Modelling potential landscape sediment delivery due to projected soybean expansion: a scenario study of the Balsas sub-basin, Cerrado, Maranhão state, Brazil.

In Brazil, agriculture expansion is taking place primarily in the Cerrado ecosystems. With the aim of supporting policy development and protecting the natural environment at relevant hotspots, a scenario study was conducted that concerned not only land-use change, but also the resulting effects on erosion and deposition. This coupled approach helped to evaluate potential landscape impacts of the land-use scenarios. In the study area, the Balsas sub-basin in Maranhão State, a model chain was used to model plausible future soybean expansion locations (CLUE-S model) and resulting sediment mobilization patterns (LAPSUS model) for a business-as-usual scenario. In the scenario, more erosion occurred in areas where the conversion of natural vegetation into soybean cultivation is likely to take place, but the generated sediments tended to accumulate mainly within the conversion areas, thus limiting the offsite effects of the increased erosion. These results indicated that when agricultural expansion is kept away from rivers, Cerrado conversion will have only a limited impact on the sediment loads of local rivers. Where land-use changes are most concentrated are coincident with areas where more new sediments are generated (higher erosion) and where more sediments are re-deposited.

Effect of Finishing Protocols on the Surface Roughness and Fatigue Strength of a High-Translucent Zirconia.

Purpose: In case of need for esthetical improvement of zirconia restorations, an individualization using extrinsic staining can be applied. This study aimed to evaluate the surface roughness and fatigue strength (survival) of high-translucency zirconia (3Y-TZP, YZ®HT, Vita Zanhfabrik) with extrinsic characterization and/or glaze. Methods: Sixty (60) zirconia discs (12 × 1.2 mm) were obtained, sintered, and randomly distributed among three groups (n = 20) according to the surface finishing protocol: C (control), C + G (extrinsic characterization followed by a glaze layer), and G (glaze layer). The surface roughness (Ra) was analyzed with a contact profilometer. Subsequently, the specimens were subjected to a fatigue load profile starting at 120 N during 20,000 cycles at 4 Hz frequency, with a 5% increase at each step until failure. The failed specimens were evaluated under a stereomicroscope. Surface roughness analysis was evaluated by using one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests (95%); while fatigue survival probability was analyzed with Kaplan-Meier and Mantel-Cox (log- rank, 95%). Results: One-way ANOVA revealed that surface roughness was affected by the finishing protocol, where C + G showed the highest mean value (0.46 ± 0.18 µm)A followed by G (0.30 ± 0.10 µm)B, and C (0.19 ± 0.02 µm)C. While for fatigue strength, the G protocol presented a higher mean value (243.00, and 222.36-263.63)A, followed by C + G (192.75 and 186.61-198.88)B and C (172.50 and 159.43-185.56)C. Conclusion: Surface finishing protocols modify the surface roughness and fatigue strength of high-translucent zirconia. Regardless of the surface roughness, both glazing protocols improved the ceramic fatigue strength, favoring the restoration's long-term survival.

Morphological tongue and palate characterizations in Trachemys adiutrix (Vanzolini, 1995) turtles.

Morphological studies on the oropharyngeal cavity of turtles are an interesting tool in understanding evolutionary processes associated with feeding habits. There is paucity of morphological information on the oropharyngeal cavity of the Trachemys adiutrix turtle. Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the tongue and palate morphology of T. adiutrix to establish a standard model for the species, providing information that may improve knowledge on the species feeding habits. Gross dissection, light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy assessments of 11 specimens were carried out. The tongue of T. adiutrix is triangular with a slightly rounded apex and broad base and lingual papillae widely distributed throughout the entire dorsal surface. The palate is composed of bony structures, displaying a triangular apex with one pair of choanae and palatine raphe that begin in the middle region, dividing the two openings. The body was elongated and smooth. The root was wrinkled and opened into the oesophagus. The tongue was lined by non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, rich in mucous cells and a large number of different-shaped papillae and taste buds. The palate was mainly lined by a pseudostratified cylindrical ciliated epithelium rich in mucous cells. In conclusion, the tongue and palate characteristics of T. adiutrix include evidence that these animals are semiaquatic, displaying morphological characteristics associated with aquatic and terrestrial trophic ecology, similar to that observed in other semiaquatic and terrestrial chelonian species.

