Affinity Resins for the Isolation of Immunoglobulins G Obtained Using Biocatalytic Technology.

Affinity chromatography resins that are obtained by conjugation of matrices with proteins of bacterial origin, like protein A, are frequently used for the purification of numerous therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. This article presents the development of a biocatalytic method for the production of novel affinity resins with an immobilized mutant form of protein A via sortase A mediated reaction. The conditions for activation of the agarose Seplife 6FF matrix, selection of different types of linkers with free amino groups and conditions for immobilization of recombinant protein A on the surface of the activated matrix were studied. Finally, the basic operational properties, like dynamic binding capacity (DBC), temperature dependance of DBC and stability during the cleaning-in-place process of the affinity resin with the Gly-Gly-EDA-Gly-Gly linker, were assessed using recombinant hyperchimeric monoclonal antibodies. The main characteristics show comparable results with the widely used commercial samples.

New Biocides Based on N4-Alkylcytidines: Effects on Microorganisms and Application for the Protection of Cultural Heritage Objects of Painting.

The rapid increase in the antibiotic resistance of microorganisms, capable of causing diseases in humans as destroying cultural heritage sites, is a great challenge for modern science. In this regard, it is necessary to develop fundamentally novel and highly active compounds. In this study, a series of N4-alkylcytidines, including 5- and 6-methylcytidine derivatives, with extended alkyl substituents, were obtained in order to develop a new generation of antibacterial and antifungal biocides based on nucleoside derivatives. It has been shown that N4-alkyl 5- or 6-methylcytidines effectively inhibit the growth of molds, isolated from the paintings in the halls of the Ancient Russian Paintings of the State Tretyakov Gallery, Russia, Moscow. The novel compounds showed activity similar to antiseptics commonly used to protect works of art, such as benzalkonium chloride, to which a number of microorganisms have acquired resistance. It was also shown that the activity of N4-alkylcytidines is comparable to that of some antibiotics used in medicine to fight Gram-positive bacteria, including resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium smegmatis. N4-dodecyl-5- and 6-methylcytidines turned out to be the best. This compound seems promising for expanding the palette of antiseptics used in painting, since quite often the destruction of painting materials is caused by joint fungi and bacteria infection.

Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding in N6-Substituted 2-Chloroadenosines: Evidence from NMR Spectroscopy.

Two forms were found in the NMR spectra of N6-substituted 2-chloroadenosines. The proportion of the mini-form was 11-32% of the main form. It was characterized by a separate set of signals in COSY, 15N-HMBC and other NMR spectra. We assumed that the mini-form arises due to the formation of an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the N7 atom of purine and the N6-CH proton of the substituent. The 1H,15N-HMBC spectrum confirmed the presence of a hydrogen bond in the mini-form of the nucleoside and its absence in the main form. Compounds incapable of forming such a hydrogen bond were synthesized. In these compounds, either the N7 atom of the purine or the N6-CH proton of the substituent was absent. The mini-form was not found in the NMR spectra of these nucleosides, confirming the importance of the intramolecular hydrogen bond in its formation.

Enzymatic Synthesis of 2-Chloropurine Arabinonucleosides with Chiral Amino Acid Amides at the C6 Position and an Evaluation of Antiproliferative Activity In Vitro.

A number of purine arabinosides containing chiral amino acid amides at the C6 position of the purine were synthesized using a transglycosylation reaction with recombinant E. coli nucleoside phosphorylases. Arsenolysis of 2-chloropurine ribosides with chiral amino acid amides at C6 was used for the enzymatic synthesis, and the reaction equilibrium shifted towards the synthesis of arabinonucleosides. The synthesized nucleosides were shown to be resistant to the action of E. coli adenosine deaminase. The antiproliferative activity of the synthesized nucleosides was studied on human acute myeloid leukemia cell line U937. Among all the compounds, the serine derivative exhibited an activity level (IC50 = 16 µM) close to that of Nelarabine (IC50 = 3 µM) and was evaluated as active.

Synthesis of 2-chloropurine ribosides with chiral amino acid amides at C6 and their evaluation as A1 adenosine receptor agonists.

