Physiological and thylakoid ultrastructural changes in cyanobacteria in response to toxic manganese concentrations.

In this study, two cyanobacterial strains (morphologically identified as Microcystis novacekii BA005 and Nostoc paludosum BA033) were exposed to different Mn concentrations: 7.0, 10.5, 15.7, 23.6 and 35.4 mg L-1 for BA005; and 15.0, 22.5, 33.7, 50.6, and 76.0 mg L-1 for BA033. Manganese toxicity was assessed by growth rate inhibition (EC50), chlorophyll a content, quantification of Mn accumulation in biomass and monitoring morphological and ultrastructural effects. The Mn EC50 values were 16 mg L-1 for BA005 and 39 mg L-1 for BA033, respectively. Reduction of chlorophyll a contents and ultrastructural changes were observed in cells exposed to Mn concentrations greater than 23.6 and 33.7 mg L-1 for BA005 and BA033. Damage to intrathylakoid spaces, increased amounts of polyphosphate granules and an increased number of carboxysomes were observed in both strains. In the context of the potential application of these strains in bioremediation approaches, BA005 was able to remove Mn almost completely from aqueous medium after 96 h exposure to an initial concentration of 10.5 mg L-1, and BA033 was capable of removing 38% when exposed to initial Mn concentration of 22.5 mg L-1. Our data shed light on how these cyanobacterial strains respond to Mn stress, as well as supporting their utility as organisms for monitoring Mn toxicity in industrial wastes and potential bioremediation application.

Water quality evaluation and dissolved organic matter characterization of a tropical hypereutrophic reservoir and its streams treated with Phoslock® and microbial bioremediation Enzilimp®.

Worldwide, freshwater environments are impacted by inputs of nutrients and dissolved organic matter from human activities. Yet, the recovery of aquatic systems is usually focused only on nutrient management. In our work, we presented the case of an urban and hypereutrophic environment (Pampulha reservoir, Belo Horizonte, Brazil) that receives discharges from several streams and was treated with lanthanum modified bentonite (Phoslock®) and microbial bioremediation (Enzilimp®). Our goals were to evaluate whether the treatment could improve the water quality and characterize the spatiotemporal variation of dissolved organic matter sources and indices according to absorbance and fluorescence measurements from the reservoir and streams post-application months (2018). In our results, the reservoir showed a relative decrease in its phosphorus concentration compared to data from before the treatment. On the other hand, carbon concentrations reached expressive values in the post-application months following a similar pattern found in the streams. Our data showed that the reservoir's high resistance in its hypereutrophic condition was related to the elevated loading of external inputs coming from the streams. The parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) identified four main carbon sources, two of them being potential tracers of organic pollution in the Pampulha reservoir and watershed, together with absorbance and fluorescence indices. Our findings suggest that carbon parameters can be essential tools to provide adequate monitoring and optimization of water recovery attempts in complex, polluted environments.

Spatiotemporal dynamics of the resistome and virulome of riverine microbiomes disturbed by a mining mud tsunami.

Aquatic ecosystems are highly vulnerable to anthropogenic activities. However, it remains unclear how the microbiome responds to press disturbance events in these ecosystems. We examined the impact of the world's largest mining disaster (Brazil, 2015) on sediment microbiomes in two disturbed rivers compared to an undisturbed river during 390 days post-disturbance. The diversity and structure of the virulome and microbiome, and of antibiotic and metal resistomes, consistently differed between the disturbed and undisturbed rivers, particularly at day 7 post-disturbance. 684 different ARGs were predicted, 38% were exclusive to the disturbed rivers. Critical antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), e.g., mcr and ereA2, were significantly more common in the disturbed microbiomes. 401 different ARGs were associated with mobile genetic elements (MGEs), 95% occurred in the disturbed rivers. While plasmids were the most common MGEs with a broad spectrum of ARGs, spanning 16 antibiotic classes, integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) and integrons disseminated ARGs associated with aminoglycoside and tetracycline, and aminoglycoside and beta-lactam, respectively. A significant increase in the relative abundance of class 1 integrons, ICEs, and pathogens was identified at day 7 in the disturbed microbiomes, 72-, 14- and 3- fold higher, respectively, compared with the undisturbed river. Mobile ARGs associated with ESKAPEE group pathogens, while metal resistance genes and virulence factor genes in nonpathogenic hosts predominated in all microbiomes. Network analysis showed highly interconnected ARGs in the disturbed communities, including genes targeting antibiotics of last resort. Interactions between copper and beta-lactam/aminoglycoside/macrolide resistance genes, mostly mobile and critical, were also uncovered. We conclude that the mud tsunami resulted in resistome expansion, enrichment of pathogens, and increases in promiscuous and mobile ARGs. From a One Health perspective, mining companies need to move toward more environmentally friendly and socially responsible mining practices to reduce risks associated with pathogens and critical and mobile ARGs.