Effect of Different Surface Treatments on the Bond Strength of the Hybrid Ceramic Characterization Layer.

PURPOSE: Using the microshear bond strength (µSBS) test, this study investigated the bond strength between a hybrid ceramic and the extrinsic characterization layer after different ceramic surface treatments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hybrid ceramic blocks (Vita Enamic, Vita Zahnfabrik) were sectioned and randomly divided into 4 groups (N = 120) according to the surface treatment and aging (n = 15): P: polishing; E: acid etching with HF; A: aluminum oxide blasting; S: self-etching ceramic primer. The specimens were silanized, then cylinders of light-curing characterization material (Vita Enamic Stain, 1.6 mm diameter x 2 mm height) were fabricated, followed by glazing. The specimens were subsequently immersed in distilled water for 24 h and subjected to the µSBS test using a universal testing machine (load cell 0.5 mm/min, 50 kgf) or tested after thermocycling for 10,000 cycles in water (5°C-55°C). After treatment, the specimen surfaces were analyzed using SEM, with failure types defined as adhesive, predominantly adhesive, or cohesive. The data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: The most frequent failure type was predominantly adhesive between ceramic and the characterization layer. There were statistically significant differences between the surface treatments (p < 0.05). Thermocycling did not lead to statistically signifcant different results (p > 0.05). For groups P and A, a sharp decrease in SBS was observed. CONCLUSION: The absence of surface treatment drastically reduced the microshear bond strength between the ceramic and the characterization layer. Conditioning with 5% hydrofluoric acid for 60 s is the most suitable treatment for adhesion of the characterization layer to hybrid ceramic.

Monitoramento de vetores do gênero Aedes durante o inverno no município de Barbacena, Minas Gerais, Brasil ­ 2018 / Monitoring of vectors of the genus Aedes during winter in the municipality of Barbacena, Minas Gerais, Brazil ‒ 2018

Objetivo: estimar a oviposição e distribuição espacial de vetores Aedes durante a estação de inverno e correlacionar essas estimativas com dados climáticos do mesmo período. Métodos: estudo de campo conduzido no município de Barbacena-MG, em 2018. O monitoramento, a coleta de ovos e a estimativa de índices estegômicos de vetores Aedes foram obtidos por meio de ovitrampas. Os Índices de Densidade de Ovos (IDO) e de Positividade de Ovitrampas (IPO%) foram estimados conforme estações climáticas e semanas epidemiológicas. A correlação entre parâmetros meteorológicos (temperatura/pluviometria) e índices estegômicos (IDO/IPO) foi determinada pelo coeficiente de Spearman. Resultados: um total de 1.080 ovitrampas, instaladas em 39 bairros, foi analisado durante 10 semanas epidemiológicas, fornecendo um total de 970 ovos. Nas estações de outono, inverno e primavera, foram obtidos, respectivamente, 421, 470 e 70 ovos. Durante o outono, houve variação do IDO entre 14,2 e 34,2. O IPO manteve-se constante em 4,5%. Durante o inverno, houve variação do IDO entre 0,00 e 47,50 e do IPO entre 0,00% e 8,25%. Houve correlação negativa significativa tanto entre aumento da precipitação mensal e diminuição do número de ovos coletados (rho=-0.673) quanto entre aumento da precipitação mensal e diminuição do IPO (rho=-0.612). O valor geral do IDO e do IPO nas 10 semanas foi, respectivamente, 22,04 e 4,17% e, na estação de inverno, foi, respectivamente, 23,50 e 3,73%. Conclusão: os achados corroboram a presença de ovos e vetores do gênero Aedes mesmo em condições climáticas adversas para essas espécies e sustentam ações de manejo sanitário durante todo o ano.

