Improving the Quality of Paediatric ECG Interpretation.

Aims Our aim was to complete an audit loop and identify whether implementing a paediatric ECG checklist improved the documentation and therefore the quality of paediatric ECG interpretation. We designed a paediatric ECG and education proforma in a Paediatric Emergency Department and incorporated it into daily practice. Methods We audited the medical records of children presenting with clinical indications for ECG. We included 40 records before and 40 records after the introduction of a paediatric ECG interpretation checklist. Results We assessed 10 items of documentation of which 8 related to the wave-form. Recording of these ranged from 0-65% before and from 95-100% after the checklist. Conclusion An intervention to introduce a paediatric ECG checklist, including education proforma, demonstrated significant improvement in the interpretation and documentation of a paediatric ECG. We recommend the use of this checklist in primary care and hospital settings.

Paediatric Head Injury and Traumatic Brain Injury.

Aim To determine prevalence of head injury presenting to paediatric emergency departments (PEDs) and characterise by demographics, triage category, disposition neuroimaging or re-attendance. Methods Presentations in 2014 and 2015, with diagnoses of head injury, intracranial bleed, skull fracture including single or re-attendances within 28 days post head injury to all national PEDs, were analysed. Demographics, triage score, imaging rate, admission, mechanisms and representation rate were recorded. Results Head injury was diagnosed in 13,392 of 224,860 (5.9%), median (IQR) age 3.9 (1.4 - 8.3) years. Regionally 3% of children <5 years attend each year. The total admitted/transferred was 10.8% (n=1460). Neuroimaging rate was 4.3% (n= 570). Falls predominated. Sport accounted for 12.2%. Conclusion One in twenty children PED presentations are head injury, over half in preschool children. A sizeable number were symptomatic reflected by admission, transfer, imaging or re-attendance. Observational management was favoured over imaging reflected in the higher admission versus imaging rate.

Atresia Hymenalis with Haematometrocolpos: A Benefit of Teaching a Case Series and Review of the Literature.

We present four cases of atresia hymenalis with resultant haematometrocolpos diagnosed in quick succession in the emergency department with a literature review.

The national incidence and outcomes of gastroschisis repairs.

The birth prevalence of gastroschisis worldwide has increased over the past decades. We aim to determine the Irish national incidence of gastroschisis repairs (NIGR) over a 5 year period (2007- 2011) and clinical outcomes by a retrospective cohort review of cases admitted to all Irish paediatric surgical units. Seventy patients were identified. The NIGR per 10,000 live births was 1.96 (SD 0.51) per year. Fifty eight (82%) were antenatally detected. Twenty eight (40%) had primary repair day 1 with the remaining repaired in a median of 3(2-5.75) days. Thirty three (47%) experienced a central catheter related infection. Duration of stay was significantly correlated with decreasing gestational age (p = 0.016), decreasing birthweight (p = 0.005), increasing numbers of blood transfusions (p < 0.001) and co-morbidity or complication (p < 0.001). This study provides individual centres with patient outcomes and national data that can be provided to parents and clinical staff regarding the clinical course of gastroschisis.

Greater risk of parkinsonism associated with non-N370S GBA1 mutations.

