The larval midgut of Anopheles, Aedes, and Toxorhynchites mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae): a comparative approach in morphophysiology and evolution.

The mosquito larval midgut is responsible for acquiring and storing most of the nutrients that will sustain the events of metamorphosis and the insect's adult life. Despite its importance, the basic biology of this larval organ is poorly understood. To help fill this gap, we carried out a comparative morphophysiological investigation of three larval midgut regions (gastric caeca, anterior midgut, and posterior midgut) of phylogenetically distant mosquitoes: Anopheles gambiae (Anopheles albimanus was occasionally used as an alternate), Aedes aegypti, and Toxorhynchites theobaldi. Larvae of Toxorhynchites mosquitoes are predacious, in contrast to the other two species, that are detritivorous. In this work, we show that the larval gut of the three species shares basic histological characteristics, but differ in other aspects. The lipid and carbohydrate metabolism of the An. gambiae larval midgut is different compared with that of Ae. aegypti and Tx. theobaldi. The gastric caecum is the most variable region, with differences probably related to the chemical composition of the diet. The peritrophic matrix is morphologically similar in the three species, and processes involved in the post-embryonic development of the organ, such as cell differentiation and proliferation, were also similar. FMRF-positive enteroendocrine cells are grouped in the posterior midgut of Tx. theobaldi, but individualized in An. gambiae and Ae. aegypti. We hypothesize that Tx. theobaldi larval predation is an ancestral condition in mosquito evolution.

Association between illness perception and clinical control, quality of life, physical activity, and psychosocial status in subjects with moderate to severe asthma: a cluster analysis.

Background: Illness perception (IP) is a psychosocial factor involved in several chronic diseases and is associated with relevant clinical outcomes. However, the relationship between IP and health-related quality of life (HRQoL), psychosocial status, and physical activity in daily life (PADL) in subjects with asthma is poorly understood.Objective: To identify groups of subjects with asthma based on their IPs and to assess their association with clinical control, HRQoL, psychosocial disturbances, and PADL.Methods: This cross-sectional study included 149 subjects with moderate to severe asthma. IP, anthropometric data, Asthma Control Questionnaire-7, Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, PADL (accelerometry), and general self-efficacy (GSE) were assessed. Cluster analysis was performed to identify clusters with similar profiles and investigate their characteristics and differences. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to test the associations between IP and other variables.Results: Statistical analyses identified two clusters of subjects with asthma based on IP. Cluster 1 presented worse IP in seven out of eight domains than Cluster 2. Cluster 1 had more negative consequences of the disease, worse understanding, and a high emotional representation of the disease than Cluster 2. Cluster 1 also had a greater extent of asthma symptoms, poor clinical control, worse HRQoL, and more symptoms of anxiety and depression. No difference between clusters was found for PADL or self-efficacy.Conclusion: Subjects with asthma who have worse IP have more negative symptoms, worse clinical control, HRQoL, and symptoms of anxiety and depression.

Extract from Opuntia ficus-indica cladode delays the Aedes aegypti larval development by inducing an axenic midgut environment.

This study evaluated the effects of acute exposure of Aedes aegypti third instar (L3 ) larvae to the saline extract of Opuntia ficus-indica cladodes on the biological cycle and fertility of the emerging adults. For this, larvae were treated for 24 h with the extract at » LC50 (lethal concentration to kill 50% of larvae), ½ LC50 or LC50 ; the development and reproduction of the emerged adults were evaluated after a recovery period of 9 days. The resistance of proteins in the extract to hydrolysis by L3 digestive enzymes and histomorphological alterations in the larval midgut were also investigated. The extract contained lectin, flavonoids, cinnamic derivatives, terpenes, steroids, and reducing sugars. It showed a LC50 of 3.71% for 48 h. The data indicated mean survival times similar in control and extract treatments. It was observed development delay in extract-treated groups, with a lower number of adults than in control. However, the females that emerged laid similar number of eggs in control and treatments. Histological evaluation revealed absence of bacterial and fungal microorganisms in the food content in midguts from larvae treated with cladode extract. Electrophoresis revealed that three polypeptides in the extract resisted to hydrolysis by L3 digestive proteases for 90 min. The lectin activity was not altered even after 24-h incubation with the enzymes. In conclusion, the extract from O. ficus-indica can delay the development of Ae. aegypti larvae, which may be linked to induction of an axenic environment at larval midgut and permanence of lectin activity even after proteolysis.

