Uptake of plasma fibrinogen into the alpha granules of human megakaryocytes and platelets.

The origin of platelet alpha-granule fibrinogen (Fg), whether from endogeneous synthesis or exogeneous derivation, remains unknown. Although Fg biosynthesis by megakaryocytes (MK) has been suggested, recent studies have demonstrated that certain alpha-granular proteins originate primarily from plasma. To study the origin of alpha-granule Fg, platelet-associated Fg was measured by ELISA and Western blotting, and localized by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy in a patient with symptomatic congenital afibrinogenemia before and after replacement therapy with cryoprecipitate. alpha-Granule Fg was detected in the majority of platelets as early as 24 h postinfusion, suggesting that direct platelet uptake was occurring. Platelet Fg reached a maximum value of 42.5% of normal values at 3 d postinfusion and was localized in the alpha-granules, while plasma levels followed a typical half-life profile. Significant alpha-granule Fg was still detectable at 13 d postinfusion, with plasma Fg virtually absent. Studies on cultured CFU-MKs from the patient also confirmed that MKs can incorporate exogeneous Fg into alpha-granules. These results indicate that platelet alpha-granule Fg can be derived from the circulating plasma pool and that Fg uptake can occur in both platelets and MKs.

Clonal expression of the Tn antigen in erythroid and granulocyte colonies and its application to determination of the clonality of the human megakaryocyte colony assay.

To evaluate whether exposure of Tn determinants at the surface of human erythrocytes, platelets, and granulocytes could arise from a somatic mutation in a hemopoietic stem cell, burst-forming unit erythroid (BFU-E) colonies, colony-forming unit granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM), and colony-forming unit-eosinophil (CFU-Eo) were grown from a blood group O patient with a typical Tn syndrome displaying two distinct populations (Tn(+) and Tn(-)) of platelets, granulocytes, and erythrocytes. A large number of colonies was observed. Individual colonies were studied with a fluorescent conjugate of Helix pomatia agglutinin (HPA). A sizeable fraction of each of the erythroid and granulocytic colonies appeared to consist exclusively of either HPA-positive or HPA-negative cells, thereby demonstrating the clonal origin of those exhibiting the Tn marker. Similar results were obtained from a second patient. These findings establish that the HPA labeling of Tn cells is an accurate marker permitting assessment of the clonality of the human megakaryocyte (MK) colony assay. For the study of MK cultures a double-staining procedure using the HPA lectin and a monoclonal antiplatelet antibody (J-15) was applied in situ to identify all MK constituting a colony. Our results, obtained in studies of 133 MK colonies, provide definitive evidence that the human MK colony assay is clonal because all MK colonies were exclusively composed of Tn(+) and Tn(-) MK. Furthermore, the distribution of MK within a single colony was shown to be seminormal with a mean at 6 MK, isolated MK typically being absent in culture. Comparison of the proportion of mature Tn(+) cells in blood with their respective Tn(+) progenitors has also shown that no proliferative advantage occurs after the commitment; because Tn polyagglutinability is an acquired disorder, then the expansion of the Tn(+) clone must occur either during the proliferative stage of the pluripotent stem cell or during the commitment itself. This study therefore affords evidence that a blood group antigen plays a role in the differentiation of a pluripotent stem cell.

New hematopoietic differentiation antigens detected by anti-K562 monoclonal antibodies.

Following immunizations of BALB/c mice with K562 cells, we have obtained seven original monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs): (a) One MoAb, GA3, defines an antigen essentially restricted to the red cell series. This antigen is expressed on immature erythroblasts but is not detectable on the surface of early and late erythroid progenitors. GA3 MoAb immunoprecipitates a Mr 105,000 glycoprotein on K562 cells. (b) Two MoAbs, 14B6 and 12B1, react with cells of the monocytic series. MoAb 14B6, which also faintly stains platelets, is reactive with immature myeloid cells and the majority of hematopoietic progenitors. The 14B6 antigen has been immunoprecipitated from 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate treated K562 cells as a Mr 130,000-100,000 protein. Antigen 12B1 is expressed only on cultured monocyte/macrophages and is restricted to a subpopulation of monocytes and to follicular dendritic cells. It is not detected on hematopoietic progenitors. Immunoprecipitation experiments performed on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate treated K562 cells revealed a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 93,000-86,000. (c) Two anti-K562 MoAbs, CF4 and HE10, recognize a myeloid differentiation antigen expressed from the granulomonocytic colony forming unit stage to polymorphonuclear neutrophils. These MoAbs detect an apparently original glycolipid moiety distinct from LeX. (d) Two MoAbs recognize antigens expressed on the granulomonocytic series. 2E1 recognizes the monocyte low affinity Fc receptor (Mr 40,000) and defines a new cluster of myeloid differentiation (CDw32). The antigen is expressed on a small portion of immature hematopoietic progenitors. 8F5 identifies a Mr 95,000 protein which is also present on plasma cells. In some experiments, it is detected on erythroid colony forming unit analysis. Immunizations with K562 cells thus resulted in the production of antibodies recognizing antigens of the monocytic, granulocytic, as well as erythroid series. However, three of them are also detected on hematopoietic progenitors.

