Antiparasitic Constituents of Beilschmiedia louisii and Beilschmiedia obscura and Some Semisynthetic Derivatives (Lauraceae).

The MeOH/CH2Cl2 (1:1) extracts of the roots and leaves of Beilschmiedia louisii and B. obscura showed potent antitrypanosomal activity during preliminary screening on Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Phytochemical investigation of these extracts led to the isolation of a mixture of two new endiandric acid derivatives beilschmiedol B (1) and beilschmiedol C (2), and one new phenylalkene obscurene A (3) together with twelve known compounds (4-15). In addition, four new derivatives (11a-11d) were synthesized from compound 11. Their structures were elucidated based on their NMR and MS data. Compounds 5, 6, and 7 were isolated for the first time from the Beilschmiedia genus. Additionally, the NMR data of compound 4 are given here for the first time. The isolates were evaluated for their antitrypanosomal and antimalarial activities against Tb brucei and the Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine-resistant strain Pf3D7 in vitro, respectively. From the tested compounds, the mixture of new compounds 1 and 2 exhibited the most potent antitrypanosomal activity in vitro with IC50 value of 4.91 µM.

A comparison study of haemolysis production in three contemporary centrifugal pumps.

One challenge in providing extracorporeal circulation is to supply optimal flow while minimising adverse effects, such as haemolysis. To determine if the recent generation constrained vortex pumps with their inherent design improvements would lead to reduced red cell trauma, we undertook a study comparing three devices. Utilizing a simulated short-term ventricular assist circuit primed with whole human blood, we examined changes in plasma free haemoglobin values over a six-day period. The three pumps investigated were the Maquet Rotaflow, the Levitronix PediVAS and the Medos Deltastream DP3.This study demonstrated that all three pumps produced low levels of haemolysis and are suitable for use in a clinical environment. The Levitronix PediVAS was significantly less haemolytic than either the Rotaflow (p<0.05) or the DP3 (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in plasma free haemoglobin between the Rotaflow and the DP3 (p=0.71).

Molecular characterization of three genes encoding aminopeptidases N in the poplar leaf beetle Chrysomela tremulae.

Three genes encoding proteins showing sequence similarity and features typical of insect APNs were characterized in C. tremulae and designed as CtAPN1, CtAPN2 and CtAPN3. Expression analysis of the three C. tremulae APN genes showed that CtAPN2 transcript is more abundant in the fat body, whereas both CtAPN1 and CtAPN3 are specifically expressed in the midgut. Despite a similar genomic organization, lepidopteran and coleopteran APNs are phylogenetically distant, suggesting that APN gene duplication events occurred after these two insect orders split. Sequence and expression comparisons of CtAPN1, CtAPN2 and CtAPN3 cDNAs in a C. tremulae Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)-susceptible and in a Bt-resistant strain did not show any polymorphism at the amino acid level or difference at the transcription level.

Vitreous cytokine expression profiles in patients with retinal detachment.

PURPOSE: To compare the expression profiles of various cytokines and chemokines in vitreous samples from patients with retinal detachment (RD) to those from controls and to analyze their association with various clinical features. METHODS: In this prospective study, undiluted vitreous fluid was obtained from 41 patients with primary RD and 33 controls with macular hole or vitreomacular traction. A multiplex bead immunoassay was performed to determine the expression of 27 inflammatory mediators. RESULTS: Eleven mediators were significantly upregulated in the vitreous of RD patients compared with controls, including the following: cytokines IL-1ra, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IFN-γ; chemokines CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CXCL10 and CCL11 and growth factor G-CSF. Correlation analyses showed that levels of IL-1ra, CXCL10, CCL11 and G-CSF were positively correlated to the extent of detachment, while those of IL-1ra and CXCL10 were associated with the duration of detachment. There was also a positive association between the concentrations of CXCL10 and CCL11 and preoperative flare values. Additional analysis revealed that flare values and both CXCL10 and CCL11 levels were significantly higher in eyes with grade B or C proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). CONCLUSION: Our results confirm that RD induces a marked inflammatory response with a complex cytokine network. We identified proteins specifically linked to several clinical features that might contribute to photoreceptor degeneration and PVR-related redetachment. These proteins may represent potential therapeutic targets for improving the anatomical and functional outcomes of RD surgery.

TrapREMI: A reaction microscope inside an electrostatic ion beam trap.