Effects of Foot Orthoses on Pain and the Prevention of Lower Limb Injuries in Runners: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

CONTEXT: A variety of approaches have been proposed to prevent lower limb injuries in runners. However, the evidence for the effectiveness of interventions to reduce lower limb pain and injury after intensive running is very weak. OBJECTIVE: The authors performed a systematic review to investigate the effects of foot orthoses on pain and the prevention of lower limb injuries in runners. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: The authors searched the MEDLINE/PubMed, Physiotherapy Evidence Database, Scielo, and Cochrane Central (from inception to February 2022) databases for randomized controlled trials that evaluated the effects of foot orthoses in runners. The authors then calculated mean differences and 95% confidence intervals from these trials. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 test. Furthermore, the authors compared the criteria between runners with foot orthoses and ones with no intervention (control group). EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Twelve studies (5321 runners) met our review criteria. The control and the foot orthoses group sustained 721 (37%) and 238 (24%) injuries, respectively. Compared with the control group, the use of foot orthoses resulted in a significant reduction in lower limb injury risk (risk ratio = 0.6; 95% confidence interval, 0.5-0.7; P = .00001, I2 = 54%; 7 studies, N = 2983: moderate-quality evidence). Moreover, the foot orthoses group corresponded to a 40% reduction in the risk of developing lower limb injuries. CONCLUSIONS: The use of foot orthoses may help reduce the incidence of lower limb injuries and pain in runners.

FMRF-related peptides in Aedes aegypti midgut: neuromuscular connections and enteric nervous system.

FMRFamide-related peptides (FaRPs) are a class of neuropeptides that participate in a variety of physiological processes in invertebrates. They occur in nerves of stomatogastric ganglia and enteroendocrine cells of the insect digestive tract, where they may control muscle functions. However, their direct involvement in muscle function has never been shown in situ. We studied the relationship between FaRPs and midgut muscle during larval-pupal transition of the mosquito Aedes aegypti. In late L4, FaRP-positive neuronal extensions attach to the bundles of the external circular muscle layer, and muscle stem cells start to undergo mitosis in the internal circular layer. Thereafter, the external muscle layer degenerates, disappearing during early pupal development, and is completely absent in the adult mosquito. Our results indicate that FaRP-based neural signals are involved in the reorganization of the muscle fibers of the mosquito midgut during the larval-pupal transition. In addition to confirming FaRP involvement in muscle function, we show that the mosquito midgut muscles are largely innervated, and that circular and longitudinal muscle have specific neuron bodies associated with them.

Inflammatory and neurotrophic factor plasma levels are related to epilepsy independently of etiology.

OBJECTIVE: Inflammation plays an essential role in epilepsy. Studies indicate that cytokines and neurotrophic factors can act in neuroexcitability and epileptogenesis. We aimed to investigate the association between plasma inflammatory and neurotrophic markers, seizure frequency, and chronic epilepsy subtypes. METHODS: We studied 446 patients with epilepsy and 166 healthy controls. We classified patients according to etiology and seizure frequency. We measured plasma levels of interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, interferon-γ (IFNγ), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), soluble TNF receptor 1 (sTNFr1), sTNFr2, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophic factor 3 (NT3), NT4/5, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), nerve growth factor (NGF), and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or cytometric bead array. RESULTS: The plasma levels of BDNF, NT3, NGF, and sTNFr2 were higher, whereas IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IFNγ, TNFα, CNTF, and sTNFr1 were lower in patients than controls. IL1, GDNF, and NT4/5 were similar between groups. These markers did not correlate with age, sex, and epilepsy duration. The molecule sTNFr2 was the best marker to discriminate patients from controls (area under the curve = .857), also differing between patients with frequent and infrequent seizures. SIGNIFICANCE: This large cohort confirmed that patients with epilepsy have abnormal levels of plasma inflammatory and neurotrophic markers independent of the underlying etiology. Plasma level of sTNFr2 was related to seizure frequency and discriminated people with or without epilepsy with good accuracy, making it a potential biomarker for epilepsy and seizure burden.

