RESUMEN
Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis and represents a potential bioterrorism threat. In this study, the transcriptomic responses of B. pseudomallei infection of a human macrophage cell model were investigated using whole-genome microarrays. Gene expression profiles were compared between infected THP-1 human monocytic leukemia cells with or without treatment with Daboia russelli russelli daboiatoxin (DRRDbTx) or ceftazidime (antibiotic control). Microarray analyses of infected and treated cells revealed differential upregulation of various inflammatory genes such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), cyclooxygenase (COX-2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 4 (CXCL4), transcription factor p65 (NF-kB); and several genes involved in immune and stress responses, cell cycle, and lipid metabolism. Moreover, following DRR-DbTx treatment of infected cells, there was enhanced expression of the tolllike receptor 2 (TLR-2) mediated signaling pathway involved in recognition and initiation of acute inflammatory responses. Importantly, we observed that highly inflammatory cytokine gene responses were similar in infected cells exposed to DRR-DbTx or ceftazidime after 24 h. Additionally, there were increased transcripts associated with cell death by caspase activation that can promote host tissue injury. In summary, the transcriptional responses during B. pseudomallei infection of macrophages highlight a broad range of innate immune mechanisms that are activated within 24 h post-infection. These data provide insights into the transcriptomic kinetics following DRR-DbTx treatment of human macrophages infected with B. pseudomallei.
Asunto(s)
Burkholderia pseudomallei/efectos de los fármacos , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas/farmacología , Transcriptoma , Venenos de Víboras/química , Animales , Burkholderia pseudomallei/crecimiento & desarrollo , Burkholderia pseudomallei/ultraestructura , Ceftazidima/farmacología , Línea Celular , Ciclooxigenasa 2/genética , Ciclooxigenasa 2/metabolismo , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno , Humanos , Interleucina-1/genética , Interleucina-1/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/genética , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Macrófagos/microbiología , Macrófagos/ultraestructura , Análisis por Micromatrices , FN-kappa B/genética , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Factor Plaquetario 4/genética , Factor Plaquetario 4/metabolismo , Proteínas/aislamiento & purificación , Transducción de Señal , Receptor Toll-Like 2/genética , Receptor Toll-Like 2/metabolismo , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/genética , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/genética , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/metabolismo , ViperidaeRESUMEN
Allele frequency data for 15 Short Tandem Repeat (STR) loci was studied for the three main ethnic groups residing in Singapore, namely Chinese, Malay and Indian. An in-house STR marker panel was employed, consisting all 13 tetranucleaotide STR listed in CODIS (Combined DNA Index System, USA) and two pentanucleaotide STR, Penta D and Penta E. This represents a comprehensive report for allele distribution in the Singapore population for these 15 microsatellite markers commonly used in forensic science.
Asunto(s)
Etnicidad/genética , Frecuencia de los Genes , Genética de Población , Secuencias Repetidas en Tándem , Dermatoglifia del ADN/métodos , Humanos , SingapurRESUMEN
Early diagnosis of malaria for military personnel training in the field is crucial in providing proper treatment for the infected and in taking appropriate preventive measures for the non-infected. Present preliminary diagnosis of malaria in the field depends on the clinical symptoms of the patients and there is a need for rapid diagnosis of malaria in the field. The presence of drug-resistant strains of the Plasmodium species in the region also increases the urgency of finding a quick and sensitive way of identifying the different strains. This study evaluated current methods available for the diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. The dipstick assays, the ParaSight F test and the OptiMAL malaria rapid test were compared with the methods of microscopic examination of blood film and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). On comparison to the blood film and PCR methods, the ParaSight F test has specificity of 98.6% and sensitivity of 91% for P. falciparum detection. The OptiMAL malaria rapid test has a specificity of 100% and 98.6% and sensitivity of 92.8% and 92.6% for P. vivax and P. falciparum detection respectively. We conclude that both tests are suitable for use for rapid malaria diagnosis in the field but the OptiMAL rapid malaria test, which can detect both vivax and falciparum malaria, would be more useful.