A new experimental setup has been developed to investigate the reactions of molecular ions and charged clusters with a variety of projectile beams. An Electrostatic Ion Beam Trap (EIBT) stores fast ions at keV energies in an oscillatory motion. By crossing it with a projectile beam, e.g., an IR laser, molecular reactions can be induced. We implemented a Reaction Microscope (REMI) in the field-free region of the EIBT to perform coincidence spectroscopy on the resulting reaction products. In contrast to prior experiments, this unique combination of techniques allows us to measure the 3D momentum-vectors of ions, electrons, and neutrals as reaction products in coincidence. At the same time, the EIBT allows for advanced target preparation techniques, e.g., relaxation of hot molecules during storage times of up to seconds, autoresonance cooling, and recycling of target species, which are difficult to prepare. Otherwise, the TrapREMI setup can be connected to a variety of projectile sources, e.g., atomic gas jets, large-scale radiation facilities, and ultrashort laser pulses, which enable even time-resolved studies. Here, we describe the setup and a first photodissociation experiment on H2 +, which demonstrates the ion-neutral coincidence detection in the TrapREMI.

[Predicting very early rebleeding after acute variceal bleeding based in classification and regression tree analysis (CRTA).]. / Predicción de resangrado precoz en cirróticos con hemorragia variceal aguda. Función del análisis con árboles de clasificación y regresión (CART).

BACKGROUND: Variceal bleeding (VB) is the main cause of death among cirrhotic patients. About 30-50% of early rebleeding is encountered few days after the acute episode of VB. It is necessary to stratify patients with high risk of very early rebleeding (VER) for more aggressive therapies. However, there are few and incompletely understood prognostic models for this purpose. AIMS: To determine the risk factors associated with VER after an acute VB. Assessment and comparison of a novel prognostic model generated by Classification and Regression Tree Analysis (CART) with classic-used models (MELD and Child-Pugh [CP]). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty consecutive cirrhotic patients with acute variceal bleeding. CART analysis, MELD and Child-Pugh scores were performed at admission. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to evaluate the predictive performance of the models. RESULTS: Very early rebleeding rate was 13%. Variables associated with VER were: serum albumin (p = 0.027), creatinine (p = 0.021) and transfused blood units in the first 24 hrs (p = 0.05). The area under the ROC for MELD, CHILD-Pugh and CART were 0.46, 0.50 and 0.82, respectively. The value of cut analyzed by CART for the significant variables were: 1) Albumin 2.85 mg/dL, 2) Packed red cells 2 units and 3) Creatinine 1.65 mg/dL the ABC-ROC. CONCLUSION: Serum albumin, creatinine and number of transfused blood units were associated with VER. A simple CART algorithm combining these variables allows an accurate predictive assessment of VER after acute variceal bleeding. Key words: cirrhosis, variceal bleeding, esophageal varices, prognosis, portal hypertension.

Mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA markers reveal a Balkan origin for the highly invasive horse-chestnut leaf miner Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae).

Biological invasions usually start with a small number of founder individuals. These founders are likely to represent a small fraction of the total genetic diversity found in the source population. Our study set out to trace genetically the geographical origin of the horse-chestnut leafminer, Cameraria ohridella, an invasive microlepidopteran whose area of origin is still unkown. Since its discovery in Macedonia 25 years ago, this insect has experienced an explosive westward range expansion, progressively colonizing all of Central and Western Europe. We used cytochrome oxidase I sequences (DNA barcode fragment) and a set of six polymorphic microsatellites to assess the genetic variability of C. ohridella populations, and to test the hypothesis that C. ohridella derives from the southern Balkans (Albania, Macedonia and Greece). Analysis of mtDNA of 486 individuals from 88 localities allowed us to identify 25 geographically structured haplotypes. In addition, 480 individuals from 16 populations from Europe and the southern Balkans were genotyped for 6 polymorphic microsatellite loci. High haplotype diversity and low measures of nucleotide diversities including a significantly negative Tajima's D indicate that C. ohridella has experienced rapid population expansion during its dispersal across Europe. Both mtDNA and microsatellites show a reduction in genetic diversity of C. ohridella populations sampled from artificial habitats (e.g. planted trees in public parks, gardens, along roads in urban or sub-urban areas) across Europe compared with C. ohridella sampled in natural stands of horse-chestnuts in the southern Balkans. These findings suggest that European populations of C. ohridella may indeed derive from the southern Balkans.

Synthesis, Urease Inhibition and Molecular Modelling Studies of Novel Derivatives of the Naturally Occurring ß-Amyrenone.