Ecotoxicological assessment of bauxite residue (red mud) overflow treated by dissolved air flotation (DAF).

In this study, the effluent from the Bayer process of transforming bauxite into alumina, followed by dissolved air flotation (DAF) treatment, was evaluated to identify the best experimental conditions that generate less toxic or nontoxic effluent for discharge. Two freshwater organisms, the Chlorophyceae microalga Raphidocelis subcapitata (96-h algal growth inhibition test), and the microcrustacean Daphnia similis (48-h acute immobility test), were used to analyze the efficiency of effluent treatment by detecting and comparing the toxicity of the treated effluent. Experimental factorial planning used different concentrations of the coagulant ferric chloride and the flocculant Nalco® N-99-005B, and different recycle ratios. The highest recycle ratio (30%) and highest flocculant concentration (150 mg/L) had the best solids removal efficiency, above 90%. Probably the higher concentration of flocculant led to the formation of a more stable froth, promoting an increase in the hydrophobic characteristics of the flocs. Two operating conditions were satisfactory according to acute and chronic bioassays, with removal efficiencies of total suspended solids and turbidity higher than 98%, for both variables. Producers, R. subcapitata microalga, were more sensitive than the primary consumers, D. similis microcrustaceans, indicating the importance of performing tests with different bioindicators.

Assistive technology for communication of older adults: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: Describe the use of assistive technology to enhance communication opportunities for older adults. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted in two databases, PubMed and Web of Science, by using two different searches in each. The search was limited to original articles, in English language, including people aged 60 years and older that used any type of assistive technology for communication. The articles found in the initial search were filtered by title, abstracts and the remaining articles were fully read. RESULTS: Eighteen studies were included in this review after the reading of full-texts. Most of the studies included apparently healthy participants with communication limitations due to aging related changes and the others included people with some pathology that prevent them from normal communication. CONCLUSION: Four categories of assistive technology were identified: assistive technology for people with speech problems; robot or videoconferencing systems; Information and Communication Technologies and, other types of assistive technology for communication, such as hearing aids and scrapbooks. Assistive technology for communication of older adults is not only used by people with disabilities that prevent them from usual communication. They are mostly for older adults without a pathological communication problem.

Breast disease in men in metropolitan São Paulo - Brazil.

Although rare, breast cancer in males represents 1% of all cancer in men, and has shown increasing incidence in 25 years. To analyze age, gender, type of procedure performed and diagnosis of all cases of breast diseases in a public hospital in Sao Paulo, Brazil, with special focus on men. Cross-sectional study of breast surgery in 2010-2014 at Hospital Municipal Universitario de Sao Bernardo do Campo, Brazil. In the period 999 breast surgery were carried out. Patients with benign diseases were about 30 years old and patients with malignant diseases were over 50. Most surgical procedures performed on men were on the benign condition of gynaecomastia (n=21). The prevalence of breast cancer in the male population attending the public health system in Sao Bernardo was 0.27 (per 100,000). There was a single record of malignant disease in men, a 65 years old man, with histological diagnosis of ductal carcinoma. Surgical pathology of the breast in men is a rare event, and accounts for about 2.4% of mammary surgery in the municipality of São Bernardo do Campo. Awareness is necessary for health professionals and the media, regarding breast pathologies in the male population, to reduce the prejudice in the search for an early diagnosis of a condition so strongly linked to the female for the majority of people.

Augmentative and alternative communication in children with Down's syndrome: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The use of technology to assist in the communication, socialization, language, and motor skills of children with Down's syndrome (DS) is required. The aim of this study was to analyse research findings regarding the different instruments of 'augmentative and alternative communication' used in children with Down's syndrome. METHODS: This is a systematic review of published articles available on PubMed, Web of Science, PsycInfo, and BVS using the following descriptors: assistive technology AND syndrome, assistive technology AND down syndrome, down syndrome AND augmentative and alternative communication. Studies published in English were selected if they met the following inclusion criteria: (1) study of children with a diagnosis of DS, and (2) assistive technology and/or augmentative and alternative communication analysis in this population. RESULTS: A total of 1087 articles were identified. Thirteen articles met the inclusion criteria. The instruments most used by the studies were speech-generating devices (SGDs) and the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS). CONCLUSION: Twelve instruments that provided significant aid to the process of communication and socialization of children with DS were identified. These instruments increase the interaction between individuals among this population and their peers, contributing to their quality of life and self-esteem.