Removal of methyl parathion by cyanobacteria Microcystis novacekii under culture conditions.

This study investigated the removal of methyl parathion by cyanobacteria Microcystis novacekii in culture conditions and evaluated toxicity in terms of EC(50) of the pesticide for the species. This is the first report on the removal and toxicity of methyl parathion for the species that is abundant and easily accessible in Brazilian lakes. The results have shown that Microcystis novacekii is capable of removing methyl parathion, an organophosphorus pesticide, from the culture medium with an extraction rate higher than 90%. Spontaneous degradation was not significant, which indicates a high efficiency level of biological removal. No metabolites of methyl parathion were detected in the culture medium at the concentration levels evaluated (0.10 to 2.00 mg/dm(3)). The mechanisms proposed to explain pesticide removal are bioaccumulation and mineralization. EC(50) for 72 h was 17.60 mg/dm(3), which is much higher than the usual concentrations in surface waters. This indicates that M. novacekii is highly tolerant of this pesticide and may represent an important bioremediation agent of contaminated environments.

Histological and molecular changes in gill and liver of fish (Astyanax lacustris Lütken, 1875) exposed to water from the Doce basin after the rupture of a mining tailings dam in Mariana, MG, Brazil.

The effects of the rupture of a mining tailings dam were investigated using the gills and liver of Astyanax lacustris as a proxy for environmental quality. The fish were exposed for seven days to water sampled forming four groups: upstream of the dam rupture (P1), and 22 km (P2); 48 km (P3); and 70 km (P4) downstream from the dam rupture in the Doce River basin. The control group received dechlorinated tap water. The dissolved concentrations of metals were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). We evaluated the histology of the gills and liver, as well as, immunohistochemistry for HSP70 and Na+/K+ ATPase (NKA) in the gills, and for P-gp in liver. In all sites we observed a mix of metals, with higher concentrations of Mn, Cd, As, and Cu/Cr in P1, P2, P3, and P4, respectively. All treatments groups showed histological changes in gills and liver, with the highest amount of these alterations found in the P2 group. Disorganization of the secondary lamellae, epithelial lifting, and mitochondria-rich cells (MRC) were observed in the gills. The parenchyma of the liver was rather disorganized, and hepatocytes and nuclei showed hypertrophy, vacuolization and cytoplasmic degeneration. A higher immunoreaction of HSP70 in P2 when compared with the other groups and lower labeling of HSP70 in the P4 was registered. In P2 and P3, NKA-positive cells were observed with hypertrophy and disorganization. Morphometric analyses of the liver revealed that all treatment groups presented a lower immunolabeling of P-gp when compared with the control group. Thus, the experimental approach revealed that the water from Doce basin can promote histological alterations in fish's liver and gills, as well as modulation of disruption of ionic balance, cellular responses to stress, and cell detoxification pathways.

Drastic reduction of the functional diversity of native ichthyofauna in a Neotropical lake following invasion by piscivorous fishes

Biological invasions are leading several species to extinction and are projected as a main driver of biodiversity changes in lakes for this century. However, the knowledge of their impacts on the Neotropical ichthyofauna over time remains largely incipient, especially when considering the functional diversity of native communities. Here we aim to identify the effects of non-native species, especially the non-native piscivorous Cichla kelberi and Pygocentrus nattereri, on the functional diversity of the native ichthyofauna of the Carioca Lake, Middle Rio Doce basin, state of Minas Gerais. Using fish occurrence data for eight years from 1983 to 2010 combined with an ecomorphological-trait analysis, we found that while the native species richness dropped to 56%, the functional richness is only 27% of that found before introductions. In other words, more than species, the ichthyofauna suffered an impressive decline in the range of functional traits, which can further have severe impacts on ecological processes within that system. When considering all the components of the current ichthyofauna (native and non-native species), neither taxonomic nor functional richness have changed over time. However, even keeping biodiversity levels, non-native species are not able to fully compensate for the extinct native ones in terms of functions.(AU)

