypertension. However, there is no study to determine the effects of low dose spironolactone as a first line therapy in treatment of essential hypertension. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of low dose spironolactone monotherapy in management of essential hypertension. METHODS: In this double blind randomized clinical trial, 40 patients who had stage I essential hypertension were randomly divided into two groups: intervention group received spironolactone 25 milligram once daily for one month and control group received placebo once daily. At the baseline and after one month, 24-hour BP holter-monitoring and serum potassium assay were done. RESULTS: Systolic BP was reduced from 143.5 ± 8.2 mmHg to 137.10 ± 7.57 mmHg in the intervention group, while it did not change significantly in control (between group treatment difference = -4.5 mmHg, p = 0.004). There was no significant reduction of diastolic BP in the intervention group in comparison to placebo group (between group treatment difference = -1.3 mmHg, p = 0.099). CONCLUSIONS: Short course monotherapy with low dose spironolactone is effective in reducing systolic BP in patients with stage I essential hypertension.

Cytotoxic effect of silorane and methacrylate based composites on the human dental pulp stem cells and fibroblasts.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare the cytotoxic effect of a methacrylate-based and a silorane-based composite on the human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) versus human dental pulp fibroblasts (DPFs). STUDY DESIGN: Samples of the Filtek Z250 and P90 were polymerized and immersed in the culture medium to obtain extracts after incubation for one, seven and 14 days. Magnetic cell sorting based on the CD146 expression was performed to purify DPSCs and DPFs. After incubation of both cells with the extracts, cytotoxicity was determined using the MTT test. RESULTS: For the extracts of first and seventh day, both composites showed significantly lower cytotoxicity on DPSCs than DPFs (p=0.003). In addition, there was a significant difference in the time-group interaction of both materials indicating different cytotoxic behaviours (p=0.014). In contrast to Z250, exposure to the 14th day extract of P90 resulted in higher cell viability compared to that of day seven. CONCLUSIONS: DPSCs are less susceptible to the cytotoxic effect of the composites than DPFs. Compared to Z250, the cytotoxic effect of silorane-based composite decreases as the time passes on. This difference should be considered, particularly in deep cavities, in order to preserve the regenerative capacity of the pulp.

Management of Anterior Urethral Stricture: A Survey of Contemporary Practice of Iranian Urologists.

PURPOSE: To evaluate Iranian urologists' approach to urethral stricture and assess how often they select open urethroplasty over minimally invasive procedures. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted via www. SURVEY: porsline.ir among members of the Iranian urologists' community. The urologists were contacted via email and social media applications (e.g., WhatsApp, Telegram), and data, including their demographic information and years of practice, as well as questions related to their attitude towards the management of urethral stricture, were collected. RESULTS: A total number of 376 patients were included in the current survey. The specialty of reconstructive urology was selected by less than 2% (n=5) as their field of interest. Only 6.64% (n=25) of the urologists stated that they received adequate training for management of urethral stricture. Only about 5% (n=19), believed that according to scientific resources, chose open urethroplasty as the initial management. Almost 94% (n=353) did not perform any urethroplasties during the past year and about 0.2% (n=2) performed more than 20 open urethroplasties. For diagnosing urethral stricture, almost 99% of them chose RUG+VCUG, 72% chose urethrocystoscopy, and 69% chose uroflowmetry in the third place. For evaluation of urethroplasty postoperative outcomes, 76% (n=269) used RUG+VCUG, 15% (n=56) used Rigid Cystoscopy, and 8% (n=29) used Flexible Cystoscopy, Conclusion: Iranian urologists prefer minimally invasive procedures for treating urethral stricture, similar to other countries. This lack of urologists' interest in open urethroplasty is greatly due to poor training during the residency years and little experience with urethral strictures. Therefore, further considerations in order to improve urologists' knowledge and expertise for management of urethral stricture is recommended.

Polypill versus medication monotherapy in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases in Iran: An economic evaluation study.