Objective: to estimate oviposition and spatial distribution of Aedes vectors during the winter season and correlate these estimates with climate data from the same period. Methods: field study conducted in the municipality of Barbacena-MG in 2018. Monitoring, egg collection, and estimation of stegomic indices of Aedes were obtained using ovitraps. The Indices of Egg Density (EDI) and Positive Ovitrap (POI%) were estimated according to climatic seasons and epidemiological weeks. The correlation between meteorological parameters (temperature/rainfall) and stegomic indices (EDI/POI) was determined by the Spearman coefficient. Results: a total of 1,080 ovitraps installed in 39 neighborhoods were analyzed during ten (10) epidemiological weeks, providing a total of 970 eggs. In the autumn, winter, and spring seasons, 421, 470, and 70 eggs were obtained, respectively. During the autumn, there was a variation in EDI between 14.2­34.2. The POI remained constant at 4.5%. During the winter, the EDI varied between 0.00­47.50, and the POI varied between 0.00%­8.25%. There was a significant negative correlation, respectively, between an increase in monthly precipitation and a decrease in the number of eggs collected (rho=-0.673) and between an increase in monthly precipitation and a decrease in POI (rho=-0.612). The overall value of EDI and POI in the ten (10) weeks was 22.04 and 4.17%, and in the winter season, they were 23.50 and 3.73%, respectively. Conclusion: the findings corroborate the presence of eggs and vectors of the genus Aedes even in adverse climatic conditions for these species and support health management actions throughout the year.

Esotropia, nystagmus and optic disk staphyloma in Donnai-Barrow syndrome / Esotropia, nistagmo e estafiloma de disco óptico na síndrome de Donnai-Barrow

ABSTRACT A 12-year-old boy with Donnai-Barrow syndrome diagnosed intra-uterus presented esotropia, high myopia, nystagmus, and optic disk staphyloma in an ophthalmologic examination. The patient had associated Fanconi syndrome and sensorineural hearing loss as well as facial manifestations as hypertelorism, downward slanting of palpebral fissures and low ear implantation. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed agenesis of the corpus callosum. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case associated with esotropia, nystagmus, and optic disk staphyloma.

RESUMO Paciente do sexo masculino, 12 anos, com diagnóstico intrauterino de síndrome de Donnai-Barrow, apresentava ao exame oftalmológico esotropia, alta miopia, nistagmo e estafiloma de disco óptico. Associado ao quadro, apresentava síndrome de Falconi e perda auditiva neurossensorial, além de alterações faciais, como hipertelorismo, inclinação inferior das fissuras palpebrais e implantação baixa das orelhas. Ressonância magnética revelou agenesia de corpo caloso. Ao nosso conhecimento, este é o primeiro caso relatado associando esotropia, nistagmo e estafiloma de disco óptico.

Development of a cell phone application as an auxiliary teaching tool for the subject of complete dentures / Desenvolvimento de aplicativo de celular intitulado: "Manual de Prótese Total ­ Reabilitando sorrisos", como uma ferramenta didática auxiliar para a disciplina de prótese total

Objective: The study aimed to develop a cell phone application entitled: "Total Prosthesis Manual ­ Rehabilitating smiles", as an auxiliary teaching tool for teachers and students through digital technology, with a smartphone. Material and Methods: The tool was structured on the "Application Factory website", which allows the creation of mobile applications in different formats, with broad and interactive features on IOS and Android platforms. The expository format of the content is in slide format, containing descriptive theory and images about the stages of making a complete prosthesis; from necessary materials, photos and descriptive guidance of the steps. Results: The application is a complementary teaching resource to assist undergraduate and postgraduate students and professionals working in the area of complete prosthetics. The theoretical and practical content selected for the application covered all stages of understanding, development and possible complications associated with the manufacture of a complete bimaxillary prosthesis, from planning, impressions, models, orientation plans, tooth assembly, adaptations and delivery. Conclusion: The application provided a low-cost, expandable and easy-to-use teaching resource for teaching complete dentures. It is essential to develop various analyzes such as user experience tests, application effectiveness, development of new technologies and improvement of techniques, so that their potential for enriching learning in complete dentures and dentistry in general can be verified.(AU)