Myeloid and megakaryocytic properties of K-562 cell lines.

The expression of myeloid and megakaryocytic markers of differentiation has been studied in one K-562 cell subline, in its clones, and in the original cell line. Cytotoxicity, electron microscopy, immunofluorescence studies with a panel of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, and radioimmunoassays were performed on K-562 cells before and after induction with hemin, sodium butyrate, and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. Myeloid membrane markers were present in all K-562 cell lines. Only the early granulopoietic cell surface markers were expressed in 75 to 95% of the cells, while none of the late membrane markers was detected. In contrast, neither the early (myeloperoxidase) nor late (lactoferrin) cytoplasmic markers were present. Thus, K-562 cells showed a membrane phenotype similar to that of a normal or leukemic promyelocyte but lacking myeloperoxidase. Membrane megakaryocytic markers, such as platelet glycoprotein IIIa and platelet peroxidase, were also detected in K-562 cells. However, some other early megakaryocytic markers, such as platelet glycoprotein lb, Factor VIII-R-Ag, and platelet Factor 4, could not be detected by fluorescent labeling. Cloning of the cell line did not result in the selection of a unipotential cell line. These results could be explained by the expression of multilineage markers in a single cell. In all of the cell lines and clones, hemin slightly increased the expression of the myeloid membrane markers without any modification of the megakaryocytic markers. Sodium butyrate and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate diminished most of the myeloid markers and very significantly increased the expression of the megakaryocytic markers.

Identification of platelet membrane thrombospondin binding molecules using an anti-thrombospondin antibody.

A rat monoclonal IgG2a antibody, 5G11, was raised against native human platelet thrombospondin (TSP). Western blot analysis revealed that 5G11 bound (i) to TSP before and after disulfide reduction, and (ii) to a 15-kDa fragment released after prolonged trypsin digestion. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis confirmed that the binding epitope was expressed in the presence of Ca2+ and after treatment of TSP with EDTA. Since 5G11 had no effect on platelet aggregation, the antibody was used to immunoprecipitate Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent TSP-binding molecules on the surface of thrombin-activated surface-labeled 125I-platelets. The experimental basis was that ligand-receptor interactions are of high affinity and that anti-ligand antibodies should precipitate the ligand-receptor complex. With platelets activated in the presence of EDTA, 5G11 predominantly precipitated a 125I-labeled band of Mr 88,000, identified as glycoprotein (GP) IV. In contrast, in the presence of 2 mM Ca2+ and 1 mM Mg2+, 5G11 precipitated a complex of five radiolabeled proteins, among which GPIIb, GPIIIa and GPIV were the most prominent.

Monoclonal antibodies specific for human platelet membrane glycoproteins bind to monocytes by focal absorption of platelet membrane fragments: an ultrastructural immunogold study.

The membrane labeling of monocytes by monoclonal antibodies directed against platelet glycoproteins Ib (AN51), IIb (Tab), IIIa (C17), IIb-IIIa complex (J15) and to antigens common to platelets and monocytes (anti-monocyte platelet antigen and FA6 152) has been investigated by an ultrastructural immunogold method. Only with FA6 152, which identifies a structure shared by erythroblasts, platelets, and monocytes, was labeling obtained on membranes of both platelets and monocytes from normal blood. With all the other monoclonal antibodies, platelets were highly labeled but monocytes lacked quantitatively significant label; however, focal microparticles which exhibited gold particles were adherent to the membrane of monocytes. This localized labeling, interpreted as resulting from the fragmentation of platelet membranes during monocyte isolation with adhesion of the fragments to monocyte surfaces, was verified by two approaches. First, double staining with C17 visualized by an anti-IgG coupled to 40 nm gold particles and MO2 recognizing exclusively a surface monocyte antigen, as visualized by an anti-IgG coupled to 15 nm gold particles, was performed. The absence of colocalization of large and small gold particles either on monocytes or on microparticles confirmed the exclusive cell origin. Second, when analyzed by quantitative x-ray analysis, monocyte associated gold following C17 treatment was restricted to platelet pseudopods and fragments on whole mount spread cells. Finally, when monocytes were spread immediately after blood collection in the absence of sedimentation and centrifugation to prevent platelet activation, platelet rosetting was avoided and the number of microparticles markedly decreased. Thus, the attachment to monocyte membranes of microparticles originating from platelets may be confused with true labeling of monocytes by antibodies to platelet glycoproteins if analysis is limited to immunofluorescence.

