RESUMEN
The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is one of the most devastating invasive polyphagous pests, which has attracted recent global attention by developing resistance to various insecticidal active ingredients with independent mode of action. Fluxametamide, a newly commercialized isoxazoline insecticide, is exceptionally selective towards several lepidopteran pests. The present study aimed to evaluate resistance risk in FAW to fluxametamide and the fitness costs associated with fluxametamide resistance. A field-collected and genetically mixed population of FAW was artificially selected through continuous exposure to fluxametamide. After successive selection of 10 generations, there was no obvious increase in the LC50 (RF: 2.63-fold). The realized heritability (h2) of fluxametamide resistance was estimated as h2 = 0.084 using a quantitative genetic approach. Compared with the susceptible F0 strain, the Flux-SEL (F10) strain of FAW displayed no significant cross-resistance to broflanilide, chlorantraniliprole, fipronil, indoxacarb, lambda cyhalothrin, spinetoram, and tetraniliprole, except emamectin benzoate (RF: 2.08-fold). Increased activity of glutathione S-transferase (ratio 1.94) was observed in the Flux-SEL (F10) strain of FAW, while the cytochrome P450 and carboxylesterase activities were not altered. The fluxametamide-selection significantly affected the development and reproductive traits of FAW with a lower R0, T and relative fitness (Rf = 0.353). The results alluded that the risk of fluxametamide resistance evolution in FAW is relatively lower; however, proactive implementation of resistance management approaches should be done to maintain the field efficacy of fluxametamide against FAW.
RESUMEN
A highly sensitive and selective pyridyl based colorimetric chemosensor (H2L) for the efficient detection of Ni(2+) has been reported. The synthesized chemosensor H2L is highly efficient in detecting Ni(2+) even in the presence of other metal ions that commonly co-exist with Ni(2+). H2L also shows distinct color change from green to deep red visible under naked eye due to specific binding with Ni(2+). This color change is due to formation of a new band at 510 nm upon gradual addition of Ni(2+). The association constant has been found to be 1.27×10(5) M(-1) with limit of detection (LOD) of 8.3×10(-7) M. Electronic structure of the H2L-Ni(2+) complex and sensing mechanism have been interpreted theoretically by DFT and TDDFT calculations.