Recent advances on the influence of fipronil on insect behavior.

Fipronil, a pesticide widely used to control agricultural and household insect pests, blocks insect GABAA and glutamate (GluCl) ionotropic receptors, resulting in uncontrolled hyperexcitation and paralysis that eventually leads to death. The use of fipronil is controversial because unintentional exposure to this compound may contribute to the ongoing global decline of insect pollinator populations. Although the sublethal effects of fipronil have been linked to aberrant behavior and impaired olfactory learning in insects, the precise mechanisms involved in these responses remain unclear. In this article, we highlight recent studies that have investigated the interaction among different pathways involved in the ability of fipronil to modulate insect behavior, with particular emphasis on the role of GABAergic neurotransmission in fine-tuning the integration of sensorial responses and insect behavior. Recent findings suggest that fipronil can also cause functional alterations that affect synaptic organization and the availability of metal ions in the brain.

New Perspectives of Deep Brain Stimulation Indications for Parkinson's Disease: A Critical Review.

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment option for patients with dopaminergic complications of Parkinson's disease (PD) and drug-refractory PD tremor. However, DBS and its indications can be challenging, and they are not often debated in the medical community. Through a critical narrative review, the objective of this paper is to improve the comprehension of DBS indications and help to solve the puzzle that this process can be. Proper patient selection is the first step for a good surgical outcome. In this review, then, relevant considerations are discussed, involving PD genes, PD phenotypes, indications of early stages, non-motor symptoms, neuroimaging predictors, comorbidities, and age. Individualized approaches are encouraged, including clinical and radiological factors. Social support during the whole follow-up and expectations alignment are necessary through this process and are also debated.

Exploring the midgut physiology of the non-haematophagous mosquito Toxorhynchites theobaldi.

Toxorhynchites mosquitoes have an exclusively phytophagous feeding habit as adults, which leads to significant differences in their morphophysiology compared with haematophagous mosquitoes. However, the molecular mechanisms of digestion in this mosquito are not well understood. In this study, RNA sequencing of the posterior midgut (PMG) of the mosquito Toxorhynchites theobaldi was undertaken, highlighting its significance in mosquito digestion. Subsequently, a comparison was made between the differential gene expression of the PMG and that of the anterior midgut. It was found that the most abundant proteases in the PMG were trypsin and chymotrypsin, and the level of gene expression for enzymes essential for digestion (such as serine protease, α-amylase and pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase) and innate immune response (including catalase, cecropin-A2 and superoxide dismutase) was like that of haematophagous mosquitoes. Peritrophin-1 was detected in the entire midgut, with an elevated expression level in the PMG. Based on our findings, it is hypothesized that a non-haematophagic habit might have been exhibited by the ancestor of Tx. theobaldi, and this trait may have been retained. This study represents a pioneering investigation at the molecular level of midgut contents in a non-haematophagous mosquito. The findings offer valuable insights into the evolutionary aspects of feeding habits in culicids.

Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker Disease Presenting as Late-Onset Slowly Progressive Spinocerebellar Ataxia, and Comparative Case Series with Neuropathology.

BACKGROUND: Genetic prion diseases, including Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease (GSS), are extremely rare, fatal neurodegenerative disorders, often associated with progressive ataxia and cognitive/neuropsychiatric symptoms. GSS typically presents as a rapidly progressive cerebellar ataxia, associated with cognitive decline. Late-onset cases are rare. OBJECTIVE: To compare a novel GSS phenotype with six other cases and present pathological findings from a single case. METHODS: Case series of seven GSS patients, one proceeding to autopsy. RESULTS: Case 1 developed slowly progressive gait difficulties at age 71, mimicking a spinocerebellar ataxia, with a family history of balance problems in old age. Genome sequencing revealed a heterozygous c.392G > A (p.G131E) pathogenic variant and a c.395A > G resulting in p.129 M/V polymorphism in the PRNP gene. Probability analyses considering family history, phenotype, and a similar previously reported point mutation (p.G131V) suggest p.G131E as a new pathogenic variant. Clinical features and imaging of this case are compared with those six additional cases harboring p.P102L mutations. Autopsy findings of a case are described and were consistent with the prion pathology of GSS. CONCLUSIONS: We describe a patient with GSS with a novel p.G131E mutation in the PRNP gene, presenting with a late-onset, slowly progressive phenotype, mimicking a spinocerebellar ataxia, and six additional cases with the typical P102L mutation.