Background and Aims: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are one of the major diseases in developing and developed countries and have high prevalence and mortality rates. Pharmacological interventions, especially the use of combination medications, can have preventive effects in patients with CVDs. Recently, in the PolyIran trial, a combination of atorvastatin, hydrochlorothiazide, aspirin, and valsartan or enalapril (Polypill) was shown to be effective in providing survival benefits as a primary prevention strategy. In the present study, we examine the cost-effectiveness of the use of polypill compared to its individual components (named as medication monotherapy) in the prevention of CVDs in Iran. Methods: This was an economic evaluation study conducted to compare the cost-utility of polypill with that of medication monotherapy for 10,000 hypothetical cohorts of people over 35 years of age using the Markov model and with a lifetime horizon. The study perspective was patient perspective and direct medical costs, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio were estimated. To deal with uncertaintysensitivity analyses were used. Results: The results showed that polypill, with the lowest costs (871 USD) and highest QALYs (14.55), had the most cost-utility than medication monotherapy. Also, the results showed that the highest sensitivities were related to the utilities of angina and stroke states. At the 21,768 USD threshold, polypill had a 92% probability of being cost-effective versus other medications. Conclusion: Considering that polypill had the most cost-utility, it is suggested that health system policymakers pay special attention to polypill in designing clinical guidelines. Also, through covering this medication by health insurance organizations, it is possible to complete the country's medicine pharmacopeia in preventing CVDs.

Ablation versus medical therapy for patients with atrial fibrillation: An updated meta-analysis.

To investigate the effect of ablation compared to medical therapy on clinical outcomes of patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched using ablation, medical treatment, AF, and related words. The effect of ablation and medical therapy was sought to be gathered on stroke or transitional ischemic attack, mortality, hospitalization, recurrence of AF, progression of AF, and left ventricular ejection fraction. Analyses were performed using R software. 31 studies (the results of 27 randomized controlled trials), compromising an overall 6965 patients (Ablation, n = 3643; Medical treatment, n = 3322) were reviewed in our study, revealed that catheter ablation would result in substantial benefits for patients with AF without significant difference in serious adverse events compared to medical management (Risk Ratio: 0.92, [95% Confidence Interval (CI), 0.64-1.33]). Catheter ablation in patients with AF significantly resulted in a 29% reduction in all-cause mortality (RR: 0.71, [95% CI, 0.57-0.88]), a 57% reduction in hospitalization (RR: 0.43, [95% CI, 0.27-0.67]), a 53% reduction in AF recurrence (RR: 0.47, [95% CI, 0.36-0.61]), and a dramatic reduction, 89%, in progression of paroxysmal to persistent AF (RR: 0.11, [95% CI, 0.02-0.65]); also associated with a remarkable improvement in their left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (Mean Difference, MD: 6.84%, [95% CI, 3.27-10.42]) compared to medical therapy. Our study showed that ablation may be superior to medical therapy in patients with AF regarding AF recurrence, mortality, LVEF improvement, hospitalization, and AF progression outcomes.

Clinical outcomes of optical coherence tomography versus conventional angiography guided percutaneous coronary intervention: A meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Performing optical coherence tomography (OCT) as a guide for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) compared to conventional coronary angiography has been the subject of the recent cohorts and randomized trials. However, clear evidence demonstrating its superiority is still controversial. METHODS: We performed a thorough search in digital databases to find the relevant observational studies and randomized trials comparing OCT and angiography in patients undergoing PCI. A random-effects meta-analysis was undertaken comparing clinical outcomes to generate an odds ratio (OR) with a corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI). Subgroup analyzes were performed based on study design, underlying cardiac condition, and complexity of cases. RESULTS: A total of 21 studies (10 RCTs and 11 observational studies) with 11,163 participants (5319: OCT and 5844: angiography group) were included for quantitative synthesis. Performing OCT was associated with lower odds of all-cause (OR (95% CI) = 0.56 (0.48; 0.67)) and cardiac mortality (OR (95% CI) = 0.47 (0.35; 0.63)), major adverse cardiovascular events (OR (95% CI) = 0.60 (0.48; 0.76)), myocardial infarction (OR (95% CI) = 0.79 (0.64; 0.97)), and stent thrombosis (OR (95% CI) = 0.61 (0.39; 0.96)) compared to the angiography group. Other clinical outcomes were similar between the studied groups. The outperformance of OCT was more evident in observational studies and the ones with PCI on complex lesions. CONCLUSION: Performing OCT prior to PCI is associated with better clinical outcomes compared to angiography alone based on contemporary evidence. Future well-designed randomized trials are needed to confirm the findings of this meta-analysis.

