Long-Term Oncological Outcomes in Patients Diagnosed With Nonmetastatic Plasmacytoid Variant of Bladder Cancer: A 20-Year University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Experience.

PURPOSE: The treated natural history of nonmetastatic plasmacytoid variant of bladder cancer (PV-BCa) is poorly understood owing to its rarity. We sought to examine the disease recurrence and metastasis patterns in this select group of patients in order to identify opportunities for intervention. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a natural language processing algorithm-augmented retrospective chart review of 56 consecutive patients who were treated with curative intent for nonmetastatic PV-BCa at our institution between 1998 and 2018. Kaplan-Meier and multivariable Cox regression methods were used for survival analyses. RESULTS: The stage at presentation was: ≤ cT2N0 in 22 (39.3%), cT3N0 in 15 (26.8%), cT4N0 in 13 (23.2%), and ≥ cN1 in 6 patients (10.7%). Forty-nine patients (87.5%) received chemotherapy, and 42 (75%) were able to undergo the planned surgery. Notably, only 4 patients (7.2%) had pT0 stage, while 22 (52.4%) had pN+ disease at the time of surgery. At 36-month follow-up, 28.4% of patients (95% CI: 22.1%-34.5%) were alive and 22.2% (95% CI: 16.1%-28.5%) were free of metastatic disease. The benefit of surgical extirpation was stage specific: successful completion of surgery was associated with improved metastasis-free survival (at 36 months 32.4% vs 0%, log-rank P < .001) in patients with localized or locally advanced disease (≤cT2N0/cT3N0); however, in patients with regionally advanced disease (cT4N0/≥cN1), consolidative surgery following chemotherapy was not associated with improved metastasis-free survival (12.5% vs 10% at 36 months, log-rank P = .49). The median time to metastasis from primary treatment end was 6.5 months (IQR: 2.9-14.7). The predominant site of recurrence/metastasis was the peritoneum (76.1%), either in isolation or along with extraperitoneal lesions. Salvage immunotherapy in these patients significantly reduced the risk of death (HR = 0.11, P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: PV-BCa is a disease with high lethality. Despite multimodal treatment, a vast majority of patients develop atypical intraperitoneal metastasis soon after therapy and rapidly succumb to it. Clinical trials evaluating utility of hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy may be warranted in this high-risk population.

Racial disparities in stage at bladder cancer diagnosis in the US Veterans Affairs healthcare system.

OBJECTIVE: To describe patient characteristics and pathological stage at bladder cancer (BCa) diagnosis in a diverse population within a national, equal-access healthcare system. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study identified 15 966 men diagnosed with BCa in the Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare system from 2000 to 2020. The primary outcome was pathological stage at diagnosis, determined by index transurethral resection of bladder tumour. Logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between race and stage. Competing risk models tested the association between race and BCa-specific mortality with cumulative incidence estimates. RESULTS: Of 15 966 BCa patients, 12 868 (81%), 1726 (11%), 493 (3%) and 879 (6%) were White, Black, Hispanic and Other race, respectively. Black patients had significantly higher muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) rates than White patients (35% vs 32%; P = 0.009). In multivariable analysis, the odds of presenting with MIBC did not differ significantly between Black and White patients (odds ratio [OR] 1.10, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.98-1.22) or between Hispanic patients (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.67-1.01) and White patients. Compared to White patients, Black patients had a similar risk of BCa-specific mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 0.89, 95% CI 0.75-1.06), whereas Hispanic patients had a lower risk (HR 0.56, 95% CI 0.38-0.82). CONCLUSIONS: Black patients presented with the highest rates of de novo MIBC. However, in a large, equal-access healthcare system, this did not result in a difference in BCa-specific mortality. In contrast, Hispanic patients had lower risks of MIBC and BCa-specific mortality.

Repeat Transurethral Resection of Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer Prior to Radical Cystectomy is Prognostic but Not Therapeutic.