Objetivo: O estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver um aplicativo de celular intitulado: "Manual de Prótese Total ­ Reabilitando sorrisos", como uma ferramenta didática auxiliar para professores e alunos por meio da tecnologia digital, com smartphone. Material e Métodos: A ferramenta foi estruturada no "site da Fábrica de Aplicativos", que permite a criação de aplicativos móveis em diversos formatos, com recursos amplos e interativos nas plataformas IOS e Android. A modalidade expositiva do conteúdo é em formato de slides, contendo teoria descritiva e imagens sobre as etapas de confecção de uma prótese total; a partir de materiais necessários, fotos e orientação descritiva das etapas. Resultados: O aplicativo é um recurso didático complementar para auxiliar estudantes de graduação, pós-graduação e profissionais que atuam na área de prótese total. O conteúdo teórico e prático selecionado para a aplicação visou todas as etapas de compreensão, desenvolvimento e possíveis complicações associadas à confecção de uma prótese total bimaxilar, desde o planejamento, moldagens, maquetes, planos de orientação, montagem dos dentes, adaptações e entrega. Conclusão: O aplicativo trouxe um recurso didático de baixo custo, expansível e fácil de usar para o ensino de próteses totais. É fundamental desenvolver diversas análises como testes de experiência do usuário, eficácia de aplicação, desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias e aprimoramento de técnicas, de forma que possa ser verificado seu potencial de enriquecimento do aprendizado em prótese total e odontologia em geral(AU)

Reliability of measurements derived from the palpation method of a software for postural evaluation: does clinical experience matter? / Fidedignidade nas medidas derivadas do método de palpação de um software para avaliação postural: a experiência clínica importa?

Abstract The postural evaluation software (SAPO) has been used as a valuable tool for the analysis of postural alterations, however, such a tool depends on palpation performed by the evaluator. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the inter-and intra-examiner reliability of experienced and inexperienced examiners in measurements derived from the palpation method, and its possible influence on measurements obtained by SAPO. Nine evaluators participated in the study, which were divided into three groups according to experience with respect to palpation (GI: inexperienced group, GSE: semi-experienced group and GE: experienced group). Each evaluator performed the postural analysis of 10 volunteers, which were photographed in orthostatic position, following the SAPO recommendations. The intra-examiner reliability analysis indicated that all three groups had higher, good and moderate mean correlation values for each examiner than low correlations. In the inter-examiner reliability assessment, GE and GSE groups exhibited higher correlation values. The intra-class correlation coefficient, in the single-measure analysis, presented correlation coefficients <0.70 in 9 of the variables analyzed, indicating non-significant correlation. It was concluded that the measures analyzed by SAPO have high intra-examiner reliability. However, regarding inter-examiner reliability, the group composed of inexperienced evaluators presented lower values, suggesting that the experience time may have influenced the inter-examiner reliability regarding postural evaluation.

Resumo O Software de avaliação postural (SAPO) vem sendo utilizado como uma ferramenta valiosa para a análise das alterações posturais, porém tal ferramenta depende da palpação realizada pelo examinador. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a fidedignidade inter e intraexaminadores experientes e inexperientes nas medidas derivadas do método de palpação, e sua possível influência sobre as medidas obtidas pelo SAPO. Participaram do estudo nove avaliadores, divididos em três grupos de acordo com a experiência com relação a palpação (GI: grupo inexperiente, GSE: grupo semi experiente e GE: grupo experiente). Cada avaliador realizou a análise postural de 10 voluntários, os quais foram fotografados em posição ortostática, seguindo as recomendações do SAPO. A análise da fidedignidade intraexaminadores indicou que os três grupos apresentaram valores de correlação em média mais altos, bons e moderados, do que correlações baixas. Na avaliação da fidedignidade interexaminadores os grupos GE e GSE exibiram valores de correlação mais altos. O coeficiente de correlação intraclasse, na análise de medida única, apresentou índices de correlação <0,70 em 9 das variáveis analisadas, indicando correlação não considerável. Concluiu-se que as medidas analisadas pelo SAPO possuem uma alta fidedignidade intraexaminadores. No entanto, em relação a fidedignidade interexaminadores o grupo composto por examinadores inexperientes com relação a palpação apresentou valores mais baixos, sugerindo que o tempo de experiência dos examinadores pode ter influenciado na fidedignidade interexaminadores da avaliação postural.

