[Epidemiology and prophylaxis of varicella in military units].

Epidemiology and prophylaxis of varicella in military units. Topical issues in military units varicella epidemiology and prevention, as one of the most important infections, potentially controlled by means of immunization. As a result of the retrospective epidemiological analysis of the incidence of varicella personnel- in one of the military districts found that the risk category for the disease are conscripts from the young recruits. The main riskfactors for introduction and spread of the infection: violation of statutory requirements to placement and life conditions of young recruits, delays in army of observation in epidemic outbreaks of varicella. The connection of the skid in a military collective agents of varicella with disabilities in the diagnostic work of the medical service and the organization of sanitary and anti-epidemic regime in. infectious wards of military hospitals. The possibilities of improving the selective immunization against varicella soldiers of the young recruits.

[Ways of improvement of military epidemiology as a diagnosis and prophylaxis branch of military medicine].

Ways of improvement of military epidemiology as a diagnosis and prophylaxis branch of military medicine. The prospects of development of epidemiological science, training systems and improvement of practice in preventive medicine based on the integration process are considered. The authors emphasize a final recognition of epidemiology as a single diagnostic and preventive discipline the subjects of which are manifestations of epidemic diseases regardless aetiology. An integration of specialists in prophylaxis requires correction of the system of military-medical education and improvement of preventive medical support subsystem of (naval forces). The prospects of inclusion in the educational and scientific processes of the epidemiology of non-communicable diseases, improve the interaction of different structures of military medical services in the field of infectious disease prevention personnel.

[Diphtheria in the military forces: lessons and current status of prophylaxis, prospects of epidemiological control process].

We analyzed the epidemiological situation of diphtheria in the world and in Russia and experience of mass vaccination of military personnel and civil population with diphtheria toxoid for the last 50 years. Early diagnosis of diphtheria in military personnel has a prognostic value. Authors described the peculiarities of epidemiological process of diphtheria in military personnel in 80-90 years of 20th century and organizational aspects of mass vaccination with diphtheria toxoid. Authors analyzed current problems of epidemiology and prophylaxis of diphtheria in military personnel and civil population and possible developments. According to long-term prognosis authors mentioned the increase of morbidity and came to conclusion that it is necessary enhance the epidemiological surveillance. Authors presented prospect ways of improvement of vaccination and rational approaches to immunization of military personnel under positive long-term epidemiological situation.

[Current issues of epidemiology and vaccine prophylaxis of "children" airborne infections in the armies (Navy)].

It highlights the problems associated with the epidemiological situation of the morbidity of the population and the military personnel with infections, which recently were "infant"--measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria and other infections, controlled now by means of immunization. There is no alternative to the mass immunization of children and adolescents to achieve highly efficient vaccine-resistant sporadic incidence of these infections. However, amid the successes achieved, regular "grow-up" disease causes these infections spread vaccination for adults who are at risk. In military units there are similar conditions, they increase the risk of both infection and disease, especially among conscripts. The ways to improve vaccination calendars troops are discussed, including held for epidemical indications, the need for immunization of groups at risk of chicken pox, and in the future--and against other "childhood" diseases.

[Prospects for reducing the incidence of military air-borne infections which are not controllable by means of vaccination].

Examines the state of immunization by means of uncontrolled disease vaccine (influenza, SARS, pneumonia, streptococcal and meningococcal infections). They cause disease in both children and adolescents, as well as in organized collectives of adults, especially among conscripts. Calendars vaccination of the population and soldiers regulate immunization risk of epidemic indications against influenza, and partly against meningococcal infection; gradually introduced to the troops Immunoprophylaxis of pneumococcal pneumonia. Not solved the problem of immunization of adenovirus and streptococcal infections in military personnel. Discussed ways to improve your calendar vaccination of military personnel on extended epidemic indications against the mentioned diseases.

[Contribution of Academician V. D. Belyakov to the development of epidemiological science and medical education].

The paper analyzes life and scientific legacy of academician and professor of Natural Sciences, Major-General of the Medical Service Vitaly Dmitrievich Belyakov (1921-1996). The outstanding epidemiologist made a valuable contribution to the training of personnel for the military medical service and health of the country, as well as the improvement of anti-epidemic support for the troops and the navy and the country's population. Academician V. D. Belyakov is considered as one of the giants of the domestic medicine dedicated their lives to the development of epidemiological science and preventive work in Russia.