A series of purine ribonucleosides bearing chiral amino acid amides at the C6 position of 2-chloropurine was synthesized. Molecular docking of the synthesized analogs of 2-chloroadenosine by their affinity for A1 adenosine receptors (A1ARs) was conducted. The investigation of A1AR stimulating activity of synthesized nucleosides was carried out in a model of an isolated mouse atrium. We have shown that derivatives with tyrosine, valine, and serine residues exhibit the properties of A1AR partial agonists. Animal experiments in the open field test have shown that these compounds have different profiles of psychoactive action. These nucleosides have an ophthalmic hypotensive effect and reduce intraocular pressure in a manner slightly inferior to that of timolol and brimonidine. The synthesized nucleosides can be the basis for further design and synthesis of new A1AR agonists.

Rational Mutagenesis in the Lid Domain of Ribokinase from E. coli Results in an Order of Magnitude Increase in Activity towards D-arabinose.

Development of efficient approaches for the production of medically important nucleosides is a highly relevant challenge for biotechnology. In particular, cascade synthesis of arabinosides would allow relatively easy production of various cytostatic and antiviral drugs. However, the biocatalyst necessary for this approach, ribokinase from Escherichia coli (EcoRK), has a very low activity towards D-arabinose, making the synthesis using the state-of-art native enzyme technologically unfeasible. Here, we report the results of our enzyme design project, dedicated to engineering a mutant form of EcoRK with elevated activity towards arabinose. Analysis of the active site structure has allowed us to hypothesize the reasons behind the low EcoRK activity towards arabinose and select feasible mutations. Enzyme assay and kinetic studies have shown that the A98G mutation has caused a large 15-fold increase in kcat and 1.5-fold decrease in KM for arabinose phosphorylation. As a proof of concept, we have performed the cascade synthesis of 2-chloroadenine arabinoside utilizing the A98G mutant with 10-fold lower amount of enzyme compared to the wild type without any loss of synthesis efficiency. Our results are valuable both for the development of new technologies of synthesis of modified nucleosides and providing insight into the structural reasons behind EcoRK substrate specificity.

Synthesis of Substituted 1,2,4-Triazole-3-Thione Nucleosides Using E. coli Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase.

1,2,4-Triazole derivatives have a wide range of biological activities. The most well-known drug that contains 1,2,4-triazole as part of its structure is the nucleoside analogue ribavirin, an antiviral drug. Finding new nucleosides based on 1,2,4-triazole is a topical task. The aim of this study was to synthesize ribosides and deoxyribosides of 1,2,4-triazole-3-thione derivatives and test their antiviral activity against herpes simplex viruses. Three compounds from a series of synthesized mono- and disubstituted 1,2,4-triazole-3-thione derivatives were found to be substrates for E. coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Of six prepared nucleosides, the riboside and deoxyriboside of 3-phenacylthio-1,2,4-triazole were obtained at good yields. The yields of the disubstituted 1,2,4-triazol-3-thiones were low due to the effect of bulky substituents at the C3 and C5 positions on the selectivity of enzymatic glycosylation for one particular nitrogen atom in the triazole ring. The results of cytotoxic and antiviral studies on acyclovir-sensitive wild-type strain HSV-1/L2(TK+) and acyclovir-resistant strain (HSV-1/L2/RACV) in Vero E6 cell culture showed that the incorporation of a thiobutyl substituent into the C5 position of 3-phenyl-1,2,4-triazole results in a significant increase in the cytotoxicity of the base and antiviral activity. The highest antiviral activity was observed in the 3-phenacylthio-1-(ß-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,2,4-triazole and 5-butylthio-1-(2-deoxy-ß-D-ribofuranosyl)-3-phenyl-1,2,4-triazole nucleosides, with their selectivity indexes being significantly higher than that of ribavirin. It was also found that with the increasing lipophilicity of the nucleosides, the activity and toxicity of the tested compounds increased.

Enzymatic Transglycosylation Features in Synthesis of 8-Aza-7-Deazapurine Fleximer Nucleosides by Recombinant E. coli PNP: Synthesis and Structure Determination of Minor Products.