PURPOSE: We sought to evaluate the impact of repeat transurethral resection of bladder tumor prior to radical cystectomy on oncologic outcomes in a contemporary cohort at a tertiary care center. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An Institutional Review Board approved review of 657 patients diagnosed with muscle-invasive bladder cancer who underwent radical cystectomy at our institution for clinical stage T2 urothelial carcinoma between 2005 and 2017 was performed. Patients with and without repeat transurethral resection of bladder tumor were matched 1-to-1 by propensity score. Matching was done by age, gender, receipt of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, preoperative hydronephrosis, variant histology, lymphovascular invasion, or carcinoma in situ on index transurethral resection of bladder tumor. RESULTS: A total of 548 patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer were included after matching (2 groups of 274 patients). Kaplan-Meier estimates of recurrence-free and overall survival demonstrated no significant difference based upon performance of repeat transurethral resection of bladder tumor (P = 1.0 and P = .3, respectively). When outcomes were stratified by pathology of repeat transurethral resection of bladder tumor specimens, those with pT0 had superior recurrence-free and overall survival compared to those with residual muscle invasive disease (P < .001 and P = .001, respectively). Notably, more than 60% of patients who were pT0 on repeat transurethral resection of bladder tumor had residual disease at the time of radical cystectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Repeat transurethral resection of bladder tumor prior to radical cystectomy, irrespective of receipt of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, was not associated with improved survival outcomes in this propensity score matched muscle-invasive bladder cancer cohort. The absence of residual tumor on pathological evaluation of repeat transurethral resection of bladder tumor specimen was prognostic and was associated with improved survival outcomes. However, a large percentage of patients with pT0 disease on repeat transurethral resection of bladder tumor had residual disease on radical cystectomy pathology.

All High-Grade Ta Tumors Should Be Classified as High Risk: Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Response in High-Grade Ta Tumors.

PURPOSE: There is variation amongst guidelines with respect to risk stratification of Ta tumors, specifically high-grade (HG) Ta tumors. We sought to investigate the response of all Ta tumors to bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and compare response rates based on European Association of Urology (EAU) classification as intermediate- (IR) or high-risk (HR). MATERIALS AND METHODS: An institutional review of all patients who received adequate BCG from 2000-2018 was conducted. EAU 2021 prognostic risk groups were used to stratify patients including by the newly proposed adverse risk factors. RESULTS: When patient with Ta tumors were stratified into IR and HR, 37 (16%) had IR low-grade (LG) Ta, 92 (40%) had IR HG Ta and 101 (44%) had HR HG Ta tumors. BCG unresponsiveness developed in 13% of HR HG Ta tumors and 14% of IR HG Ta tumors compared to 0.0% of IR LG Ta tumors (p=0.003). While no patients with IR LG Ta tumors progressed, progression rates were similar in HR HG Ta and IR HG Ta tumors (≥T2: 5.9% and 6.5%; [Formula: see text]T1: 13% and 13%, respectively). Rates of recurrence, BCG unresponsiveness and progression were similar, irrespective of number of EAU risk factors present (p=0.9, p=0.8 and p=0.9, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: All HG Ta tumors, regardless of EAU risk stratification, have inferior response to BCG and increased rates of progression compared to IR LG Ta tumors. EAU clinical risk factors did not improve prediction of oncologic outcomes among HG Ta patients who received adequate BCG. These data support consideration of all HG tumors as high risk.

Apixaban vs Enoxaparin for Post-Surgical Extended-Duration Venous Thromboembolic Event Prophylaxis: A Prospective Quality Improvement Study.