[Clinical-and-epidemiologic peculiarities of streptococcosis infections in army collectives].

Streptococcosis and streptococcosis infections are a big problem for well-being of population of our planet. Streptococcosis infections are especially actual for military servicemen and activity of medical service in prophylaxis of infection diseases. Streptococcosis cause a grand quantity of different diseases in military collectives and their complications, and unfavorable outcomes and results of diseases. There are discussed clinical-epidemiological parallels, questions of epidemiological control for streptococcosis infections, perspectives of rationalization of their treatment and prophylaxis of morbidity among military servicemen on the base of modern idea about general regularities of epidemiology of streptococcosis and peculiarities of exhibitions of clinical entity in military collectivities.

[Prophylaxis of streptococcic infection in military collectives].

Peculiarities of clinical-epidemiological evidences of streptococcic infection in military collectives determine necessity of improvement of system of epidemiological survey for morbidity by actual streptococcuses and methodology of rational using of complex of sanitarium-prophylaxis (contraepidemic) measures. Microbiological monitoring and immunological screening along with traditional methods of epidemiological diagnostics permit to educe group of risk, epidemic stock of streptococcus and to organize optimal prophylactic measures. Among them the most effective are immunization by 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine in pestholes of acute pneumonia and bicillin-prophylaxis of angine, streptoderma, suppurativy-septic streptococcus and their complications.

[Epidemiological aspects of the influenza "pandemia" during 2009-2010 years].

The article presents the preliminary data analysis of past "pandemic" and regional epidemics in the world caused by the influenza virus A(H1N1)sw1. Draw conclusions about the relative softness of the clinical and epidemiological manifestations of recent developments in connection with the lack of antigenic shift from a new strain and a significant protective role of acquired earlier population of cross-immunity of population to variants of influenza virus A(H1N1)sw1. In military units as representative risky groups are reflected all the laws of the epidemic process of influenza in the population. Consequently, the results of epidemiological surveillance in them can be extrapolated to the population and make a forecast of the epidemic in order to develop strategies and tactics to combat this infection in a large scale.

[Improvement of epidemiological surveillance of meningococcus infection and it's selective prophylaxis in troops].

The article is devoted to a critical analyze of existent system of epidemiological surveillance for morbidity of meningococcus infection among population and military service men, and to condition and perspectives of immuno- and chemoprophylaxis of correspondent generalized forms of diseases in the world, Russia and it's Army and NAVY. It is proposed a differentiated approach to realization of these measures in organized (military) collectives on the base of microbiological monitoring of epidemic officials (serogroups) of causative agents, on the base of prediction of morbidity by generalized forms and on the base of clinical-epidemical diagnostics at early stages of development of epidemic process.

[Zoonotic (avian) influenza. Prognoses of pandemic and reality].

Likelihood of a pandemic emergence in the near future was discussed. The majority of science-based arguments point to anthroponotic nature of future pandemic, which can be caused by return to circulation of H2N2 virus silently persisting in population from 1968 or in animals as part of various reassortants. Outbreaks of zoonotic (avian) influenza in humans emerged recently reflect natural epidemic manifestations of epizootic process which had become more intense due to specific social and natural conditions in densely populated countries of South-East Asia. This suggestion is confirmed by predominance of poultry workers between patients with avian influenza. Likelihood of pandemic influenza A virus emergence as a result of reassortation between human and avian influenza viruses is not high. Similarity of antigenic structure of human and animal influenza viruses points to their common roots, but yet humans remain the biological dead-end for reassortant viruses. Rationale for epidemiologic surveillance as well as for prophylactic and antiepidemic measures with respect to influenza A is obvious basing on anthroponotic nature of its causative agents. Although the likelihood of adaptation of animal influenza viruses to human organism and formation of anthroponotic mechanisms of transmission is small, epidemiological and, especially, epizootic surveillance for zoonotic influenza are essential.

[Epidemiology and prophylaxis of influenza and other acute respiratory infections occurred in the military collectives].