Mutations in ß-glucosidase (GBA1) are the most common genetic risk factor for Parkinson disease (PD). There is evidence to suggest that PD risk is greater (1) in GBA1 heterozygotes with non-N370S GBA1 mutations compared to N370S mutations and (2) in GD type 1 (GD1) patients compared to GBA1 heterozygotes. This study aimed to determine the comparative risk of parkinsonism in individuals who are affected or carriers of Gaucher disease (GD) and to ascertain the influence of different GBA1 mutations on risk/clinical expression. We conducted a secondary analysis of cross-sectional data assessing the prevalence of parkinsonism in a population of GD1 patients and their heterozygote and non-carrier family members. Two logistic regression models, both employing a family-specific random effect, were used to assess (1) the association between GBA1 mutation (N370S or non-N370S) and parkinsonism among GBA1 heterozygotes and (2) the association between GBA1 genotype and parkinsonism. Parkinsonism was present in 8.6 % of GD1 (7/81), 8.7 % of GBA1 heterozygotes (18/207), and 2.2 % of non-carriers (1/45). For those greater than 60 years old, parkinsonism was present in 38.5 % (5/13) of GD1 (5/13), 15.3 % of GBA1 heterozygotes (13/85), and 7.1 % of non-carriers (1/14). Among GBA1 heterozygotes, non-N370S mutations were associated with a significantly increased risk of parkinsonism compared to N370S (OR = 22.5; p = 0.035; 95%CI: 1.24, 411). In this population, each additional GBA1 mutation was associated with a non-significant two-fold increased risk of parkinsonism. GBA1 heterozygotes with non-N370S mutations associated with Gaucher disease have an increased risk of parkinsonism compared to those with N370S mutations.

Strengthening Animal-Human Relationships as a Doorway to Indigenous Holistic Wellness.

One of the most devastating effects of colonization has been fragmented relations among humans and their more-than-human counterparts. Traditionally, Indigenous peoples positioned animals as equitable partners in interconnected human and more-than human networks, animated with spirit and the ability to act and communicate. Many Indigenous peoples continue to regard animals as sacred and utilize the gifts that they bestow in traditional healing settings. Indigenous understandings of interwoven and reciprocal social networks of human and more-than-human relations must be restored and supported in contemporary health settings in order to "do no further harm" and facilitate Indigenous peoples' healing journeys. Reconciliation across Western and Indigenous contexts requires learning to work together with the more-than-human world and developing ethical spaces for health research in which holistic wellness is appreciated and understood in the context of all our relations. In order to help (re)connect and strengthen human relations with the more-than-human world, a culturally adapted and locally refined animal-human relationship workshop was delivered in a rural Saskatchewan First Nation community where traditional Elders, adults, and youth participants shared stories about the role of animals for their healing and holistic wellness trajectories. The results revealed that animal-human relationships are physical and spiritual in nature, with both domestic and wild animals playing various important person roles in the lives of community members; these person roles are not metaphorical but rather assume all the sentience and agency that the term person implies. The findings have clear practical and policy implications for health services, education, environmental sustainability, and bioresource management.

Serum alpha-tocopherol and subsequent risk of lung cancer among male smokers.

BACKGROUND: Higher blood levels of alpha-tocopherol, the predominant form of vitamin E, have been associated in some studies with a reduced risk of lung cancer, but other studies have yielded conflicting results. To clarify this association, we examined the relationship between prospectively collected serum alpha-tocopherol and lung cancer in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study cohort. METHODS: The ATBC Study was a randomized, clinical trial of 29 133 white male smokers from Finland who were 50-69 years old and who had received alpha-tocopherol (50 mg), beta-carotene (20 mg), both, or neither daily for 5-8 years. Data regarding medical histories, smoking, and dietary factors were obtained at study entry, as was a serum specimen for baseline alpha-tocopherol determination. alpha-Tocopherol measurements were available for 29 102 of the men, among whom 1144 incident cases of lung cancer were diagnosed during a median observation period of 7.7 years. The association between alpha-tocopherol and lung cancer was evaluated with the use of multivariate proportional hazards regression. RESULTS: A 19% reduction in lung cancer incidence was observed in the highest versus lowest quintile of serum alpha-tocopherol (relative risk = 0.81; 95% confidence interval = 0. 67-0.97). There was a stronger inverse association among younger men (<60 years), among men with less cumulative tobacco exposure (<40 years of smoking), and possibly among men receiving alpha-tocopherol supplementation. CONCLUSIONS: In the ATBC Study cohort, higher serum alpha-tocopherol status is associated with lower lung cancer risk; this relationship appears stronger among younger persons and among those with less cumulative smoke exposure. These findings suggest that high levels of alpha-tocopherol, if present during the early critical stages of tumorigenesis, may inhibit lung cancer development.