Enzymatic transglycosylation of the fleximer base 4-(4-aminopyridine-3-yl)-1H-pyrazole using recombinant E. coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) resulted in the formation of "non-typical" minor products of the reaction. In addition to "typical" N1-pyrazole nucleosides, a 4-imino-pyridinium riboside and a N1-pyridinium-N1-pyrazole bis-ribose derivative were formed. N1-Pyrazole 2'-deoxyribonucleosides and a N1-pyridinium-N1-pyrazole bis-2'-deoxyriboside were formed. But 4-imino-pyridinium deoxyriboside was not formed in the reaction mixture. The role of thermodynamic parameters of key intermediates in the formation of reaction products was elucidated. To determine the mechanism of binding and activation of heterocyclic substrates in the E. coli PNP active site, molecular modeling of the fleximer base and reaction products in the enzyme active site was carried out. As for N1-pyridinium riboside, there are two possible locations for it in the PNP active site. The presence of a relatively large space in the area of amino acid residues Phe159, Val178, and Asp204 allows the ribose residue to fit into that space, and the heterocyclic base can occupy a position that is suitable for subsequent glycosylation. Perhaps it is this "upside down" arrangement that promotes secondary glycosylation and the formation of minor bis-riboside products.

Multi-Enzymatic Cascades in the Synthesis of Modified Nucleosides: Comparison of the Thermophilic and Mesophilic Pathways.

A comparative study of the possibilities of using ribokinase → phosphopentomutase → nucleoside phosphorylase cascades in the synthesis of modified nucleosides was carried out. Recombinant phosphopentomutase from Thermus thermophilus HB27 was obtained for the first time: a strain producing a soluble form of the enzyme was created, and a method for its isolation and chromatographic purification was developed. It was shown that cascade syntheses of modified nucleosides can be carried out both by the mesophilic and thermophilic routes from D-pentoses: ribose, 2-deoxyribose, arabinose, xylose, and 2-deoxy-2-fluoroarabinose. The efficiency of 2-chloradenine nucleoside synthesis decreases in the following order: Rib (92), dRib (74), Ara (66), F-Ara (8), and Xyl (2%) in 30 min for mesophilic enzymes. For thermophilic enzymes: Rib (76), dRib (62), Ara (32), F-Ara (<1), and Xyl (2%) in 30 min. Upon incubation of the reaction mixtures for a day, the amounts of 2-chloroadenine riboside (thermophilic cascade), 2-deoxyribosides (both cascades), and arabinoside (mesophilic cascade) decreased roughly by half. The conversion of the base to 2-fluoroarabinosides and xylosides continued to increase in both cases and reached 20-40%. Four nucleosides were quantitatively produced by a cascade of enzymes from D-ribose and D-arabinose. The ribosides of 8-azaguanine (thermophilic cascade) and allopurinol (mesophilic cascade) were synthesized. For the first time, D-arabinosides of 2-chloro-6-methoxypurine and 2-fluoro-6-methoxypurine were synthesized using the mesophilic cascade. Despite the relatively small difference in temperatures when performing the cascade reactions (50 and 80 °C), the rate of product formation in the reactions with Escherichia coli enzymes was significantly higher. E. coli enzymes also provided a higher content of the target products in the reaction mixture. Therefore, they are more appropriate for use in the polyenzymatic synthesis of modified nucleosides.

Radical Dehalogenation and Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase E. coli: How Does an Admixture of 2',3'-Anhydroinosine Hinder 2-fluoro-cordycepin Synthesis.

During the preparative synthesis of 2-fluorocordycepin from 2-fluoroadenosine and 3'-deoxyinosine catalyzed by E. coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase, a slowdown of the reaction and decrease of yield down to 5% were encountered. An unknown nucleoside was found in the reaction mixture and its structure was established. This nucleoside is formed from the admixture of 2',3'-anhydroinosine, a byproduct in the preparation of 3-'deoxyinosine. Moreover, 2',3'-anhydroinosine forms during radical dehalogenation of 9-(2',5'-di-O-acetyl-3'-bromo- -3'-deoxyxylofuranosyl)hypoxanthine, a precursor of 3'-deoxyinosine in chemical synthesis. The products of 2',3'-anhydroinosine hydrolysis inhibit the formation of 1-phospho-3-deoxyribose during the synthesis of 2-fluorocordycepin. The progress of 2',3'-anhydroinosine hydrolysis was investigated. The reactions were performed in D2O instead of H2O; this allowed accumulating intermediate substances in sufficient quantities. Two intermediates were isolated and their structures were confirmed by mass and NMR spectroscopy. A mechanism of 2',3'-anhydroinosine hydrolysis in D2O is fully determined for the first time.