Invasões biológicas vêm levando várias espécies à extinção, sendo projetado como o principal causador de mudanças na biodiversidade em lagos neste século. Entretanto, o conhecimento dos impactos sobre a ictiofauna Neotropical ao longo do tempo permanece bastante incipiente, especialmente quando se considera a diversidade funcional de comunidades nativas. Neste estudo, nós procuramos identificar os efeitos das espécies não nativas, especialmente os piscívoros não nativos Cichla kelberi and Pygocentrus nattereri, sobre a diversidade funcional da ictiofauna da Lagoa Carioca, bacia do médio rio Doce, Minas Gerais. Utilizando dados de ocorrência de oito anos entre 1983 e 2010, combinados a uma análise de atributos ecomorfológicos, observamos que a riqueza de espécies decaiu a 56%, enquanto a riqueza funcional é de apenas 27% da encontrada antes das introduções. Ou seja, mais do que espécies, a ictiofauna sofreu um declínio significativo na amplitude de atributos funcionais, o que pode levar a impactos severos em processos ecológicos neste sistema. Ao considerar todos os componentes da ictiofauna atual (espécies nativas e não nativas), as métricas de riqueza não sofreram alterações ao longo do tempo. Entretanto, mesmo mantendo os níveis de biodiversidade, espécies não nativas não são capazes de compensar totalmente as espécies nativas extintas em termos funcionais.(AU)

Phosphorus dynamics in water and sediments in urbanized and non-urbanized rivers in Southern Brazil.

Phosphorus flux models show that the removal tends to be a common feature in polluted estuarine systems whereas the release of P to the adjacent coastal area occurs in pristine environments. This study analyzes the distribution of P in water and sediments along six rivers in the south coast of Brazil. Three rivers located inside protected areas were considered non-polluted and used as a control of urbanization. The other three, situated within urbanized areas, were considered as having highly elevated concentrations of P. Results showed a different behavior of P in water and sediments located in urbanized and non-urbanized areas. The concentrations of dissolved organic (P-org) and inorganic (P-inorg) phosphorus in water, and the total phosphorus (P-tot) and polyphosphate (P-poly) in sediments where higher in the urbanized rivers compared to the non-urbanized ones. Both P of punctual origin and of diffuse origin contributed to the maintenance of elevated concentrations and disturbed the natural fluxes along the polluted rivers. The minimum and maximum concentrations in urbanized areas varied from 0.39 to 12.45 (microM) for P-org and 0.00 to 5.92 (microM) for P-inorg in water, and in sediments from 89.90 to 808.16 (microM g(-1)) for P-tot and 0.00 to 76.51 (microM g(-1)) for P-poly. In non-urbanized areas concentrations in water varied from 0.22 to 1.20 (microM) for P-inorg and 4.43 to 5.56 (microM) for P-org, and in sediments from 45.91 to 652.26 (microM g(-1)) for P-tot and 0.00 to 8.61 (microM g(-1)) for P-poly. Using a hierarchical sampling design and a simple model of variation of P (K(d) model) it was possible to demonstrate that urbanized and non-urbanized estuaries may act as sinks or sources of P. The variation of P analysis in different points along each of the six rivers showed that release and removal areas may occur within a same river independently of its urbanization.

Toxicological effects of ciprofloxacin and chlorhexidine on growth and chlorophyll a synthesis of freshwater cyanobacteria

Cyanobacteria are phytoplanktonic microorganisms that are susceptible to the deleterious effects of pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment, which poses a challenge to the environment exposed to diverse pharmaceutical products and their potential effects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the antibiotic substances ciprofloxacin and chlorhexidine in pharmaceutical preparations on the growth and production of chlorophyll of two cyanobacterial strains, Microcystis aeruginosa and Microcystis panniformis, isolated from a lake in a Brazilian environmental protection area. The EC50 and EC10 of chlorhexidine for M. aeruginosa were 206.4 µg/L and 108.5 µg/L, respectively, and for M. panniformis were 171.4 µg/L and 116.6 µg/L, respectively. The EC50 and EC10 of ciprofloxacin for M. aeruginosa were 17.24 µg/L and 3.21 µg/L, respectively, and for M. panniformis were 13.56 µg/L and 1.50 µg/L, respectively. The toxicity of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin (drug) and chlorhexidine (standard solution) to the Microcystis species was demonstrated, and these species were both very sensitive to ciprofloxacin. Our results suggest that the strains of M. aeruginosa and M. panniformis may be affected by exposure to residues of ciprofloxacin (>1.5 µg/L), which may represent a risk to the survival of aquatic species.