Alpha-Tocopherol and beta-carotene supplements and lung cancer incidence in the alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene cancer prevention study: effects of base-line characteristics and study compliance.

BACKGROUND: Experimental and epidemiologic investigations suggest that alpha-tocopherol (the most prevalent chemical form of vitamin E found in vegetable oils, seeds, grains, nuts, and other foods) and beta-carotene (a plant pigment and major precursor of vitamin A found in many yellow, orange, and dark-green, leafy vegetables and some fruit) might reduce the risk of cancer, particularly lung cancer. The initial findings of the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study (ATBC Study) indicated, however, that lung cancer incidence was increased among participants who received beta-carotene as a supplement. Similar results were recently reported by the Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET), which tested a combination of beta-carotene and vitamin A. PURPOSE: We examined the effects of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation on the incidence of lung cancer across subgroups of participants in the ATBC Study defined by base-line characteristics (e.g., age, number of cigarettes smoked, dietary or serum vitamin status, and alcohol consumption), by study compliance, and in relation to clinical factors, such as disease stage and histologic type. Our primary purpose was to determine whether the pattern of intervention effects across subgroups could facilitate further interpretation of the main ATBC Study results and shed light on potential mechanisms of action and relevance to other populations. METHODS: A total of 29,133 men aged 50-69 years who smoked five or more cigarettes daily were randomly assigned to receive alpha-tocopherol (50 mg), beta-carotene (20 mg), alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene, or a placebo daily for 5-8 years (median, 6.1 years). Data regarding smoking and other risk factors for lung cancer and dietary factors were obtained at study entry, along with measurements of serum levels of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene. Incident cases of lung cancer (n = 894) were identified through the Finnish Cancer Registry and death certificates. Each lung cancer diagnosis was independently confirmed, and histology or cytology was available for 94% of the cases. Intervention effects were evaluated by use of survival analysis and proportional hazards models. All P values were derived from two-sided statistical tests. RESULTS: No overall effect was observed for lung cancer from alpha-tocopherol supplementation (relative risk [RR] = 0.99; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.87-1.13; P = .86, logrank test). beta-Carotene supplementation was associated with increased lung cancer risk (RR = 1.16; 95% CI = 1.02-1.33; P = .02, logrank test). The beta-carotene effect appeared stronger, but not substantially different, in participants who smoked at least 20 cigarettes daily (RR = 1.25; 95% CI = 1.07-1.46) compared with those who smoked five to 19 cigarettes daily (RR = 0.97; 95% CI = 0.76-1.23) and in those with a higher alcohol intake (> or = 11 g of ethanol/day [just under one drink per day]; RR = 1.35; 95% CI = 1.01-1.81) compared with those with a lower intake (RR = 1.03; 95% CI = 0.85-1.24). CONCLUSIONS: Supplementation with alpha-tocopherol or beta-carotene does not prevent lung cancer in older men who smoke. beta-Carotene supplementation at pharmacologic levels may modestly increase lung cancer incidence in cigarette smokers, and this effect may be associated with heavier smoking and higher alcohol intake. IMPLICATIONS: While the most direct way to reduce lung cancer risk is not to smoke tobacco, smokers should avoid high-dose beta-carotene supplementation.

Glutathione peroxidase codon 198 polymorphism variant increases lung cancer risk.

