GROSS ANATOMY AND SURGICAL APPROACH TO THE HUMERAL SHAFT IN GIANT ANTEATER (MYRMECOPHAGA TRIDACTYLA).

Anteater forelimbs are distinguished morphologically from domestic animals, especially due to their unique movement and their natural habits. A knowledge of the pectoral limb anatomy and the proper surgical approach are fundamental to success in osteosynthesis and other surgeries. This study aimed to describe the muscles and neurovascular structures of the pectoral limb and the surgical approach to the humeral shaft of the giant anteater ( Myrmecophaga tridactyla ). Dissections of the forelimbs of seven cadavers were performed to identify the major muscles and neurovascular structures. Three of these animals' contralateral forearms were used to simulate the surgical approach to the humeral shaft. Some specific characteristics of the muscle morphology were biceps muscle had two heads, triceps muscle had three heads, and there was an olecranon-epicondylar muscle. To expose the shaft of the humerus, it was necessary to incise the superficial pectoral muscle and separate the heads of the biceps muscle. Due to the anatomical characteristics of the humerus, the craniomedial approach was the most appropriate because it accommodated the anatomical peculiarities of the giant anteater.

SKELETAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE FORELIMB OF MYRMECOPHAGA TRIDACTYLA.

Anteater forelimbs are morphologically adapted to obtain food and to provide defense and locomotion. Four species are known, but there are few anatomical studies presenting the morphologic features of each species. The aim of this study was to describe the skeletal morphology of the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) forelimb. Pictures and schematic drawings of six cadavers were created to show the bone morphology. In addition, radiographs and computed tomographs were obtained. The skeletal structure of the forelimb had several notable anatomical features. The scapula had two spines, with apparent differences between infant and adult animals. The humerus had a pectoral ridge, a pectoral tubercle, and a pronounced medial epicondyle that represent the origins of muscles important for fossorial activity. The radius had cranial, lateral, and caudal ridges that became more prominent in older animals, and the distal condyle joint provided enhanced support of the dorsal articulation for the manus. Knowledge of the bone morphology of the forelimb generates a better understanding of giant anteater habits and helps in the diagnosis of skeletal abnormalities and in the routine medical assessment of this species.

Aspectos ultrassonográficos, biometria e dopplerfluxometria ocular do bugio ruivo (Alouatta fusca) / Ultrasonography aspects, biometry and Doppler of howler monkey (Alouatta fusca) ocular bulb

Este estudo teve como objetivo geral descrever os aspectos ultrassonográficos normais das estruturas do bulbo ocular de primatas da espécie Alouatta fusca, determinando ainda os valores da biometria ocular, e os parâmetros da dopplerfluxometria ocular das artérias oftálmica interna e central da retina. Vinte exames ultrassonográficos oculares foram realizados em dez primatas da espécie Alouatta fusca clinicamente saudáveis, sem sinais de doença ocular ao exame oftalmológico. Procedeu-se a descrição ultrassonográfica das estruturas oculares e posteriormente a biometria foi obtida em quatro distâncias distintas: (D1) correspondentes à câmara anterior, (D2) espessura da lente, (D3) profundidade da câmara vítrea e (D4) comprimento axial do bulbo ocular. Na dopplerfluxometria foram avaliadas as artérias oftálmica interna e central da retina quanto ao índice de resistividade (IR), de pulsatilidade (IP), e as velocidades do pico sistólico (VPS) ediastólica final (VDF). Os valores de biometria foram submetidos a teste de comparação quanto ao gênero dos animais e cortes ultrassonográficos, utilizando o teste t de Student. O mesmo teste foi realizado para comparação dos resultados de dopplerfluxometria entre fêmeas e machos. A descrição ultrassonográfica das estruturas oculares e vascularização do bugio ruivo mostraram-se semelhantes a espécies como o cão, o gato e o homem. Os valores biométricos médios encontrados foram de 2,1±0,38 mm para D1, 3,7±0,30mm para D2, 10,4±0,78mm para D3 e 19,3±1,64mm para D4. Os valores de dopplerfluxometria da artéria oftálmica e da artéria central da retina foram respectivamente: VPS de 25,6cm/s e 14,6cm/s; VDF de 15,8cm/s e 10,7cm/s; IR de 0,7 e 0,5; IP de 1,4 e 0,8.(AU)