Arsenic tolerance of Microcystis novacekii (Komárek-Compère, 1974) and its arsenic decontamination potential

ABSTRACT Cyanobacteria possess metallic ion interaction properties that should be explored with the aim of recovering arsenic (As) contaminated areas. Contamination of As is an issue of worldwide concern due to the risk of human chronic intoxication and negative environmental health effects. In this study the potential decontamination of As(III) and As(V) using cyanobacteria cultures was assessed. Microcystis novacekii (Komárek-Compere, 1974) showed normal growth in concentrations of As(V) similar to those found in natural environments contaminated with As, demonstrating its resistance to As(V). Growth rates gradually decreased upon exposure to high As(V) concentrations from 600 to 5630 mg.L-1 while As(III) affected growth from 14.7 - 85.7 mg.L-1. The As(III) EC50 value (41.0 mg.L-1) was 140-fold lower possibly due to differences in As(III) and As(V) absorption pathways. Upon exposure to 14.7 mg.L-1 As(III), 21.2% of As was removed from culture medium. The absorption capacity (12000 mg.kg-1) remained constant with increasing As(III) concentrations in a dose independent effect. The potential of M. novacekii for As decontamination was demonstrated in this study. This microorganism is recommended in As bioremoval studies due to its autotrophic-mixotrophic growth, low nutritional requirements and high As(III) absorption capacity.

Zooplankton (Copepoda, Rotifera, Cladocera and Protozoa: Amoeba Testacea) from natural lakes of the middle Rio Doce basin, Minas Gerais, Brazil

A list of zooplankton species identified during ten years of studies in the lake system of the middle Rio Doce basin is presented. This lake system integrates the Atlantic Forest biome, a biodiversity hotspot. Three types of studies were achieved by the Brazilian Long Term Ecological Research Program (Brasil-LTER/PELD-UFMG site 4): i) a temporal study (study 1) which sampled four lakes monthly and three lakes twice a year during ten years; ii) a comparative study of limnetic and littoral species composition (study 2) and iii) a spatial study (study 3) that evaluated the species composition of eighteen lakes (eight lakes inside the Rio Doce State Park (RDSP) and ten lakes in its surrounding area) during one year with quarterly sampling. A total of 354 taxa were identified out of which 175 belong to the Rotifera, 95 to the Protozoa (Amoeba Testacea), 55 to Cladocera and 25 to Copepoda. Although many identified species where common in tropical environments, we present new records for the Middle Rio Doce basin. The group of lakes outside the RDSP showed higher exclusive species compared to lakes inside the RDSP. This pattern may be due to higher disturbance intensity and frequency to which the lakes outside RDSP are subjected, being an important factor affecting community structure. These aquatic ecosystems presents more than half of the zooplankton species registered for the Minas Gerais State and is, undoubtedly, one of the Brazil's priorities for conservation, sustaining high diversity in a very small, limited and threatened region. .

Uma lista das espécies de zooplâncton identificadas durante dez anos de estudos no sistema de lagos do médio Rio Doce é apresentada. Este sistema de lagos faz parte do bioma da Mata Atlântica, um hotspot de biodiversidade. Três tipos de estudos foram conduzidos pelo Programa de Pesquisas Ecológicas de Longa Duração (PELD-UFMG site4): i) um estudo temporal, que amostrou quatro lagoas mensalmente e três lagoas semestralmente durante dez anos; ii) um estudo comparativo entre a composição de espécies da região limnética e litorânea e iii) um estudo espacial que avaliou a composição de espécies de dezoito lagoas (oito dentro dos limites do Parque Estadual do Rio Doce (PERD) e dez na sua região do entorno) durante um ano com amostragens trimestrais. Um total de 354 taxa foram identificados sendo 175 pertencentes a Rotifera, 95 a Protozoa (Amoeba Testacea), 55 a Cladocera e 25 a Copepoda. Embora muitas espécies identificadas sejam comuns a ambientes tropicais, são apresentados novos registros para a bacia do Médio Rio Doce. O grupo de lagos fora do PERD apresentou uma maior riqueza exclusiva comparado ao grupo de lagoas dentro do PERD. Este padrão pode ser devido a maiores frequência e intensidade de distúrbios aos quais as lagoas fora do PERD estão sujeitas, já que este é um fator importante que afeta a estruturação de comunidades. Este ecossistema aquático apresenta mais da metade das espécies de zooplâncton já registradas para o Estado de Minas Gerais e é, sem dúvida, uma das prioridades do Brasil para a conservação, sustentando uma alta diversidade em uma região muito pequena, limitada e ameaçada.