PURPOSE: Venous thromboembolic events (VTEs) are a major cause of morbidity following abdominopelvic oncologic surgery. Enoxaparin, a subcutaneous injectable low molecular weight heparin, is commonly used for extended-duration VTE prophylaxis (EP), but has been associated with noncompliance. Newer direct oral anticoagulants have not been prospectively studied in the urologic oncology post-discharge setting. We aimed to improve compliance with EP following abdominopelvic oncologic surgery and secondarily test the hypothesis that apixaban is noninferior to enoxaparin for EP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A single-center prospective quality improvement study measuring patient compliance and safety with EP was conducted between August 10, 2020 and September 21, 2021. Baseline data were continuously collected for 6 months, followed by a uniform departmental change from enoxaparin to apixaban. The duration of data collection was determined a priori using a noninferiority sample size estimation (145 per group). The primary outcome was compliance events (real or potential barriers to EP use). The secondary outcome was 30-day post-discharge safety events (symptomatic VTE or major bleed). RESULTS: A total of 161 patients were discharged with enoxaparin (baseline period) and 154 with apixaban (intervention period). Safety events occurred in 3.1% vs 0% of patients receiving enoxaparin and apixaban, respectively. The absolute risk difference of 3.1% (95% CI: 0.043%-5.8%) met the prespecified noninferiority threshold (p=0.028 for apixaban superiority). Compliance events occurred in 33.5% of enoxaparin patients and 14.3% of apixaban patients (p=0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: There were fewer compliance events using apixaban for EP than enoxaparin after urologic oncology surgery. Regarding safety, apixaban is noninferior to enoxaparin and may in fact have fewer associated major complications.

Reduced-dose bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) in an era of BCG shortage: real-world experience from a tertiary cancer centre.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of one-third-dose (1/3D) bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) on oncological outcomes in a large cohort of patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) treated with adequate BCG (as defined by the US Food & Drug Administration (FDA)) in a real-world setting. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed an institutional review board-approved review of patients with NMIBC treated with adequate BCG at our institution between 2000 and 2020. Patients were stratified according to whether they had received 1/3D BCG or full-dose (FD) BCG. Time to recurrence, time to progression and cancer-specific survival were estimated using Kaplan-Meier methods. RESULTS: Of 563 patients with NMIBC treated with adequate BCG, 150 (26.6%) received 1/3D and 413 (73.4%) received FD. The use of 1/3D BCG did not adversely affect time to recurrence (P = 0.449) or time to progression (P = 0.716), and this remained consistent when patients were stratified by individual 2021 European Association of Urology (EAU) prognostic factor risk groups. Cancer-specific survival was similar in patients receiving 1/3D and those receiving FD BCG (P = 0.320). CONCLUSION: The use of 1/3D BCG was not associated with adverse oncological outcomes in a large cohort of patients receiving adequate BCG for intermediate- and high-risk NMIBC. Based on this real-world experience, risk-stratified split-vial dosing may represent a valuable approach for other institutions facing BCG shortages whilst also providing reassurance to patients who may be concerned about suboptimal outcomes.

Should patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer discontinue fibrin clot inhibitors during bacille Calmette-Guérin?

OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of fibrin clot inhibitor (FCI) use on oncological outcomes in a large contemporary cohort of patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) treated with adequate bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed an Institutional Review Board-approved review of patients with NMIBC treated with adequate intravesical BCG, at our institution between 2000 and 2018. FCI use at the time of BCG therapy was recorded for each patient. Patients were stratified according to use of FCI medication. Recurrence- and progression-free survival were analysed using Kaplan-Meier methods and Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS: Overall, 226 of 526 patients (43.0%) used a FCI: aspirin (205), clopidogrel (38), warfarin (18) and novel oral anticoagulant (NOAC; seven). The use of FCIs did not adversely affect either recurrence- or progression-free survival (P = 0.385 and P = 0.131, respectively). These results did not change when the impact of aspirin, clopidogrel or warfarin/NOAC use on recurrence and progression was evaluated separately. On multivariate analysis, FCI use was neither associated with tumour recurrence nor progression. CONCLUSION: The use of FCIs was not associated with adverse oncological outcomes in a large contemporary cohort of patients receiving adequate intravesical BCG for NMIBC. Based on these results, FCIs may be safely continued during BCG immunotherapy.

Clinicopathological analysis and outcomes of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumours of the urinary bladder.