Immunophenotype of leukemic blasts with small peroxidase-positive granules detected by electron microscopy.

Forty-three cases of undifferentiated leukemias by light microscopy examination were diagnosed as acute myeloblastic leukemias by ultrastructural revelation of peroxidase and were subsequently studied by immunological markers. In 41 of these cases, blasts were labeled by at least one of the antimyeloid MoAbs (My 7, My 9, and 80H5). An antimyeloperoxidase polyclonal antibody was used in 23 cases and was clearly positive in 11 of them, while cytochemistry by light microscopy was negative. These myeloblasts were frequently mixed with a minority of blasts from other lineages especially promegakaryoblasts. It is noteworthy that in 6 cases myeloid and lymphoid markers (E rosette receptor, common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (cALLA), CD 9, CD 19 antigens (anti-B4 MoAb] were detected on a fraction of blast cells, suggesting a bilineage leukemia. However, in double labeling experiments, blasts with myeloperoxidase coexpressed lymphoid and myeloid markers including cALLA and CD 19 antigen. In one case, blasts had a typical non-B, non-T acute lymphoblastic leukemia phenotype (HLA-DR, CD 9, CD 19, cALLA positive) without staining by any of the antimyeloid MoAbs. However, 70% of the blasts were labeled by the antimyeloperoxidase antibody and expressed peroxidase-positive granules at ultrastructural level. In conclusion, most of the AML undiagnosed by optical cytochemistry are identified by antimyeloid antibodies. Some of these cases are also stained by some antilymphoid MoAbs. Use of antibodies against myeloperoxidase may improve the diagnosis of difficult cases of acute myeloblastic leukemia.

Expression of platelet glycoproteins by erythroid blasts in four cases of trisomy 21.

In four patients with trisomy 21 (three constitutional, one acquired) with a morphological undifferentiated leukemia, diagnosis of erythroid leukemia was established by both immunophenotyping and ultrastructural studies. Indeed, a majority of blasts from three patients expressed several erythroid markers such as carbonic anhydrase 1, spectrin beta chain, and glycophorin A. In addition, band 3 and hemoglobin were immunologically detected in a fraction of the blast cells from two cases. At ultrastructural level, a majority or all blast cells exhibited erythroid differentiation features such as theta granules and ferritin molecules. However, platelet glycoproteins GP Ib, GP IIb, and GP IIIa were also immunologically detected in a fraction (from 14-82%) of the blasts. Since the ultrastructural study indicated that some promegakaryoblasts were also present in three patients, double labeling between erythroid markers (glycophorin A or carbonic anhydrase I) and platelet glycoprotein (Ib or IIIa) was performed and showed a clear overlap between the two kinds of markers. A similar approach was performed at ultrastructural level and indicated that blast cells with ultrastructural erythroid features of differentiation may have three distinct phenotypes, i.e., presence of glycophorin A without platelet glycoproteins or, conversely, the presence of platelet glycoproteins without glycophorin A and coexpression of glycophorin A and platelet glycoproteins. Expression of glycophorin A correlated directly with the differentiation level of the erythroid blasts, whereas platelet glycoproteins were essentially expressed in the more primitive leukemic erythroid cells. The GP Ib synthesized by these blasts was subsequently studied. The GP Ib alpha mRNA analyzed by Northern blot from these erythroid cells was identical in size with that from megakaryocytic cells as was the molecular weight of the GP Ib molecule from both after immunoprecipitation by a monoclonal antibody. Therefore, "in vivo" erythroid leukemic cells may express the main platelet glycoproteins including GP Ib.

Expression of blood group A antigen during erythroid differentiation in A1 and A2 subjects.