Urease enzyme (UE) has been reported to be a potent virulence factor for Helicobacter pylori (HP) bacteria indicated to be responsible for various gastrointestinal diseases. Therefore, the spread of HP, currently regarded by the World Health Organization as a class 1 carcinogen, could be better controlled by targeting UE. It is in this line that we have synthesized three new derivatives (2-4) of the naturally occurring olean-12-en-3-one (1), which was previously isolated from the figs of Ficus vallis-choudae Delile (Moraceae). Among the synthesized compounds, 3 and 4 contain an indole moiety. Their structures were unambiguously assigned by spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques (1D-NMR, 2D-NMR and MS). The starting material and the synthesized compounds were screened for UE inhibition activity, and showed significant activities with IC50 values ranging from 14.5 to 24.6 µM, with compound (1) being the most potent as compared to the positive control thiourea (IC50 = 21.6 µM). Amongst the synthetic derivatives, compound 4 was the most potent (IC50 = 17.9 µM), while the others showed activities close to that of the control. In addition, molecular docking study of target compounds 2-4 was performed in an attempt to explore their binding mode for the design of more potent UE inhibitors.

Imaging diagnosis of portal hypertension. / Diagnóstico por imagen de la hipertensión portal.

Portal hypertension is a clinical entity defined by a hydrostatic pressure greater than 5mm Hg in the portal territory, being clinically significant when it is greater than or equal to 10mm Hg. Starting from this threshold, complications can develop, such as the bleeding of esophageal varices, the appearance of ascites, or hepatic encephalopathy. Imaging techniques play an important role as a noninvasive method for determining whether portal hypertension is present. This article analyzes various imaging findings that can suggest the presence of portal hypertension and can help to define its etiology, severity, and possible complications.

High HCV subtype heterogeneity in a chronically infected general population revealed by high-resolution hepatitis C virus subtyping.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to characterize the chronically infected general hepatitis C virus (HCV) population in Barcelona using a highly sensitive subtyping method that can identify the 67 recognized HCV subtypes and diagnose mixed infection by various genotypes/subtypes in a single individual. The resulting information has implications for selecting optimal direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment for each patient and establishing public healthcare policies in our setting. METHODS: Consecutive HCV patients (treatment-naïve or interferon-based failures) attending Vall d'Hebron Hospital outpatient clinics from February 2015 to May 2016 (N=1473) were included in the study. Patient samples were characterized using HCV subtyping by next-generation ultra-deep pyrosequencing. RESULTS: The following genotypes (G) were found: G1 (1126/1473 (76.4%)), G4 (145/1473 (9.8%)), G3 (135/1473 (9.2%)), G2 (51/1473 (3.5%)), and G5 (1/1473 (0.1%)). Twenty-two subtypes were seen: 1b (790/1473 (53.6%)), 1a (332/1473 (22.5%)), 3a (133/1473 (9.0%)), 4d (105/1473 (7.1%)), 4a (29/1473 (2.0%)), and 2c (25/1473 (1.7%)), with 16 low-prevalence subtypes accounting for the remaining 3.0% (44/1473). There was a worrisome 1.0% (15/1473) of mixed infections. G2 (51/1473 (3.5%)) showed a high level of heterogeneity. Analyses by age groups showed a predominance of G1b over G1a (428/506 (84.6%) vs. 24/506 (4.7%)) in patients born before 1950 (N=506/1473), and similar percentages of these subtypes in those born between 1951 and 1975 (N=834/1473) (315/834, 37.8% vs. 266/834, 31.9%) and after 1976 (N=133/1473) (47/133, 35.3% vs. 42/133, 31.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Subtype distribution showed a higher level of heterogeneity than was expected, particularly for G2. Prevalence of mixed infections was around 1%. HCV subtype distribution related to patient age group suggested that patients born from 1936 to 1975 in our setting should undergo screening for the infection. Next-generation sequencing enabled better classification of candidates for DAA-based treatment.

Neuronal basic helix-loop-helix proteins (NEX and BETA2/Neuro D) regulate terminal granule cell differentiation in the hippocampus.

The transcription factors neuronal helix-loop-helix protein (NEX)/mammalian atonal homolog 2 (Math-2), BETA2/neuronal determination factor (NeuroD), and NeuroD-related factor (NDRF)/NeuroD2 comprise a family of Drosophila atonal-related basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins with highly overlapping expression in the developing forebrain. The ability of BETA2/NeuroD and NDRF to convert ectodermal cells into neurons after mRNA injection into Xenopus oocytes suggested a role in specifying neuronal cell fate. However, neuronal bHLH genes are largely transcribed in CNS neurons, which are fully committed. Here we analyze a defect in mice lacking BETA2/NeuroD, and in NEX*BETA2/NeuroD double mutants, demonstrating that bHLH proteins are required in vivo for terminal neuronal differentiation. Most strikingly, presumptive granule cells of the dentate gyrus are generated but fail to mature, lack normal sodium currents, and show little dendritic arborization. Long-term hippocampal slice cultures demonstrate secondary alterations of entorhinal and commissural/associational projections. The primary developmental arrest appears to be restricted to granule cells in which an autoregulatory system involving all three neuronal bHLH genes has failed.