Natural Aging of Reprocessed Polypropylene Composites Filled with Sustainable Corn Fibers.

Natural fiber reinforcements have the potential to enhance mechanical properties, thereby improving performance and durability in various applications. In this study, we comprehensively evaluated the impact of environmental degradation over 120 days on reprocessed polypropylene (PP) reinforced with corn husk fiber (CHF) composites. The manufactured systems underwent rigorous analysis using various techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and tensile testing. These analyses revealed that climatic conditions significantly influenced (p < 0.05) the mechanical properties of all systems. Photodegradation led to surface morphological changes and chemical structures. Regardless, adding CHF filler proved a key factor, as it allowed for less susceptibility to environmental degradation than the reprocessed matrix. These findings, therefore, provide robust evidence supporting the feasibility of using CHF composites for manufacturing agricultural containers.

The Association of Nanostructured Carbonated Hydroxyapatite with Denatured Albumin and Platelet-Rich Fibrin: Impacts on Growth Factors Release and Osteoblast Behavior.

Platelet-rich Fibrin (PRF), a second-generation blood concentrate, offers a versatile structure for bone regeneration due to its composition of fibrin, growth factors, and cytokines, with adaptations like denatured albumin-enriched with liquid PRF (Alb-PRF), showing potential for enhanced stability and growth factor dynamics. Researchers have also explored the combination of PRF with other biomaterials, aiming to create a three-dimensional framework for enhanced cell recruitment, proliferation, and differentiation in bone repair studies. This study aimed to evaluate a combination of Alb-PRF with nanostructured carbonated hydroxyapatite microspheres (Alb-ncHA-PRF), and how this association affects the release capacity of growth factors and immunomodulatory molecules, and its impact on the behavior of MG63 human osteoblast-like cells. Alb-PRF membranes were prepared and associated with nanocarboapatite (ncHA) microspheres during polymerization. MG63 cells were exposed to eluates of both membranes to assess cell viability, proliferation, mineralization, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. The ultrastructural analysis has shown that the spheres were shattered, and fragments were incorporated into both the fibrin mesh and the albumin gel of Alb-PRF. Alb-ncHA-PRF presented a reduced release of growth factors and cytokines when compared to Alb-PRF (p < 0.05). Alb-ncHA-PRF was able to stimulate osteoblast proliferation and ALP activity at lower levels than those observed by Alb-PRF and was unable to positively affect in vitro mineralization by MG63 cells. These findings indicate that the addition of ncHA spheres reduces the biological activity of Alb-PRF, impairing its initial effects on osteoblast behavior.

Biodegradable PBAT/PLA blend films incorporated with turmeric and cinnamomum powder: A potential alternative for active food packaging.

Active packaging made from biodegradable polymers and natural additives appears as an ecological alternative. In addition to having antioxidant activity and enhancing food preservation, it allows mitigating the negative impacts caused by improper disposal. This study pursued to produce biodegradable films based on a polymer blend PBAT/PLA (Ecovio®) using the flat extrusion method. The films were prepared with the incorporation of 5 wt% of powdered turmeric or cinnamon as natural additives. The films obtained, and those reprocessed twice, were characterized in terms of colorimetric, UV light transmittance, water contact angle, water vapor permeability, morphology, mechanical properties, and antioxidant activity. Cinnamon reduced the UV light transmittance and made a surface more hydrophobic. Reprocessing led to greater elongation and maximum load, associated with increased dispersion and distribution, as evidenced in the morphological analysis. The films developed have significant potential for applications in active food packaging, with emphasis on cinnamon-additivated films.