Efficacy of exercise training-based cardiac rehabilitation programmes after transcatheter aortic valve implantation: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: The beneficial effects of exercise training-based cardiac rehabilitation (CR) in different cardiac conditions have been previously studied. In this meta-analysis, we focused on the potential impact of CR on patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). Methods: Multiple databases were searched in a systematic approach to find the eligible studies. All the studies investigating the potential impact of exercise training-based CR programmes on exercise capacity and health-related quality of life in patients undergoing TAVI were retrieved. The primary endpoint of interest was 6-min walk test (6MWT). The pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95 % confidence interval (CI) were measured to compare the improvement or worsening the endpoints using a random- or fixed-effects model, as appropriate. Results: A total of eleven studies (685 patients) were considered eligible for quantitative synthesis. The results showed that performing exercise training-based CR after TAVI is associated with significant improvement in 6MWT (SMD 0.59, 95 % CI (0.48; 0.71), p < 0.01), Barthel index (SMD 0.73, 95 % CI (0.57; 0.89), p < 0.01), 12-item Short Form (SF-12) physical (SMD 0.30, 95 % CI (0.08; 0.52), p < 0.01) and mental (SMD 0.27, 95 % CI (0.05; 0.49), p = 0.02) survey scores, and hospital anxiety and depression scale - depression (HADS-D) score (SMD -0.26, 95 % CI (-0.42; -0.10), p < 0.01). Conclusion: Performing exercise training-based CR following TAVI has significant benefits regarding physical capacity and health-related quality of life irrespective of the programme duration.

Hemoglobin A1c levels and 1-year mortality in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.

Background: In this study, we investigated whether different levels of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are associated with different short-term and 1-year mortality rates among diabetic patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Patients & methods: Clinical events including in-hospital, 1-month and 1-year mortality were compared between three groups based on HbA1c levels of patients (I: ≤5.6%, II: 5.7-6.4%, III: ≥6.5%). Results: Among 165 diabetic individuals, patients with abnormal HbA1c levels (≥6.5%) experienced significantly higher hospitalization days (7.65 ± 1.64 days) compared with those with normal HbA1c (4.94 ± 0.97 days) (p < 0.0001). In-hospital mortality was significantly higher in group III (14.5%) and II (5.5%) compared with group I (0%) (p = 0.008). Conclusion: HbA1c levels may be a reliable predictor of short-term clinical events in diabetic patients.

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Comparative effectiveness of mesenchymal stem cell versus bone-marrow mononuclear cell transplantation in heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: There is no clear evidence on the comparative effectiveness of bone-marrow mononuclear cell (BMMNC) vs. mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) stem cell therapy in patients with chronic heart failure (HF). METHODS: Using a systematic approach, eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of stem cell therapy (BMMNCs or MSCs) in patients with HF were retrieved to perform a meta-analysis on clinical outcomes (major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), hospitalization for HF, and mortality) and echocardiographic indices (including left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)) were performed using the random-effects model. A risk ratio (RR) or mean difference (MD) with corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were pooled based on the type of the outcome and subgroup analysis was performed to evaluate the potential differences between the types of cells. RESULTS: The analysis included a total of 36 RCTs (1549 HF patients receiving stem cells and 1252 patients in the control group). Transplantation of both types of cells in patients with HF resulted in a significant improvement in LVEF (BMMNCs: MD (95% CI) = 3.05 (1.11; 4.99) and MSCs: MD (95% CI) = 2.82 (1.19; 4.45), between-subgroup p = 0.86). Stem cell therapy did not lead to a significant change in the risk of MACE (MD (95% CI) = 0.83 (0.67; 1.06), BMMNCs: RR (95% CI) = 0.59 (0.31; 1.13) and MSCs: RR (95% CI) = 0.91 (0.70; 1.19), between-subgroup p = 0.12). There was a marginally decreased risk of all-cause death (MD (95% CI) = 0.82 (0.68; 0.99)) and rehospitalization (MD (95% CI) = 0.77 (0.61; 0.98)) with no difference among the cell types (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Both types of stem cells are effective in improving LVEF in patients with heart failure without any noticeable difference between the cells. Transplantation of the stem cells could not decrease the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events compared with controls. Future trials should primarily focus on the impact of stem cell transplantation on clinical outcomes of HF patients to verify or refute the findings of this study.