The long complex study of epidemiology of influenza and other acute respiratory infections (ARI) was conducted by the specialists from General and Military Epidemiology Department of the Military Medical Academy collaboration with specialists of Civilian and Military Health Service. The study has revealed the causes of ARI high incidence in the Army and Fleet, allowed to establish the risk groups, the reservoirs of circulating infectious agents, the criteria of premorbid diagnosis of servicemen' susceptibility to often diseases and formation of chronic virus carriage. Besides the different vaccines against influenza, adenovirus and mycoplasma, immunostimulators, other measures of urgent prophylaxis including their various combinations were studied. Many of them as an inactivated influenza vaccine are used according the epidemiological situation. The experience gained and cooperative practice of military and civilian epidemiologists are realized in the interests of sanitary-and epidemiologic inspection and prophylaxis of influenza and other ARI, aerosolic anthroponosis in the Armed Forces as well as among the civilian population. It can be used in creation of global system for infection control.

[The problem connected with probability of zoonotic bird's influenza pandemic].

Because of the probability of influenza pandemic that can occur in the next few years the anthroponotic and zoonotic hypotheses of influenza A agents remained in biosphere are discussed. The most arguments show that anthroponotic A2 virus that persists in inactive form among the population since 1968 can return in circulation. Alternative is the long co-circulation of "drifting" variants of A1 and A3 viruses that continue causing separate weak epidemics in the world due to decrease in their epidemic potential. Zoonotic influenza in people represents the local epidemic manifestations of epizootic process in the countries of south-west Asia that occur under the influence of social and natural conditions usual for the region. It's unlikely that zoonotic recombinant viruses can rapidly adapt to human organism, to form the anthroponotic transfer mechanism and cause the pandemic. Competition between anthroponotic influenza viruses and other agents of human droplet infections prevents it. The main task of today is the prophylaxis of anthroponotic influenza and strengthening of epidemiological and epizootological inspection of zoonotic viruses-recombinants.

[Discussion on the problems of general epidemiology]. / Diskussionnye problemy obshchei épidemiologii.

The key problems of general epidemiology: the subject, method, causality in the epidemic process, the main categories and laws, the systematization of infectious pathology and epidemiological terminology are under discussion. It is at this stage when students should form valid notions, well grounded on scientific facts and practical experience, concerning the epidemiology of noninfectious diseases with due regard to the existing differences in the interpretation of the causes of the epidemic process in noninfectious diseases and to the characteristic distribution of noninfectious diseases among the population under the influence of environmental factors without any participation of parasitic systems. The review of the notion apparatus of the theoretical epidemiology and putting it in order in accordance with general biological concepts are proposed in connection with the necessity of differentiation between the epidemic process proper (in cases of anthroponosis) and the epidemic manifestations of epizoonotic and epiphytotic processes (in cases of zoonoses and sapronoses).

[The theory and practice of epidemic control support for armed forces personnel]. / Teoriia i praktika protivoépidemicheskogo obespecheniia lichnogo sostava Vooruzhennykh Sil.

Taking into account the theory of self-regulation of parasitic systems the authors analyse the basic trends of reformation of antiepidemic work in the Army and Navy. The article discusses the necessity of a wide use of methods of epidemiological diagnostics, social-hygienic monitoring, screening tests on pathogenicity of actual infectious agents and immune resistance of personnel. It will be possible to make a transition to a differentiated prophylaxis and struggle with actual infections taking into account the local territory, time and risk groups on the basis of principles of epidemiological supervision which is substantiated by the theory of self-regulation of parasitic systems. It will make it possible to optimize the antiepidemic work, to increase the quality and the effectiveness of antiepidemic measures, and thus, obtain best economic results.

[The clinico-microbiological and epidemiological aspects of hospital infections in a surgical clinic]. / Kliniko-mikrobiologicheskie i épidemiologicheskie aspekty gospital'nykh infektsii v khirurgicheskoi klinike.

Complex clinical and microbiological and epidemiological study of specificity of hospital infections was conducted in surgical clinics of Military and Medical Academy. Analysis of the materials obtained has permitted to develop the classification of agents of modern hospital surgical infections, to study the variety and specificity of forming of microorganism hospital strains. To optimize the system of sanitary and epidemiological inspection on hospital infections and to improve their prophylaxis it is proposed to introduce into the practice of bacteriological laboratories of military medical and prophylactic institutions the quantitative microbiological examinations of clinical material. Besides it is reasonable to have in the stuff of multipurpose military hospitals the post of hospital epidemiologist trained in the actual problems of clinical microbiology, hospital hygiene and surgical infection.