This study aimed to describe the sonographic features of normal ocular structures, the ocular biometry and Doppler parameters of the internal ophthalmic artery and central retinal artery of the Alouatta fusca. Twenty ocular ultrasonographic examinations were perform in ten primate species of the Alouatta fusca. Proceeded to the sonographic description of the ocular structures and later biometrics was obtained in four distances: (D1) corresponding to the anterior chamber (D2) lens thickness (D3) vitreous chamber and (D4) axial length of the eyeball. Doppler ultrasound evaluated internal ophthalmic artery and central retinal artery as for the resistivity Index (RI), pulsatility index (PI), peak systolic velocity (PSV) and end diastolic velocity (EDV). The values of biometrics and flowmetry underwent comparison test between genders and sonographic views, by Student t test. The anatomical sonographic description of the ocular structures and vasculature of the red howler were similar to species such as dog, cat and man. The biometric average values found were 2.1±0.38mm for D1, 3.7±0.30mm for D2, 10.4±0.78mm for D3 and 19.3±1.64mm for D4. The Doppler values of the ophthalmic artery and central retinal artery found were: PSV of 25.6cm/s and 14.6cm/s; VDF 15.8cm/s and 10.7cm/s; IR 0.7 and 0.5; IP 1.4 and 0.8.(AU)

Aplicações do exame radiográfico na avaliação da coluna vertebral de equinos / Applications of x-ray examination is spinal assessment of equine / Aplicaciones del examen radiográfico en evaluación de la columna a vertebral de equinos

Dentre as enfermidades que levam à claudicação, as alterações na coluna vertebral são frequentemente consideradas como diagnóstico diferencial. Dos métodos de imagem, a radiografia convencional é a principal modalidade utilizada para abordar a coluna vertebral de equinos, devido sua praticidade e baixo custo. As principais indicações para a realização doexame são sensibilidade ou dor na região cervical, postura anormal da cabeça ou pescoço, ataxia, claudicação mais evidente em membros torácicos, histórico de trauma e suspeitas de malformações ósseas e mielopatia estenótica. A avaliação das radiografias é baseada no conhecimento prévio da anatomia normal e suas variações, na postura da cervical do animal durante a realização do exame, da análise da relação sagital do diâmetro do canal vertebral e da compreensão das limitações da técnica e do aparelho diante da sobreposição das estruturas adjacentes. Assim sendo, este trabalho busca auxiliar no diagnóstico das principais enfermidades vertebrais de equinos ao revisar e descrever as estruturas anatômicas, as alterações visibilizadas e as limitações do exame radiográfico da coluna vertebral destes animais.

Among the diseases that cause lameness in horses changes in the vertebral spine are often considered as a differential diagnosis. Radiography is the primary imaging modality used to access the spine of horses because of its practicality and low cost. The main indications for the examination is tenderness or pain in the neck, abnormal posture of the head or neck, ataxia, lameness in forelimbs, history of trauma, suspected bony malformations and stenotic myelopathy. The evaluation of radiographs is based on prior knowledge of normal anatomy and its variations, in the position of the neck ofthe animal during the test, the analysis of the sagittal diameter of the spinal canal and understanding of the limitations of the technique and the apparatus before the overlap of adjacent structures. Therefore, this paper aims to assist in the diagnosis of the main vertebral diseases of horses, to review and describe the anatomical structures, the changes visualized and limitations of radiographic examination of the equine spine.

Entre las enfermedades que llevan a la cojera, las alteraciones en la columna vertebral son a menudo consideradas como diagnóstico diferencial. De los métodos de imagen, la radiografía convencional es la principal modalidad utilizada para abordar la columna vertebral de equinos, debido a su practicidad y bajo costo. Las principales indicaciones para la realización del examen son: sensibilidad o dolor en la región cervical, postura anormal de la cabeza o cuello, ataxia, cojera más evidente en miembros torácicos, histórico de trauma y sospechas de malformaciones óseas y mielopatía estenótica. La evaluación de las radiografías se basa en el conocimiento previo de la anatomía normal y sus variaciones, en la postura de la cervical del animal durante la realización del examen, del análisis de la relación sagital del diámetro del canal vertebral y dela comprensión de las limitaciones de la técnica y del aparato delante de la superposición de las estructuras adyacentes. Así, este estudio busca ayudar en el diagnóstico de las principales enfermedades vertebrales de equinos al revisar y describir las estructuras anatómicas, las alteraciones visualizadas y las limitaciones del examen radiográfico de la columna vertebral de estos animales.