Fish oil amplifies the effect of propranolol in mild essential hypertension.

Forty-seven male patients with mild essential hypertension were randomly allocated to three subgroups. After a run-in period of 4 weeks, the first subgroup (n = 16) received propranolol (80 mg/day) for 36 weeks followed by a placebo period of 4 weeks. The second subgroup (n = 15), after a run-in period of 4 weeks, was given a supplement of encapsulated fish oil (9 g/day) for 36 weeks with a subsequent period of 4 weeks in which fish oil placebo was given. The third subgroup (n = 16), after a run-in period of 4 weeks, was given propranolol (80 mg/day) for 12 weeks, propranolol (80 mg/day) plus fish oil capsules (9 g/day equivalent to 1.8 g/day of eicosapentaenoic acid and 1.1 g/day of docosahexaenoic acid) for 12 weeks, propranolol plus fish oil placebo (same doses for 12 weeks) with a subsequent period of 4 weeks when propranolol placebo was administered. The results indicate a blood pressure-lowering effect of fish oil, which was comparable with that of propranolol. The simultaneous intake of fish oil plus propranolol was more effective than propranolol or fish oil alone. Propranolol treatment resulted in a decrease of plasma norepinephrine, plasma renin activity, and thromboxane B2 formation. After fish oil supplementation, plasma norepinephrine and thromboxane B2 formation were likewise reduced, whereas plasma renin activity appeared increased. The decrease of serum triglycerides, total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol as well as the rise of high density lipoprotein cholesterol are concomitant beneficial effects, which justify the consideration of fish oil alone or in combination with antihypertensive drugs for the treatment of mild hypertension.

Purification and characterization of the western spruce budworm larval midgut proteinases and comparison of gut activities of laboratory-reared and field-collected insects.

Three proteolytic enzymes, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and aminopeptidase-N (APN), were purified from laboratory-reared western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis [Freeman], larvae. Budworm trypsin exhibited a high degree of substrate specificity, was inactivated by DFP and TLCK, and was inhibited by trypsin inhibitors. The western spruce budworm chymotrypsin hydrolyzed SAAPFpNA and SAAPLpNA, but not SFpNA, SGGFpNA, SGGLpNA or BTpNA. The chymotrypsin was inactivated by DFP, and was inhibited by chymostatin and the chymotrypsin inhibitor, POT-1. Purified budworm chymotrypsin exhibited little BTEE esterolytic activity and was insensitive to inhibition with TPCK. The N-terminal sequence of budworm trypsin, chymotrypsin, and APN were obtained. Similar levels of trypsin and APN gut activities were found in laboratory-reared and field-collected larvae. However, in comparison to laboratory-reared insects, considerably less chymotrypsin activity, and a much higher level of gut carboxypeptidase activity were found in field-collected western spruce budworm larvae.

Zaleplon: a pyrazolopyrimidine sedative-hypnotic agent for the treatment of insomnia.

BACKGROUND: Insomnia is the subjective complaint of poor sleep or an inadequate amount of sleep that adversely affects daily functioning. For the past 4 decades, treatment of insomnia has shifted away from the use of barbiturates toward the use of hypnotic agents of the benzodiazepine class. However, problems associated with the latter (eg, next-day sedation, rebound insomnia, dependence, and tolerance) have prompted development of other agents. OBJECTIVE: This review describes the recently approved nonbenzodiazepine agent, zaleplon. METHODS: Studies of zaleplon were identified through a search of English-language articles listed in MEDLINE and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, with no limitation on year. These were supplemented by educational materials from conferences. RESULTS: The efficacy and tolerability of zaleplon have been documented in the literature. Zaleplon has been shown to improve sleep variables in comparison with placebo. Like most hypnotic agents, zaleplon can be used for problems of sleep initiation at the beginning of the night, but its short duration of clinical effect may also allow patients to take it later in the night without residual effects the next morning. Zaleplon can be taken < or = 2 hours before awakening without "hangover" effects. It is generally well tolerated, with headache being the most commonly reported adverse event in clinical trials (15%-18%). Compared with flurazepam, a long-acting benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotic agent, zaleplon causes significantly less psychomotor and cognitive impairment (P < 0.001). Zaleplon has not been studied in pregnant women or children. The dose of zaleplon should be individualized; the recommended daily dose for most adults is 10 mg. CONCLUSIONS: Insomnia has a substantial impact on daily functioning. If pharmacologic treatment is indicated for insomnia, the choice of an agent should be guided by individual patient characteristics.