The expression of blood group A antigen on marrow and blood cells from A1 and A2 subjects was investigated by the binding of Helix pomatia and Dolichos biflorus lectins using immunofluorescence. These two lectins stained BFU-E-derived colonies from A subjects in the early days of culture before the expression of glycophorin. The erythroid origin of these cells was ascertained by the coexpression of two other very early erythroid markers. In bone marrow, the ultrastructural immunogold method revealed that the entire erythroid lineage including proerythroblasts was labeled by HPA, whereas no staining was observed on granulomonocytic cells including myeloblasts. Platelets from A subjects were HPA-labeled and so were platelets from an O subject preincubated in A plasma. Megakaryocytes obtained in CFU-MK-derived colonies were weakly and heterogeneously labeled by the HPA lectin. Cultures from A1 and A2 subjects were the reflection of the genetic differences only when investigations were performed on mature erythroblasts. In contrast, the great majority of immature erythroblasts both from A2 and A1 subjects were equally labeled by both lectins; during further erythroid maturation, binding of both lectins markedly diminished only on A2 erythroblasts. When marrow erythroblasts were investigated at electron microscopic level, heterogeneity of labeling among all stages of maturation was clearly observed in A2 subjects, with staining stronger on immature than on mature erythroblasts. Therefore, the genetic differences between A1 and A2 subjects are revealed during terminal erythroid differentiation.

Ultrastructural and cytochemical characterization of blasts from early erythroblastic leukemias.

Among nine cases of early erythroblastic leukemia previously diagnosed using a panel of antibodies, two patients have erythroid blasts expressing glycophorin A, seven patients have blasts with a more immature phenotype. These immature blasts were labeled by the FA6-152 monoclonal antibody when studied with the immunogold technique. The blasts exhibited large nucleoli, and their cytoplasm contained numerous ribosomes and large mitochondria. In the Golgi apparatus several granules resembled the theta granules as previously described and contained ferritin molecules in the absence of rhopheocytosis. A large proportion of these blasts exhibited a platelet peroxidase (PPO)-like activity. As the blasts from the two other patients with a more mature phenotype and glycophorin A reactivity lacked this PPO, this enzyme seems to be restricted to the more immature cells. Since in these leukemic samples immature erythroid blasts were admixed to promegakaryoblasts, immunogold labeling was also performed with antiplatelet antibodies. This latter population which was labeled with C17, a monoclonal antibody to platelet glycoprotein IIIa, showed strong PPO activity but lacked theta granules and ferritin. In the normal bone marrow enriched by panning for CFU-E (8%) and depleted in progenitors of other lineages, blast cells showing characteristics similar to leukemic erythroid blasts were seen. They exhibited theta granules and ferritin and a proportion of them also had a PPO-like activity. Thus, a PPO reaction is not restricted to the platelet-megakaryocyte line. In conclusion, a PPO-like activity and ferritin molecules were present in immature leukemic erythroid blasts. Similar cells could be identified from normal bone marrow.

Ultrastructural localization of lysozyme in human neutrophils by immunogold.

The subcellular localization of lysozyme (LZ) has been investigated by immunogold electron microscopic cytochemistry in human neutrophils from bone marrow and blood. Intact cells or subcellular granule fractions were fixed in glutaraldehyde and embedded in glycol methacrylate. Thin sections were incubated with monospecific antibodies followed by antiglobulins coupled to colloidal gold. LZ was detected within both elliptical and spherical primary granules in bone marrow neutrophil promyelocytes. In myelocytes and more mature neutrophils immunolabeling for LZ was observed within the primary granules, although fainter than in promyelocytes. However secondary granules from bone marrow and blood neutrophils were not consistently labeled by gold particles. Immunogold staining was then performed on sections of subcellular fractions of secondary granules: immunogold staining of lactoferrin demonstrated 95% of secondary granules in this fraction. Labeling for LZ of this granule fraction was intense, and except that the few primary granules were also labeled, looked similar to that of lactoferrin. In conclusion, this study is the first to utilize electron microscopic cytochemistry to show that LZ is present in both the primary and secondary granules of blood and bone marrow neutrophils. This technique has the advantage of allowing LZ distribution to be studied within a single organelle and/or in relation to the rest of the cell structure.

Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type III. studies on erythroid differentiation of blood erythroid progenitor cells (BFUE) in vitro.