OBJECTIVES: To describe clinical, imaging, and histopathological characteristics of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour (IMT) of the urinary bladder and provide initial management and surveillance recommendations. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We identified patients with IMT of the bladder treated at our facility from 1998 to 2020. Categorical variables were analysed with chi-square and Fisher's exact tests and continuous variables with the Mann-Whitney U-test. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed for recurrence-free survival. RESULTS: IMT was diagnosed in 35 patients with median (interquartile range [IQR]) follow-up of 20 (11.5-68.5) months. At initial diagnosis 86% were clinically organ-confined, 9% locally advanced, and 5% metastatic. Majority of patients (92%) had residual disease on re-staging transurethral resection (TUR). Of the 15 patients with organ-confined disease managed initially with TUR alone, five (33%) recurred at a median (IQR) of 5 (3.0-5.5) months from initial diagnosis. Presentation with visible haematuria was associated with recurrence (100% in recurrence vs 40% in non-recurrence groups, P = 0.044). There were no patients who developed a recurrence beyond 6 months after diagnosis. Partial or radical cystectomy was required in 23% and 9% of patients, respectively. One patient presented with metastatic disease associated with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) translocation and achieved a durable complete remission with 7 months of crizotinib therapy. CONCLUSIONS: No patient with IMT treated with aggressive endoscopic management developed recurrences beyond 6 months. There were additionally no recurrences noted after definitive radical or partial cystectomy. These data support organ sparing therapy with aggressive endoscopic management and short-term surveillance in patients with localised IMT, with extirpative surgery reserved for refractory cases.

Radical cystectomy and women's sexual health - can we do better?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Female sexual function after radical cystectomy is a crucial, but historically overlooked component of bladder cancer survivorship. This review focuses on recent studies, which have investigated pelvic health and sexual function after radical cystectomy. We discuss modifiable factors, which may contribute to decreased sexual function after radical cystectomy and techniques, which may lead to improved outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS: Sexual function is important to women and there is a significant desire (and unmet need) for more perioperative counseling and discussion regarding sexual function changes and quality of life impacts. Sexual function may be altered due to a combination of hormonal changes from ovarian removal, anatomic changes from vaginal alteration, and sensation changes due to damage to the neurovascular bundle. Techniques to preserve these structures have been developed. SUMMARY: Sexual function is an important component of survivorship and increasing attention is being focused on this area. Long term studies with objective measures are needed for to compare various techniques and ensure oncologic safety. Ovarian preservation, anterior vaginal wall preservation, and vaginal estrogen replacement should be carefully considered for most patients.

Contemporary Rates of Gynecologic Organ Involvement in Females with Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Retrospective Review of Women Undergoing Radical Cystectomy following Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy.

PURPOSE: According to the American Urological Association/American Society of Clinical Oncology/American Society for Radiation Oncology/Society of Urologic Oncology Guideline on treatment of nonmetastatic muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), females requiring radical cystectomy (RC) should undergo concomitant anterior pelvic exenteration despite low rates of malignant involvement of gynecologic organs. We present the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with MIBC treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and evaluate the impact of NAC on gynecologic organ involvement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An institutional review board approved review of patients with cT2-T3 MIBC treated with RC at our institution between 2005 and 2018 was performed. Patients were stratified by receipt of NAC. RESULTS: A total of 186 females with cT2-T3 MIBC underwent RC during the study period, of whom 67.7% received NAC prior to RC. Patients who received NAC were more likely to have cT3 disease, preoperative hydronephrosis, and variant histology on transurethral resection (p <0.001, p=0.004, p=0.029, respectively). Rates of recurrence or metastasis were similar between groups (27.0% vs 26.7%, p=0.964). No patients had isolated genitourinary organ recurrence (median followup 32.1 months). Nine patients (5.7%) had gynecologic organ involvement (6 NAC vs 3 no NAC, p=0.978). Among those who underwent hysterectomy, 2 patients (3.1%) who received NAC had uterine involvement compared to none in the no NAC cohort (p=0.551). Rates of vaginal involvement were similar between the groups (4 NAC vs 3 no NAC, p=0.402). Additionally, 1 patient who received NAC had incidentally diagnosed localized endometrial cancer. No women had fallopian tube or ovarian involvement. CONCLUSIONS: Even among high risk patients with MIBC, gynecologic organ involvement of MIBC is rare, and organ preservation, especially of the ovaries, is likely safe.