Thermocyclops decipiens (Kiefer, 1929) (Copepoda, Cyclopoida) as indicator of water quality in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil

The aim of this work was to study the possible utilization of Thermocyclops decipiens as indicator of the trophic degree and water quality of some watersheds of the state of Minas Gerais. From the beginning of the decade of 90, T. decipiens was recorded in several water collections of the state, including the basins of the rivers Paranaíba, São Francisco, Doce and Grande, within environments mainly of meso and eutrophics characteristics. Of the 28 places of occurrence of the species and according to the water quality index (WQI) used by Environmental Foundation of Minas Gerais (FEAM), 7 of these environments presented WQI good, 16 medium, 4 bad and one very bad. This classification corroborated the hypothesis that T. decipiens could be used as indicator species of eutrophic environments and of low water quality thus constituting an important tool for the biomonitoring of aquatic ecosystems.

Thermocyclops decipiens é uma espécie pioneira de grande dispersão e altamente adaptável a colonizar novos ambientes. É comumente encontrada no sudeste do Brasil, em ambientes com características meso e eutróficas. Considerando a dominânciadesta espécie no reservatório da Pampulha e a sua provável relação com o grau de trofia, este trabalho objetivou verificar a possibilidade de utilizar este organismo como indicador do grau de trofia e/ou qualidade de água de algumas bacias hidrográficas do Estado de Minas Gerais. Para isso, foi feita uma revisão sobre a ocorrência da espécie no Estado. A partir dos anos 90, T. decipiens foi registrada em várias coleções de água do Estado, abrangendo as bacias dos rios Paranaíba, São Francisco, Doce e Grande, na sua grande maioria, com características meso e eutróficas. Dos 28 locais de ocorrência da espécie, e conforme o índice de qualidade de água (IQA) utilizado pela FEAM, 7 destes ambientes apresentam IQA bom, 16 um IQA médio, 4 um IQA ruim e um IQA muito ruim. Esta classificação reforça a hipótese de que T. decipiens pode ser utilizada como espécie indicadora de ambientes eutróficos e de baixa qualidade de água, e como tal, constitui ferramenta importante no biomonitoramento de ecossistemas aquáticos.

Trophic state and microorganisms community of major sub-basins of the middle Rio Doce basin, southeast Brazil

A concentração de fósforo total foi utilizada para determinar o grau de trofia das principais sub-bacias do trecho médio da bacia do Rio Doce, em Minas Gerais, e variáveis físicas, químicas e microbiológicas da água foram analisadas nos períodos de chuva e seca durante os anos de 2000 e 2001. O estudo visou determinar mudanças na qualidade da água causadas pela sazonalidade e por diferentes atividades antrópicas. As áreas estudadas variaram de oligotróficas a eutróficas. As variáveis que apresentaram as maiores correlações positivas com a densidades de coliformes fecais foram as concentrações de nitrogênio e fósforo total, além disso, bactérias heterotróficas mostrou-se capaz de diferenciar os ambientes. Estes resultados sugerem a inclusão do grau de trofia e da caracterização das atividades antrópicas na bacia, como ferramentas importantes para a proposição de medidas de recuperação e conservação de trechos de rios sujeitos a impactos antrópicos.

Ecology of sediment molds from a polluted paleo-carstic lake in southerastern Brazil

Foram feitas amostragens mensais de sedimento na Lagoa Olhos d'Agua - MG, durante 1 ano, em cinco diferentes estaçöes da coleta. Os efluentes de diferentes origens em cada estaçäo provocam uma diversidade de substratos entre elas, a qual se reflete na microbiota fúngica. O coeficiente de similaridade dos bolores estudados foi uma ótima ferramenta para a comparaçäo das regiöes, refletindo o grau de semelhança entre os substratos de cada estaçäo. Verificou-se a predominância de bolores comuns à maioria dos ambientes: Penicillium spp, Aspergillus spp, Cladosporium spp e fungos näo esporulados. Näo foi observada sazonalidade. Os bolores apresentaram grande densidade até 6 cm de profundidade reduzindo, progressivamente, até o estrato de 20 cm. Foi observada a dominância de fungos näo esporulados nas estaçöes mais poluídas, sugerindo a possibilidade de se usar este grupo como indicador microbiológico de poluiçäo. Os índices de riqueza de "taxa" e diversidade indicam alteraçöes na comunidade fúngica, principalmente nas estaçöes que apresentavam açöes antrópicas mais acentuadas