Human cellular glutathione peroxidase 1 (hGPX1) is a selenium-dependent enzyme that participates in the detoxification of hydrogen peroxide and a wide range of organic peroxides. We conducted a case-control study nested within the alpha-Tocopherol, beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study cohort to evaluate the association between the proline to leucine polymorphism at codon 198 of hGPX1 and lung cancer risk. Cases (n = 315) were matched to controls on age (+/-5 years), intervention group, and study clinic using incidence density sampling in a 1:1 ratio. The prevalence of the hGPX1 Pro198Leu variant allele was 58% for controls and 71% for cases (P < 0.001). Using conditional logistic regression, we found a significant association between hGPX1 genotype and lung cancer risk. The odds ratio for heterozygotes was 1.8 (95% confidence interval, 1.2-2.8) and 2.3 (95% confidence interval, 1.3-3.8) for homozygous variants compared to wild-type individuals. Due to its high prevalence, the hGPX1 variant may contribute significantly to lung cancer risk among Caucasians but not among ethnic Chinese who do not exhibit this polymorphism.

Sheep-associated outbreak of Q fever, Idaho.

Between Feb 1 and Aug 31, 1984, an outbreak of 18 symptomatic cases of Q fever occurred in Idaho; these numbers represent an increase over the three cases reported in 1982 and the five reported in 1983. Four of the patients in the outbreak required hospitalization for two to five weeks; there were no fatalities. Eight of the cases had documented Q fever hepatitis, and one had pneumonia. All 18 of the 1984 cases for whom information was available were epidemiologically linked to visiting or working at a sheep research station and/or being exposed to animals from this research station. In this outbreak, patients typically had a hepatitislike illness associated with fever and severe headache. Severity of illness ranged from asymptomatic to life threatening. Cases of pneumonia and hepatitis due to Q fever continue to occur in the United States, especially among persons exposed to livestock.

Colorectal cancer and folate status: a nested case-control study among male smokers.

Evidence is accumulating that folate, a B vitamin found in green leafy vegetables, may affect the development of neoplasia. We examined the relationship between folate status and colorectal cancer in a case-control study nested within the Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Study cohort of male smokers 50-69 years old. Serum folate was measured in 144 incident cases (91 colon, 53 rectum) and 276 controls matched to cases on baseline age, clinic, and time of blood collection. Baseline dietary folate was available from a food-use questionnaire for 386 of these men (92%). Conditional logistic regression modeling was used. No statistically significant association was observed between serum folate and colon or rectal cancer. Although a 2-fold increase in rectal cancer risk was suggested for men with serum folate > 2.9 ng/ml and those in the highest quartile of energy-adjusted folate intake, there was no evidence of a monotonic dose-response, and all confidence intervals included unity. For dietary folate and colon cancer, odds ratios of 0.40 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.16-0.96], 0.34 (95% CI, 0.13-0.88), and 0.51 (95% CI, 0.20-1.31) were obtained for the second through fourth quartiles of energy-adjusted folate intake, respectively, compared to the first (P for trend = 0.15). Furthermore, men with a high-alcohol, low-folate, low-protein diet were at higher risk for colon cancer than men who consumed a low-alcohol, high-folate, high-protein diet (OR, 4.79; 95% CI, 1.36-16.93). This study suggests a possible association between low folate intake and increased risk of colon cancer (but not rectal cancer) and highlights the need for further studies that measure dietary folate and methionine, along with biochemical measures of folate (i.e., erythrocyte and serum), homocysteine, and vitamin B12.

A case-cohort study of an early biomarker of lung cancer in a screening cohort of Yunnan tin miners in China.