Efeito da caracterização extrínseca na microestrutura e na probabilidade de sobrevivência à fadiga de uma zircôniade alta translucidez / Effect of extrinsic characterization on the microstructure and on the fatigue survival probability of a high translucent zirconia

Este estudo avaliou a rugosidade superficial e a resistência à fadiga (probabilidade de sobrevivência) de zircônia polidas e caracterizadas com pigmentação extrínseca e/ou glaze. Blocos de zircônia de alta translucidez (YZ®HT, Vita Zanhfabrik, Bad Säckingen, Alemanha) foram usinados em forma de cilindro e fatiados em uma máquina de corte de precisão, com refrigeração constante em água. Os discos foram polidos com lixas de carbeto de silício de granulação crescente (#400, #600, #800, #1200) em máquina politriz semi-automática, e foi realizada limpeza em banho ultrassônico com álcool isopropílico durante 5 minutos. Desta forma, foram obtidos 60 discos com 12 mm de diâmetro e 1,2 mm de espessura, distribuídos aleatoriamente entre os Grupos: P-somente polimento, CG-caracterização e glaze, e G-somente glaze. Os tratamentos foram realizados após a sinterização, de acordo com as recomendações do fabricante. Foram realizadas leituras através de um rugosímetro de contato (Surftest SJ 400, Mitutoyo, Tóquio, Japão) para avaliar a rugosidade média da superfície. Os discos foram submetidos ao teste de flexão biaxial em uma máquina de testes universal, como velocidade constante (0,5 mm/min) até a falha (n=3), para determinar a carga média de fratura, a fim de estabelecer o perfil de carga do teste de fadiga. O perfil de carga usado iniciou em 120 N com acréscimo de 5% da carga inicial a cada step, em intervalos de 20.000 ciclos na frequência de 4Hz. O modo de fratura foi avaliado com o auxílio do estereomicroscópio. Os valores de rugosidade inicial foram analisados com teste ANOVA 1-fator e Teste de Tukey (95%), que mostraram que os três grupos possuem rugosidades médias estatisticamente diferentes, sendo o grupo CG o grupo com maiores valores. A análise de probabilidade de sobrevivência foi realizada com Kaplan-Meier e Mantel-Cox (Log-rank, 95%), indicando que o grupo G apresentou uma maior resistência à fadiga e um número maior de ciclos necessários para a fratura, sendo diferente estatisticamente dos outros grupos. Assim, é possível concluir que caracterização superficial altera o comportamento mecânico da zircônia de alta translucidez. A zircônia de alta translucidez somente polida possui menor resistência à fadiga do que o tratamento superficial com glaze, que promove maior probabilidade de sobrevivência a longo prazo.

This study evaluated the surface roughness and fatigue strength (probability of survival) of polished zirconia and characterized with extrinsic pigmentation and/or glaze. High translucency zirconia blocks (YZ® HT, Vita Zanhfabrik, Bad Säckingen, Germany) were machined in cylinder shape and sliced in a precision cutting machine, with constant water cooling. The discs were polished with silicon carbide sandpaper with decreasing grains (#400, #600, #800, #1200) in a semiautomatic polishing machine, and cleaning was carried out in an ultrasonic bath with isopropyl alcohol for 5 minutes. Thus, 60 discs with 12 mm in diameter and 1.2 mm in thickness were obtained, randomly distributed among the Groups: Ppolishing only, CG-characterization and glaze, and G-glaze only. The treatments were performed after sintering, according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Readings were taken using a contact roughness meter (Surftest SJ 400, Mitutoyo, Tokyo, Japan) to assess the average surface roughness. The discs were submitted to the biaxial flexion test in a universal testing machine, at constant speed (0.5 mm/min) until failure (n=3), to determine the mean fracture load, in order to establish the loading profile for fatigue test. The load profile used started at 120 N with an addition of 5% of the initial load at each step, at intervals of 20,000 cycles at the frequency of 4Hz. The fracture mode was evaluated with the aid of a stereomicroscope. The initial roughness values were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA test and Tukey test (95%), which showed that the three groups have statistically different mean roughnesses, with the CG group being the group with the highest values. The survival probability analysis was performed with Kaplan-Meier and Mantel-Cox (Log-rank, 95%), indicating that group G presented greater fatigue resistance and a greater number of cycles were required for the fracture, being statistically different of the other groups. Thus, it is possible to conclude that surface characterization alters the mechanical behavior of high translucency zirconia. High translucency zirconia only polished has lower fatigue resistance than surface treated with glaze, which promotes a greater long-term probability of survival.