In order to investigate whether the morphological abnormalities observed in congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type III (CDA III) have a cellular or an environmental origin; BFUE from the blood of a patient exhibiting a CDA type III were grown in vitro. The progeny derived from these BFUE were subsequently studied at light and electron microscopic level. Giant multinuclear erythroblasts which represent the most prominent finding of CDA III in bone marrow were also found in culture. Nuclear clefts found in vivo were also observed by electron microscopic studies performed on the erythroblasts growing in vitro. In each erythroid colony, morphologically normal and giant multinuclear erythroblasts were intermingled. This finding indicates that the two populations of erythroblasts derive from the same defective stem cell. The studies by indirect immunofluorescence of i antigen was preferentially expressed in the immature erythroblasts as in culture from normal subjects but not in the giant mature erythroblasts. This finding suggests that the excess of i antigen expression of CDA III in vivo is rather the indirect consequence of a stimulation of erythropoiesis than result of the disease.

c-jun and c-fos are expressed by human megakaryocytes.

Expression of the main nuclear protooncogenes during terminal megakaryocyte (MK) differentiation is poorly understood. Because previous results have suggested that c-fos and c-jun protooncogenes are expressed in human leukemic cell lines induced to undergo megakaryocytic differentiation, we have analyzed the expression of these two protooncogenes in normal MK. Studies were performed, by in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence, on human MK obtained either directly from bone marrow or from culture of MK progenitors. c-fos and c-jun transcripts were detected in most cultured or fresh marrow MK from adult donors. Expression was much higher in cytologically immature than in mature MK whereas no expression was detected in the most mature MK. c-fos and c-jun expression increased dramatically with MK size. In cultured fetal MK, which all remained small in size, c-fos mRNA was present but at a low level. The c-fos-encoded protein (P62fos) was easily detectable in the great majority of MK. We directly demonstrated that the level of P62fos expression was correlated to MK ploidy by flow cytometry using a three-color staining technique. The involvement of serum and growth factors in the induction of P62fos in MK was studied. Whereas a 3-h serum deprivation resulted in the disappearance of P62fos in MK, several growth factors such as granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin 3 (IL-3), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 7 (IL-7), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), as well as normal or aplastic serum, were able to reinduce its expression within 2 h. In conclusion, our results suggest that c-jun and c-fos may play a role in the transduction of signals by several growth factors during terminal MK differentiation.

In vitro inhibition of hematopoiesis by HNK1, DR-positive T cells and monocytes after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.

Blood CFU-GM and BFU-E, grown from 17 patients who had undergone allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT), were studied by the plasma-clot technique before day 45, and at a time when their blood count was approximately normal. The number of colonies varied from one patient to another, but was always lower than in normal subjects. Removal of cells forming rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (E+C) increased colony growth in four out of eight cases, whereas removal of adherent cells (AC) had the same effect in five out of six cases. Addition of E+C or AC after their initial removal restored the inhibition of colony growth. This suppression was noted at a 1:1 to 8:1 cellular ratio and ranged from 25% to 75%. The phenotype of the suppressive cells was further characterized by complement-mediated lysis with monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) and fluorescent labeling. Two types of cells associated with inhibition of colony growth were identified: the first were E+C positive, characterized by the T3, HNK1, DR, and T8 determinants; the second were identified by the MO2 MoAb, indicating their monocytic origin, together with their properties of adherence. Similar suppressor cells of CFU-GM were found in the marrow of two other allogeneic BMT patients. A direct suppressive effect of the two types of cells was demonstrated in one experiment when MO2+ and/or HNK1+ cells collected by cell sorting were added back to cultures depleted in MO2+ and HNK1+ cells by complement-mediated lysis and were both found to decrease colony growth. Purified HNK1+ cells led to moderate inhibition of colony growth, which was not enhanced by increasing their concentration. This suppressive effect of hematopoiesis could be the consequence of an allogeneic reaction, since no inhibition was affected by T cells or monocytes in seven autologous BMTs and one syngeneic BMT.

Developmental changes in human megakaryocyte ploidy.

Megakaryocytes (MK) obtained from the differentiation of MK colony-forming units (CFU-MK) were grown from fetal liver, cord blood, and adult marrow in liquid culture containing aplastic plasma. Ploidy distribution was studied by a double-staining technique and flow cytometry and MK maturation by ultrastructural techniques. Cultured MK from fetuses and neonates were small sized (about 10 microns) in comparison to adult MK. They were mature cells that contained large membrane complexes as previously found in vivo. Only 2N and 4N MK were usually present in 8- to 10-week-old fetus cultures; 8N MK were detected at 20 weeks of gestation and in neonates. Higher ploidy classes were present in culture from adults but with a much lower frequency than in marrow. Therefore, a progressive shift to higher ploidy and an increase in MK size were observed simultaneously during development. Interleukin 3 (IL-3) increased MK proliferation as in adults but abrogated MK ploidization of 20-week-old fetus culture. The present results suggest that the changes occurring during ontogenesis are related to intrinsic MK modifications because no inhibitor of MK ploidization could be detected in fetal cultures.