We initiated the present study to evaluate the accuracy of a new epithelial biomarker of early lung cancer. We tested the hypothesis that expression of a tumor-associated antigen by exfoliated sputum epithelial cells has greater accuracy (sensitivity and specificity) for the detection of preclinical, localized lung cancer than do routine clinical detection methods. Monoclonal antibody (MAb) 703D4 recognizes heterogeneous nuclear ribonuclear protein (hnRNP) A2/B1. We compared the accuracy of hnRNP up-regulation with cytology and radiographic screening for lung cancer detection in miners who were highly exposed to tobacco smoke, radon, and arsenic in southwestern China. The results showed that MAb 703D4 detection of hnRNP expression by sputum epithelial cells had greater accuracy for the detection of lung cancer than did routine screening methods, particularly for early (localized) disease. Among 57 cases and 76 noncases at the first screening, overall MAb detection of hnRNP was more sensitive (74 versus 21% for cytology and 42% for chest x-ray) but had lower specificity (70 versus 100% for cytology and 90% for chest x-ray) than standard methods. Recognizing hnRNP up-regulation resulted in detection of approximately one-third more early cases than did the combination of X-ray and cytology. Detection of hnRNP A2/B1 expression appears to be a good initial screening test for lung carcinogenesis, as it identified 74% of those who developed subsequent clinical lung cancer. Future studies might separate individuals with high lung cancer risk by MAb detection, confirming the positives with markers having greater specificity (e.g., clinical studies that become positive later in the morphological progression).

Relationships of serum androgens and estrogens to prostate cancer risk: results from a prospective study in Finland.

Several lines of evidence suggest that sex hormones may be involved in the etiology of prostate cancer. We conducted a prospective nested case-control study to evaluate the relationships of serum androgens and estrogens to prostate cancer using serum collected at baseline for the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. The 29,133 male smokers who participated in the trial were 50-69 years old at baseline. During 5-8 years of follow-up, 246 men were diagnosed with prostate cancer, and 116 of these were randomly selected for inclusion in the current study. For each case, two controls matched on age, date of blood collection, intervention group, and study center were selected. Hormones were measured in serum by RIA using standard procedures. None of the individual androgens or estrogens was significantly related to prostate cancer. These findings were unaltered by simultaneous evaluation of serum androgen and estrogen concentrations in multivariate models. These results do not support a strong relationship of serum androgens and estrogens with prostate cancer in smokers. Within-person variation in concentrations of some hormones may have contributed to the lack of significant associations.

Polymorphisms of the DNA repair gene XRCC1 and lung cancer risk.

We explored the association between polymorphisms of the DNA repair gene XRCC1 (codons 194, 280, and 399) and lung cancer risk in a case-control study nested within a cohort of tin miners. Cases were those diagnosed with lung cancer over 6 years of follow-up (n = 108). Two controls, matched on age and sex, were selected for each case by incidence density sampling. Of the three polymorphisms, only the XRCC1 Arg280His allele was associated with increased lung cancer risk (odds ratio, 1.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.0-3.4) after adjustment for radon and tobacco exposure. In addition, individuals with the variant Arg280His allele who were alcohol drinkers seemed to be at higher risk for lung cancer compared with those with the homozygous wild-type genotype. Conversely, individuals with the variant Arg194Trp allele who were alcohol drinkers seemed to be at lower risk for lung cancer compared with those with the homozygous wild-type genotype. Polymorphisms of XRCC1 appear to influence risk of lung cancer and may modify risk attributable to environmental exposures.

Changing epidemiology of Reye syndrome in the United States.

The average annual incidence of Reye syndrome reported through national surveillance was lower during 1981 to 1984 than during the previous five surveillance years. This is accounted for by a decrease in cases among children younger than 10 years of age; the number of cases in 10- to 19-year-old persons remained relatively stable during this period. The overall decline in incidence and the differing age-specific incidence trends are apparent for both varicella-associated cases and for nonvaricella-associated cases. During 1985, the incidence has been much lower than during any previous year since surveillance was initiated; this most recent decrease includes children 10 to 19 years of age. Independently conducted surveys suggest that the prevalence of salicylate use for viral illnesses has decreased among children in recent years, particularly among children younger than 10 years of age. The changing epidemiology of Reye syndrome may reflect, in part, the declining use of salicylates among children and teenagers in the United States.

Ventricular aneurysm: cross-sectional echocardiographic approach.