Vulvodínia: diagnóstico e tratamento / Vulvodynia: diagnosis and treatment

A vulvodínia é uma condição de desconforto vulvar crônico que afeta milhares de mulheres a cada ano. Trata-se de síndrome multifatorial com grande impacto na qualidade de vida das mulheres afetadas. Seu tratamento representa atualmente um desafio para o médico assistente que, apesar de estar mais atento ao seu diagnóstico, ainda não encontra evidências científicas para tratamento dessas pacientes. Ainda não é possível encontrar revisões sistemáticas ou metanálises pela heterogeneidade dos artigos. A abordagem multidisciplinar parece trazer melhores resultados. Habitualmente essas mulheres passam por vários especialistas à procura de alívio dos seus sintomas, na maioria das vezes sem sucesso. Este artigo objetiva fazer uma revisão atualizada do diagnóstico e tratamento da vulvodínia para orientar a prática clínica.(AU)

Vulvodynia is a vulvar discomfort and chronic condition that affects millions of women each year. It is a multifactorial syndrome with great impact on the quality of life of women affected by it. Its treatment is currently a challenge for the physician. Despite being closer to the diagnosis, scientific evidence for treating these patients has not yet been found. Systematic reviews and meta-analysis cannot be found due to the heterogeneity of the articles. A multidisciplinary approach seems to bring the best results. Usually these women consult several specialists seeking relief of their symptoms, most of the time without success. The aim of this article is to review the current diagnosis and treatment of vulvodynia to guide clinical practice.(AU)

Conservation aspects of sea turtles in Maranhao island, Sao Luis, Brazil / Aspectos da conservação de tartarugas marinhas na ilha do Maranhão, Municipality of São Luis, Brasil

Visando obter informações sobre as espécies de tartarugas marinhas que ocorrem na Ilha, iniciaramse levantamentos de encalhes e pesca acidental desses animais em parceria com comunidades pesqueiras da ilha, de junho de 2006 a outubro de 2007. São cinco as espécies de tartarugas marinhas que habitam a zona costeira brasileira e todas elas foram encontradas em São Luís tais como: tartaruga cabeçuda (Caretta caretta), tartaruga de pente (Eretmochelys imbricata), tartaruga de couro (Dermochelys coriacea), tartaruga oliva (Lepidochelys olivacea), e tartaruga verde ou aruanã (Chelonia mydas). Foram observados filhotes recém eclodidos de E. imbricata (demonstrando atividade reprodutiva na região). Todos os espécimes adultos e juvenis localizados vivos ou mortos estavam com alguma marca ou indícios característicos de interação com a pesca como marcas de emalhes de redes de pesca, espinhel ou golpes de faca na cabeça ou na região do casco. Esses animais estão em situação de risco de extinção devido ao consumo por comunidades pesqueiras, muitas vezes ocasionadas pela pesca acidental e pela ausência de informação dos pescadores sobre a adequada devolução ao mar. Portanto os esforços de conservação destes animais devem se concentrar não somente na atividade reprodutiva, mas na conscientização sobre pesca e consumo ilegal junto às comunidades pesqueiras da zona costeira. Neste aspecto a importância deste trabalho foi delinear os principais impactos sobre as espécies para melhorar sua proteção nas praias e a relação com as atividades de pesca na Ilha. Os resultados desta pesquisa podem levar à intensificação de esforços de conservação dessas espécies da zona costeira de toda a Ilha do Maranhão, incluindo também São José de Ribamar, Paço do Lumiar e Raposa, inserindo-as no programa nacional de conservação de espécies em risco de extinção.

