Genome-wide chromatin contacts of super-enhancer-associated lncRNA identify LINC01013 as a regulator of fibrosis in the aortic valve.

Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is characterized by a fibrocalcific process. The regulatory mechanisms that drive the fibrotic response in the aortic valve (AV) are poorly understood. Long noncoding RNAs derived from super-enhancers (lncRNA-SE) control gene expression and cell fate. Herein, multidimensional profiling including chromatin immunoprecipitation and sequencing, transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing, genome-wide 3D chromatin contacts of enhancer-promoter identified LINC01013 as an overexpressed lncRNA-SE during CAVD. LINC01013 is within a loop anchor, which has contact with the promoter of CCN2 (CTGF) located at ~180 kb upstream. Investigation showed that LINC01013 acts as a decoy factor for the negative transcription elongation factor E (NELF-E), whereby it controls the expression of CCN2. LINC01013-CCN2 is part of a transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1) network and exerts a control over fibrogenesis. These findings illustrate a novel mechanism whereby a dysregulated lncRNA-SE controls, through a looping process, the expression of CCN2 and fibrogenesis of the AV.

Oxyphospholipids in Cardiovascular Calcification.

Mineralization of cardiovascular structures including blood vessels and heart valves is a common feature. We postulate that ectopic mineralization is a response-to-injury in which signals delivered to cells trigger a chain of events to restore and repair tissues. Maladaptive response to external or internal signals promote the expression of danger-associated molecular patterns, which, in turn, promote, when expressed chronically, a procalcifying gene program. Growing evidence suggest that danger-associated molecular patterns such as oxyphospholipids and small lipid mediators, generated by enzyme activity, are involved in the transition of vascular smooth muscle cells and valve interstitial cells to an osteoblast-like phenotype. Understanding the regulation and the molecular processes underpinning the mineralization of atherosclerotic plaques and cardiac valves are providing valuable mechanistic insights, which could lead to the development of novel therapies. Herein, we provide a focus account on the role oxyphospholipids and their mediators in the development of mineralization in plaques and calcific aortic valve disease.

System Genetics Including Causal Inference Identify Immune Targets for Coronary Artery Disease and the Lifespan.

BACKGROUND: Randomized clinical trials indicate that the immune response plays a significant role in coronary artery disease (CAD), a disorder impacting the lifespan potential. However, the identification of targets critical to the immune response in atheroma is still hampered by a lack of solid inference. METHODS: Herein, we implemented a system genetics approach to identify causally associated immune targets implicated in atheroma. We leveraged genome-wide association studies to perform mapping and Mendelian randomization to assess causal associations between gene expression in blood cells with CAD and the lifespan. Expressed genes (eGenes) were prioritized in network and in single-cell expression derived from plaque immune cells. RESULTS: Among 840 CAD-associated blood eGenes, 37 were predicted causally associated with CAD and 6 were also associated with the parental lifespan in Mendelian randomization. In multivariable Mendelian randomization, the impact of eGenes on the lifespan potential was mediated by the CAD risk. Predicted causal eGenes were central in network. FLT1 and CCR5 were identified as targets of approved drugs, whereas 22 eGenes were deemed tractable for the development of small molecules and antibodies. Analyses of plaque immune single-cell expression identified predicted causal eGenes enriched in macrophages (GPX1, C4orf3) and involved in ligand-receptor interactions (CCR5). CONCLUSIONS: We identified 37 blood eGenes predicted causally associated with CAD. The predicted expression for 6 eGenes impacted the lifespan potential through the risk of CAD. Prioritization based on network, annotations, and single-cell expression identified targets deemed tractable for the development of drugs and for drug repurposing.

Enhancer-associated aortic valve stenosis risk locus 1p21.2 alters NFATC2 binding site and promotes fibrogenesis.

Genome-wide association studies for calcific aortic valve stenosis (CAVS) previously reported strong signal for noncoding variants at 1p21.2. Previous study using Mendelian randomization suggested that the locus controls the expression of PALMD encoding Palmdelphin (PALMD). However, the molecular regulation at the locus and the impact of PALMD on the biology of the aortic valve is presently unknown. 3D genetic mapping and CRISPR activation identified rs6702619 as being located in a distant-acting enhancer, which controls the expression of PALMD. DNA-binding assay showed that the risk variant modified the DNA shape, which prevented the recruitment of NFATC2 and lowered the expression of PALMD. In co-expression network analysis, a module encompassing PALMD was enriched in actin-based process. Mass spectrometry and functional assessment showed that PALMD is a regulator of actin polymerization. In turn, lower level of PALMD promoted the activation of myocardin-related transcription factor and fibrosis, a key pathobiological process underpinning CAVS.

Prioritization of candidate causal genes for asthma in susceptibility loci derived from UK Biobank.

To identify candidate causal genes of asthma, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in UK Biobank on a broad asthma definition (n = 56,167 asthma cases and 352,255 controls). We then carried out functional mapping through transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) and Mendelian randomization in lung (n = 1,038) and blood (n = 31,684) tissues. The GWAS reveals 72 asthma-associated loci from 116 independent significant variants (PGWAS < 5.0E-8). The most significant lung TWAS gene on 17q12-q21 is GSDMB (PTWAS = 1.42E-54). Other TWAS genes include TSLP on 5q22, RERE on 1p36, CLEC16A on 16p13, and IL4R on 16p12, which all replicated in GTEx lung (n = 515). We demonstrate that the largest fold enrichment of regulatory and functional annotations among asthma-associated variants is in the blood. We map 485 blood eQTL-regulated genes associated with asthma and 50 of them are causal by Mendelian randomization. Prioritization of druggable genes reveals known (IL4R, TSLP, IL6, TNFSF4) and potentially new therapeutic targets for asthma.

Single-cell expression and Mendelian randomization analyses identify blood genes associated with lifespan and chronic diseases.

The human lifespan is a heritable trait, which is intricately linked to the development of disorders. Here, we show that genetic associations for the parental lifespan are enriched in open chromatin of blood cells. By using blood expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) derived from 31,684 samples, we identified for the lifespan 125 cis- and 559 trans-regulated expressed genes (eGenes) enriched in adaptive and innate responses. Analysis of blood single-cell expression data showed that eGenes were enriched in dendritic cells (DCs) and the modelling of cell ligand-receptor interactions predicted crosstalk between DCs and a cluster of monocytes with a signature of cytotoxicity. In two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR), we identified 16 blood cis-eGenes causally associated with the lifespan. In MR, the majority of cis-eGene-disorder association pairs had concordant effects with the lifespan. The present work underlined that the lifespan is linked with the immune response and identifies eGenes associated with the lifespan and disorders.