Current angiographic indexes of ventricular function have proved inadequate for prognostication in patients with ventricular aneurysm. Cross-sectional echocardiography can visualize residual myocardium in all four walls of the left ventricle. A new echocardiographic technique of calculating residual myocardium is presented. The echocardiographic technique yielded identical information to that of contrast angiography (r = 0.97). An index of residual myocardium was generated from the cross-sectional echocardiogram that correlated with the clinical state of the patients. In patients treated medically it predicted those patients likely to die within 6 months (p < 0.005). Preliminary observations in patients having aneurysmectomy revealed that there were good surgical results in those with an index of residual myocardium of 0.42 or greater, but more patients are necessary to establish the lower limit of a surgically acceptable level of residual myocardium.

Risk factors and early detection of lung cancer in a cohort of Chinese tin miners.

PURPOSE: To examine risk factors and establish a biologic specimen and data bank for the study of early markers of lung cancer. METHODS: We designed a dynamic cohort using an ongoing lung cancer screening program among radon- and arsenic-exposed tin miners in Yunnan China. Through the first four years of the study, 8,346 miners aged 40 years and older with over 10 years of occupational exposure have been enrolled, risk factors have been assessed, annual sputum and chest radiographs have been obtained, and numerous biologic specimens have been collected. RESULTS: A total of 243 new lung cancer cases have been identified through 1995. Radon and arsenic exposures are the predominant risk factors, but lung cancer risk is also associated with chronic bronchitis and silicosis, as well as a number of exposure to tobacco smoke, including early age of first use, duration, and cumulative exposure. Tumor and sputum samples are being examined for early markers of lung cancer. CONCLUSION: A cohort of occupationally-exposed tin miners with an extensive biologic specimen repository has been successfully established to simultaneously study the etiology and early detection of lung cancer.

Prolonged episodes of persistent asthma: A distinct clinical pattern with characteristic clinical features.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To investigate a clinical pattern of unexplained persistent asthma that is episodic in nature and lasts for months to years. This pattern of prolonged episodes of unexplained, persistent asthma was not defined previously. DESIGNS: Investigating the clinical features using a retrospective cohort design. SETTING AND PATIENTS: Eighteen subjects (ages, 13 to 64 years) from an allergy practice in a large prepaid health maintenance organization who had two or more prolonged episodes of unexplained persistent asthma lasting >/= 2 months during a 12-year period. RESULTS: These subjects accounted for 39 asthmatic episodes lasting from 2 to 74 months (median, 7 months). The duration of the episodes positively correlates with the severity of asthma (p = 0.02) at the initial part of the episodes. All episodes demonstrated a similar pattern, with symptom severity greatest at the onset and gradually diminishing until recovery. The relatively symptom-free intervals between the episodes ranged from 1.5 to 63 months (median, 13 months). Fifty-six percent of the episodes (95% confidence interval [CI], 40% to 72%) were associated with symptoms very suggestive or suggestive of an infection of the upper respiratory tract at the onset of the episodes; 33% of the episodes (95% CI, 19% to 50%) had possible symptoms suggestive of an infection; whereas only 10% of the episodes (95% CI, 3% to 24%) had questionable or no symptoms suggestive of an infection of the upper respiratory tract. Thirty-four episodes had the onset between September and March, whereas only 5 episodes occurred between April and August (p < 0. 001). CONCLUSIONS: These observations indicate that prolonged episodes of unexplained, persistent asthma lasting for months to years constitute a distinct clinical pattern of asthma with characteristic clinical features.

Lip and tongue pressures related to dental arch and oral cavity size in Australian aborigines.

Although the oral cavity and dental arches of the Australian aborigine are large, studies of lingual and labial pressures indicate that the tongue is neither unusually large nor strong. The Australian aborigine's pharyngeal cavity is smaller in height and depth than that of the American; just the opposite is true for the oral cavity. To the extent that environmental factors are important at all, the resting pressure of the lips, not tongue pressure during swallowing, is probably the significant determinant of dental arch dimensions.