In order to obtain information about the species of sea turtles that occur on the island of Maranhão, São Luis, surveys were started through observations of catching and stranding of these animals in partnership with fishing communities, from June 2006 to October 2007. There are five species of sea turtles that inhabit the coastal area of Brazil and all of them were observed in Maranhão Island, São Luís, such as: loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta), hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata), leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea), olive turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) and green turtle (Chelonia mydas). It was observed puppies newly hatched of E. imbricata (indicating reproductive activity). All adult and juvenile specimens found dead or alive were observed with some injury due fishing artifacts such as fishing gill, fishing nets, long lines or knife blows on the head or on the hull. These animals are at risk of extinction due to the consumption by fishing communities, caused by catch and the lack of information of the fishermen how to manage the returning of the animals to the sea. For this reason, conservation efforts for these animals should focus not only on reproductive activity, but in raising awareness of illegal fishing and consumption by the fishing communities along the coastal zone. In this aspect, the importance of this work was to delineate the main impacts on these animals to improve the protection at the beaches and the fishing activities on the Island. The results of this research may lead to the intensification of efforts to conserve these species in the coastal zone of all the island of Maranhão, including also the municipalities of São José de Ribamar, Paço do Lumiar and Raposa to insert them at the national conservation program of endangered species.

Body mass index has a good correlation with proatherosclerotic profile in children and adolescents.

BACKGROUND: More recently, the association of different risk factors has been described as the metabolic syndrome. Different definitions are being used for the same syndrome. Regardless of the name or classification, it has been well established that a cardiovascular cluster including overweight/obesity, increased blood pressure, and lipid and glucose abnormalities are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis in adults. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to correlate body mass index percentiles with blood pressure, insulin resistance index, and lipid profiles in children and adolescents, which characterize a proatherosclerotic profile. METHODS: Cardiovascular risk factor clusters were evaluated in 118 children and adolescents divided according to body mass index percentile (BMIP) quartiles: Q1 (n=23) with BMIP <50%, Q2 (n=30) with BMIP between 50 and 85%, Q3 (n=31) with BMIP between 85 and 93%, and Q4 (n=34) with the BMIP > 93%. Statistically significant differences were not observed for age (F=2.1; p=0.10); sex (chi-square test=3.0; p=0.38), and ethnicity (chi-square test=4.7; p=0.20) between different quartiles. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference was observed for systolic BP (F=15.4; p<0.0001), diastolic BP (F=9.5; p<0.0001), glycemia (F=9.6; p<0.0001), insulin (F=12.9; p<0.0001), HOMAir (F=30.8; p<0.0001), and triglyceride levels (F=2.7; p=0.05) between the different quartiles. CONCLUSION: Excess weight evaluated by BMIP was associated with increased blood pressure, triglycerides, HOMAir index, and low HDL-cholesterol, a proatherosclerotic profile in children and adolescents.

Índice de massa corporal apresenta boa correlação com o perfil pró-aterosclerótico em crianças e adolescentes / Índice de masa corporal presenta buena correlación con el perfil proaterosclerótico en niños y adolescentes / Body mass index has a good correlation with proatherosclerotic profile in children and adolescents

FUNDAMENTO: Recentemente, uma associação de diferentes fatores de risco foi descrita como a síndrome metabólica. Diferentes definições estão sendo utilizadas para a mesma síndrome. Independente do nome ou da classificação, estabeleceu-se que um agrupamento de fatores de risco cardiovasculares incluindo sobrepeso/obesidade, aumento da pressão arterial e anormalidade lipídicas e glicêmicas está associado com aumento do risco de aterosclerose em adultos. OBJETIVO: O objetivo desse estudo foi correlacionar os percentis do índice de massa corporal com a pressão arterial (PA), índice de resistência à insulina (HOMA-ir) e perfis lipídicos em crianças e adolescentes, os quais caracterizam um perfil pró-aterosclerótico. MÉTODOS: Agrupamentos de fatores de risco cardiovasculares foram avaliados em 118 crianças e adolescentes, divididos de acordo com os quartis do percentil de índice de massa corporal (PIMC): Q1 (n=23) com PIMC <50 por cento, Q2 (n=30) com PIMC entre 50 e 85 por cento, Q3 (n=31) com PIMC entre 85 e 93 por cento, e Q4 (n=34) com PIMC > 93 por cento. Estatisticamente, diferenças significantes não foram observadas para idade (F=2,1; p=0,10); sexo (teste Qui-quadrado=3,0; p=0,38), e etnia (teste do Qui-quadrado = 4,7; p=0,20) entre diferentes quartis. RESULTADOS: Uma diferença estatisticamente significante foi observada para PA sistólica (F=15,4; p<0,0001), PA diastólica (F=9,5; p<0,0001), glicemia (F=9,6; p<0,0001), insulina (F=12.9; p<0.0001), HOMA-ir (F=30,8; p<0,0001), e níveis de triglicérides (F=2,7; p=0,05) entre os diferentes quartis. CONCLUSÃO: O excesso de peso avaliado pelo PIMC foi associado ao aumento de PA, triglicérides, índice HOMA-ir, e HDL - colesterol baixo, o que configura um perfil pró-aterosclerótico em crianças e adolescentes.