Progression of Disease after Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Therapy: Refining Patient Selection for Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy before Radical Cystectomy.

PURPOSE: Data from the pre-neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) era suggests patients who progress on bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) to muscle-invasive bladder cancer (P-MIBC) exhibit worse outcomes compared to de novo MIBC (D-MIBC). Herein, we investigate whether P-MIBC is an independent poor risk factor in the setting of contemporary NAC use. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A review of patients who underwent radical cystectomy (RC) for cT2-3 MIBC from 2005 to 2018 was performed. Patients were stratified into high risk (lymphovascular invasion, variant histology, hydronephrosis, cT3b) vs low risk (no risk factors) and P-MIBC (≤pT1 treated with at least induction BCG who progressed to ≥cT2) vs D-MIBC. RESULTS: Among 801 patients who underwent RC 20.3% had P-MIBC and 79.7% had D-MIBC. In low-risk patients treated without NAC, P-MIBC was associated with pathological upstaging (64.9% vs 42.7%, p=0.004) and worse overall (OS, p=0.006) and cancer-specific survival (CSS, p=0.001) compared to D-MIBC. P-MIBC status conferred uniformly poor survival outcomes to patients who did not receive NAC compared to D-MIBC without NAC (median OS 51.5 months [95% CI 40.0-81.0] vs 85.1 months [95% CI 62.8-96.0], p=0.040; median CSS not reached, p=0.014). However, P-MIBC status did not remain a negative prognostic factor in the setting of NAC (median OS 90.5 months [95% CI 34.0-not estimable] vs 87.8 months [95% CI 68.7-not estimable], p=0.606; median CSS not reached, p=0.448). CONCLUSIONS: P-MIBC confers a poor prognosis when managed with RC alone. Treatment with NAC results in equivalent pathological response and survival outcomes compared to D-MIBC. P-MIBC should be included in risk-stratified approaches to NAC selection.

Impact of upper tract urothelial carcinoma on response to BCG in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) on bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) response and progression in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed an institutional review board-approved review of patients with NMIBC treated with adequate intravesical BCG, as defined by the US Food and Drug Administration, at our institution between 2000 and 2018. Patients were stratified by presence of any UTUC and time of UTUC diagnosis (preceding vs synchronous to NMIBC diagnosis or metachronous disease after NMIBC diagnosis). Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data overall and by groups, and t-tests or Wilcoxon's rank sum tests and Pearson's chi-squared or Fisher's exact tests were used to analyse continuous and categorical data, respectively. RESULTS: Of 541 patients with NMIBC treated with adequate BCG, 59 (10.9 %) were diagnosed with UTUC. Of these, 34 had a history of UTUC prior to NMIBC (UTUC-P; median [interquartile range {IQR}] 13.1 [7.4-27.6] months prior), while 25 developed UTUC after diagnosis of NMIBC (six synchronous and 19 metachronous; median [IQR] 12.1 [1.7-28.1] months after). Compared to the non-UTUC group, patients with UTUC-P were more likely to exhibit Tis without papillary tumour in the bladder (20.6% vs 5.0%; P < 0.001), but were less likely to have T1 disease on index transurethral resection (8.8% vs 49.4%; P < 0.001). Patients with UTUC-P developed more recurrences (55.9% vs 34.0%; P = 0.010), any stage/grade progression (23.5% vs 9.8%; P = 0.012) and progression to muscle-invasive or metastatic disease (17.6% vs 6.4%; P = 0.014). The presence of high-grade UTUC-P compared to low-grade UTUC-P was associated with increased NMIBC recurrence (68.2% vs 25.0%; P = 0.049). There was no significant difference in rates of recurrence or progression based on timing of UTUC with respect to the index bladder tumour, although this analysis was limited by small numbers. CONCLUSIONS: Presence of UTUC prior to a diagnosis of NMIBC was associated with an almost twofold increased recurrence and progression rates after adequate BCG therapy. This should be considered when counselling patients and designing cohorts for clinical trials.