Heterotopic ossification after surgery for distal humeral fractures.

We retrospectively reviewed 89 consecutive patients (45 men and 44 women) with a mean age at the time of injury of 58 years (18 to 97) who had undergone external fixation after sustaining a unilateral fracture of the distal humerus. Our objectives were to determine the incidence of heterotopic ossification (HO); identify risk factors associated with the development of HO; and characterise the location, severity and resultant functional impairment attributable to the presence of HO. HO was identified in 37 elbows (42%), mostly around the humerus and along the course of the medial collateral ligament. HO was hazy immature in five elbows (13.5%), mature discrete in 20 (54%), extensive mature in 10 (27%), and complete bone bridges were present in two elbows (5.5%). Mild functional impairment occurred in eight patients, moderate in 27 and severe in two. HO was associated with less extension (p = 0.032) and less overall flexion-to-extension movement (p = 0.022); the flexion-to-extension arc was < 100º in 21 elbows (57%) with HO compared with 18 elbows (35%) without HO (p = 0.03). HO was removed surgically in seven elbows. The development of HO was significantly associated with sustaining a head injury (p = 0.015), delayed internal fixation (p = 0.027), the method of fracture fixation (p = 0.039) and the use of bone graft or substitute (p = 0.02).HO continues to be a substantial complication after internal fixation for distal humerus fractures.

Evaluation of the biological activity of the molluscicidal fraction of Solanum sisymbriifolium against non target organisms.

The evaluation of the biocidal activity of the fruit of Solanum sisymbriifolium involving non target organisms such as aquatic insects, fish and snails lead to the isolation of the steroidal alkaloids, solamargine and ß-solamarine, from the active fractions. The fractions A3 and C, with biological activity against fish, snail and aquatic insect and larvae, are able to affect the good functioning of ecosystem found on alimentary chain. The fraction B seems to be less toxic to fish and aquatic insect and larvae. The fraction B could thus be used as molluscicide in the future.

Greeen tea extracts lower serum folates in rats at very high dietary concentrations only and do not affect plasma folates in a human pilot study.

Green tea catechins (GTC) have been shown to inhibit the activities of enzymes involved in folate uptake. Hence, regular green tea drinkers may be at risk of impaired folate status. The present experiments aimed at studying the impact of dietary GTC on folate concentrations and metabolism. In a human pilot study (parallel design) healthy men consumed for 3 weeks 6 capsules (approximately 670 mg GTC) per day (2 capsules with each principal meal) containing aqueous extracts of the leaves of Camellia sinensis (n=17) or placebo (n=16). No differences in plasma folate concentrations were observed between treatments. We further fed groups of 10 male rats diets fortified with 0, 0.05, 0.5, 1, or 5 g GTC/kg for 6 weeks. Only at the highest intake, GTC significantly decreased serum 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate concentrations in rats, while mRNA concentrations of reduced folate carrier, proton-coupled folate transporter/heme carrier protein 1, and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) remained unchanged in intestinal mucosa. Using an in vitro enzyme activity assay, we observed a time- and dose-dependent inhibition of DHFR activity by epigallocatechin gallate and a green tea extract. Our data suggest that regular green tea consumption is unlikely to impair folate status in healthy males, despite the DHFR inhibitory activity of GTC.

Diagnóstico por imagen de la hipertensión portal / Imaging diagnosis of portal hypertension

La hipertensión portal (HTP) es una condición clínica definida por una presión hidrostática >5mmHg en el territorio venoso portal, siendo clínicamente significativa cuando es ≥10mmHg. A partir de este umbral pueden desarrollarse complicaciones, como sangrado de varices esofágicas, aparición de ascitis o encefalopatía hepática. Las técnicas de imagen tienen un papel importante como método no invasivo para determinar la presencia de HTP. En este artículo se analizan varios hallazgos radiológicos que pueden sugerir HTP y contribuir a definir su etiología, gravedad y posibles complicaciones

Portal hypertension is a clinical entity defined by a hydrostatic pressure greater than 5mm Hg in the portal territory, being clinically significant when it is greater than or equal to 10mm Hg. Starting from this threshold, complications can develop, such as the bleeding of esophageal varices, the appearance of ascites, or hepatic encephalopathy. Imaging techniques play an important role as a noninvasive method for determining whether portal hypertension is present. This article analyzes various imaging findings that can suggest the presence of portal hypertension and can help to define its etiology, severity, and possible complications