BACKGROUND: More recently, the association of different risk factors has been described as the metabolic syndrome. Different definitions are being used for the same syndrome. Regardless of the name or classification, it has been well established that a cardiovascular cluster including overweight/obesity, increased blood pressure, and lipid and glucose abnormalities are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis in adults. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to correlate body mass index percentiles with blood pressure, insulin resistance index, and lipid profiles in children and adolescents, which characterize a proatherosclerotic profile. METHODS: Cardiovascular risk factor clusters were evaluated in 118 children and adolescents divided according to body mass index percentile (BMIP) quartiles: Q1 (n=23) with BMIP <50 percent, Q2 (n=30) with BMIP between 50 and 85 percent, Q3 (n=31) with BMIP between 85 and 93 percent, and Q4 (n=34) with the BMIP > 93 percent. Statistically significant differences were not observed for age (F=2.1; p=0.10); sex (chi-square test=3.0; p=0.38), and ethnicity (chi-square test=4.7; p=0.20) between different quartiles. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference was observed for systolic BP (F=15.4; p<0.0001), diastolic BP (F=9.5; p<0.0001), glycemia (F=9.6; p<0.0001), insulin (F=12.9; p<0.0001), HOMAir (F=30.8; p<0.0001), and triglyceride levels (F=2.7; p=0.05) between the different quartiles. CONCLUSION: Excess weight evaluated by BMIP was associated with increased blood pressure, triglycerides, HOMAir index, and low HDL-cholesterol, a proatherosclerotic profile in children and adolescents.

FUNDAMENTO: Recientemente, una asociación de diferentes factores de riesgo se describió como el síndrome metabólico. Se están utilizando diferentes definiciones para el mismo síndrome. Independientemente del nombre o de la clasificación, se estableció que un agrupamiento de factores de riesgo cardiovascular, incluyendo sobrepeso/obesidad, aumento de la presión arterial y anormalidades lipídicas y glicémicas está asociado al aumento de riesgo de aterosclerosis en adultos. OBJETIVO: El objetivo de este estudio fue correlacionar los percentiles del índice de masa corporal con la presión arterial (PA), índice de resistencia a la insulina (HOMA-ir) y perfiles lipídicos en niños y adolescentes, los cuales caracterizan un perfil proaterosclerótico. MÉTODOS: Se evaluaron agrupamientos de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en 118 niños y adolescentes, divididos de acuerdo con los cuartiles del percentil de índice de masa corporal (PIMC): Q1 (n=23) con PIMC <50 por ciento, Q2 (n=30) con PIMC entre 50 y 85 por ciento, Q3 (n=31) con PIMC entre 85 y 93 por ciento, y Q4 (n=34) con PIMC > 93 por ciento. Estadísticamente, no se observaron diferencias significativas para la edad (F=2,1; p=0,10); sexo (test Ji cuadrado=3,0; p=0,38), y origen étnico (test Ji cuadrado = 4,7; p=0,20) entre diferentes cuartiles. RESULTADOS: Una diferencia estadísticamente significativa se observó para PA sistólica (F=15,4; p<0,0001), PA diastólica (F=9,5; p<0,0001), glucemia (F=9,6; p<0,0001), insulina (F=12.9; p<0.0001), HOMA-ir (F=30,8; p<0,0001), y niveles de triglicéridos (F=2,7; p=0,05) entre los diferentes cuartiles. CONCLUSIÓN: El exceso de peso evaluado por el PIMC se asoció al aumento de PA, triglicéridos, índice HOMA-ir, y HDL - colesterol bajo, lo que configura un perfil proaterosclerótico en niños y adolescentes.