Botulinum Toxin and Deep Brain Stimulation in Dystonia.

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is a recognized treatment for different dystonia subtypes and has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) since 2003. The European Federation of Neurological Societies (EFNS) and the International Parkinson and Movement Disorders Society (MDS) recommend DBS for dystonia after failure of botulinum toxin (BoNT) and other oral medications for dystonia treatment. In addition, several long-term studies have demonstrated the continuous efficacy of DBS on motor and quality of life (QoL) scores. However, there are only a few reports comparing the overall impact of surgical treatment in BoNT protocols (e.g., dosage and number of selected muscles before and after surgery). This retrospective multicenter chart-review study analyzed botulinum toxin total dosage and dosage per muscle in 23 dystonic patients before and after DBS surgery. The study's primary outcome was to analyze whether there was a reduction in BoNT dosage after DBS surgery. The mean BoNT dosages difference between baseline and post-surgery was 293.4 units for 6 months, 292.6 units for 12 months, and 295.2 units at the last visit. The median total dose of BoNT in the preoperative period was 800 units (N = 23). At the last visit, the median was 700 units (p = 0.05). This represents a 12.5% reduction in BoNT median dosage. In conclusion, despite the limitations of this retrospective study, there was a significant reduction in BoNT doses after DBS surgery in patients with generalized dystonia.

In Situ Printing of Polylactic Acid/Nanoceramic Filaments for the Repair of Bone Defects Using a Portable 3D Device.

In situ 3D printing is attractive for the direct repair of bone defects in underdeveloped countries and in emergency situations. So far, the lack of an interesting method to produce filament using FDA-approved biopolymers and nanoceramics combined with a portable strategy limits the use of in situ 3D printing. Herein, we investigated the osseointegration of new nanocomposite filaments based on polylactic acid (PLA), laponite (Lap), and hydroxyapatite (Hap) printed directly at the site of the bone defect in rats using a portable 3D printer. The filaments were produced using a single-screw extruder (L/D = 26), without the addition of solvents that can promote the toxicity of the materials. In vitro performance was evaluated in the cell differentiation process with mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) by an alkaline phosphatase activity test and visualization of mineralization nodules; a cell viability test and total protein dosage were performed to evaluate cytotoxicity. For the in vivo analysis, the PLA/Lap composite filaments with a diameter of 1.75 mm were printed directly into bone defects of Wistar rats using a commercially available portable 3D printer. Based on the in vitro and in vivo results, the in situ 3D printing technique followed by rapid cooling proved to be promising for bone tissue engineering. The absence of fibrous encapsulation and inflammatory processes became a good indicator of effectiveness in terms of biocompatibility parameters and bone tissue formation, and the use of the portable 3D printer showed a significant advantage in the application of this material by in situ printing.

The Effects of Platelet-Rich Fibrin in the Behavior of Mineralizing Cells Related to Bone Tissue Regeneration-A Scoping Review of In Vitro Evidence.

Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is a second-generation blood concentrate that serves as an autologous approach for both soft and hard tissue regeneration. It provides a scaffold for cell interaction and promotes the local release of growth factors. PRF has been investigated as an alternative to bone tissue therapy, with the potential to expedite wound healing and bone regeneration, though the mechanisms involved are not yet fully understood. This review aims to explore the in vitro evidence of PRF's effects on the behavior of mineralizing cells related to bone tissue regeneration. A systematic electronic search was conducted up to August 2023, utilizing three databases: PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. A total of 76 studies were selected, which presented in vitro evidence of PRF's usefulness, either alone or in conjunction with other biomaterials, for bone tissue treatment. PRF membranes' influence on the proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of bone cells is linked to the constant release of growth factors, resulting in changes in crucial markers of bone cell metabolism and behavior. This further reinforces their therapeutic potential in wound healing and bone regeneration. While there are some notable differences among the studies, the overall results suggest a positive effect of PRF on cell proliferation, differentiation, mineralization, and a reduction in inflammation. This points to its therapeutic potential in the field of regenerative medicine. Collectively, these findings may help enhance our understanding of how PRF impacts basic physiological processes in bone and mineralized tissue.