Time interval from transurethral resection of bladder tumour to bacille Calmette-Guérin induction does not impact therapeutic response.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) tolerability and response with respect to the timing of BCG administration after transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT) in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A review of patients with NMIBC at our institution managed with at least 'adequate BCG' (defined by the United States Food and Drug Administration as at least five of six induction instillations, with two additional instillations comprising either maintenance or repeat induction) at our institution from 2000 to 2018 was performed. Time from TURBT to first instillation of induction BCG was stratified by quartile and analysed as a continuous variable. Kaplan-Meier and log-rank tests analysed differences in recurrence-free (RFS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Cox proportional hazards regression models identified associations between risk factors and survival outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 518 patients received adequate BCG at a median (range) of 26 (6-188) days from TURBT. Overall, 45 patients (9%) developed BCG intolerance at a median (range) 12 (7-33) instillations. When time from TURBT to BCG was stratified into quartiles, there was no difference with respect BCG intolerance (P = 0.966), RFS (P = 0.632) or PFS (P = 0.789). On both uni- and multivariate regression analysis for RFS and PFS, time from TURBT to BCG was not a significant predictor when analysed by quartile or as a continuous variable (the hazard ratio for RFS was 1.00, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.99-1.00, P = 0.449; and for PFS was 0.99, 95% CI 0.98-1.00, P = 0.074). CONCLUSION: The rates of tolerability and response to adequate BCG are not predicated by the timing of induction BCG instillation after TURBT. Early administration in properly selected patients is safe and delays do not affect therapeutic response.

Impact of sex on response to BCG in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer patients: a contemporary review from a tertiary care center.

PURPOSE: Female sex has been implicated with higher stage at diagnosis and as a negative prognostic factor amongst patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Whether this holds true with contemporary management paradigms is unknown. We analyzed a cohort of patients treated with adequate bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) for NMIBC in an effort to identify sex-specific influence on BCG response. METHODS: An IRB-approved review of patients with NMIBC treated at our institution with at least 'adequate BCG', as defined by the US FDA and EAU, from 2000 to 2018 was performed. Patients were then stratified by sex and response to BCG. Non-parametric tests were used to summarize the data overall and by groups. The Kaplan-Meier product limit method was used to calculate median survival endpoints. RESULTS: Of the 541 patients treated with adequate BCG, 111 (20.5%) were female and 430 (79.5%) were male. Female patients were younger (median 66 vs. 69, p = 0.071), had a lower BMI (median 27.3 vs. 28.8, p = 0.010) and were more likely to have no smoking history (49.5% vs. 27.0%, p < 0.001). Tumor characteristics with respect to stage, size, multifocality, presence of carcinoma in situ, and presence of variant histology were similar between sexes. While rates of recurrence were higher in females than in males this, was not statistically significant (44.1% vs. 34.7%, p = 0.064) and Kaplan-Meier estimates of recurrence-free, progression-free and overall survival demonstrated no significant difference between sexes (p = 0.409, p = 0.253, p = 0.171, respectively). CONCLUSION: In a contemporary cohort of patients with NMIBC treated with adequate BCG, female sex was not associated with adverse oncologic outcomes.

Germline genetics in localized prostate cancer.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To provide the reader an understanding of the importance and limitations of prostate cancer (PCa) screening, the heritable component of PCa and the role that germline genetic markers can play in risk-adapted screening and treatment. RECENT FINDINGS: Despite strong science supporting the association of germline genetic change with PCa risk and outcome, there has been a reluctance to pursue practical application of these technologies. Recent findings suggest that actionable information may now be garnered from this form of testing, which can help men at risk for and with PCa. SUMMARY: This is an exciting time whereby germline genetic markers can help overcome some of the shortcomings of current PCa screening and treatment paradigms. Understanding their benefit and limitations while keeping the patient's best interest in mind will be the key for the responsible application of these exciting technologies.