Normal human serum contains a factor(s) capable of inhibiting megakaryocyte colony formation.

Growth of megakaryocyte colonies from human bone marrow progenitors has been achieved in plasma clot culture. Megakaryocyte colonies were identified either by cytological examination or by immunofluorescent labelling using a monoclonal antiplatelet antibody (J 15). No significant differences were observed in the quantitation of the colonies by these two methods. In the absence of a stimulating factor, MK colonies were detectable when high cellular concentrations were seeded. Among the numerous conditioned media tested for their ability to stimulate MK colony formation, conditioned medium from leukocytes stimulated by PHA (PHA-LCM) was the most effective. However, under standard conditions of culture corresponding to 20% normal human sera, colony formation was not related linearly to seeding density even when cultures were stimulated by PHA-LCM. Upon reduction of the concentration of serum (2.5-5%) in the culture medium, colony formation displayed a linear relationship seeding density only when PHA-LCM was used as the stimulating factor. At the same time, the size of the colonies increased. Such inhibition was observed with all the human sera tested but it varied in extent from one batch to another. Replacement of serum by albumin, iron-saturated transferrin, alpha-thioglycerol and low density lipoproteins at physiological concentration but in the presence of bovine plasma provided a culture system whose ability to support colony formation equalled that of low concentrations of whole serum; spontaneous MK colony formation still occurred. Our results provide evidence for the presence of an inhibitor(s) of MK colony formation in normal human sera, and demonstrate the role of cellular factors in stimulating MK colony formation.

Human lymphocyte colony formation in agar culture: cell phenotype studies on individual colonies indicate a polyclonal origin of such colonies.

Monoclonal origin of human lymphocyte colonies grown in agar culture under mitogenic stimulation is still disputed. To solve this question we used different markers: we failed with the G6PD technic and with the successive staining for X and Y chromosomes on individual colonies. Therefore, individual colonies were investigated for the presence of different cell types using membrane receptor identification and cytochemistry. At different stages of the colony formation, presence of a macrophage surrounded by lymphocytes, of a mixture of T cells and B cells, plasma cells and c.Ig negative cells, in the same colony was demonstrated. The mixture of cells from different lineages in individual colonies indicated a polyclonal origin of such colonies, the capacity for the cells to migrate in a short distance, and the involvement of cell-cell contact throughout the colony formation. Human lymphocyte colony formation appears as a new technic for the study of cellular cooperation.

IL-3-induced coexpression of histidine decarboxylase, IL-4 and IL-6 mRNA by murine basophil precursors.

Murine low-density bone marrow cells sorted from the blast cell window on the basis of high rhodamine-123 retention (Rh-bright), are highly enriched in histamine-, IL-4-, and IL-6-producing cells. We established by in situ hybridization that up to 50% of this population (around 0.25% of the whole bone marrow) coexpressed the transcripts for these molecules upon stimulation with 1L-3. Rh-bright cells were also positive for mRNA encoding the alpha, beta, and gamma chains of the Fc(epsilon)RI which was functional since aggregated IgE induced the same percentage of cells hybridizing with the HDC probe as IL-3. Clonogenic progenitors and histamine- and cytokine-producing cells copurified in the Rh-bright population, but could be distinguished by their c-kit expression, CFU-C being more frequent in the c-kit(high) fraction, while histamine and IL-6 producers were enriched in the kit(low) counterpart. Ultrastructural analysis of Rh-bright cells revealed essentially two subsets, namely undifferentiated blast cells and basophil precursors. No other lineage-committed population was enriched by this sorting procedure, and it can therefore be concluded that coexpression of HDC, IL-6, and IL-4 transcripts in response to IL-3 or aggregated IgE takes place mainly in hematopoietic precursors belonging to the basophil lineage.

Osteonectin is an alpha-granule component involved with thrombospondin in platelet aggregation.

We previously showed that thrombospondin, a major alpha-granule glycoprotein of human platelets, forms a specific complex with osteonectin, a phosphoglycoprotein originally described in bone that is also present in human platelets. The storage organelles and the function of osteonectin in platelets are still unknown. In this study, using electron microscopy in combination with immunogold staining, the major storage organelle for platelet-secreted proteins, the alpha-granules. Furthermore, osteonectin was qualitatively and quantitatively assessed by studying normal platelets and the platelets from a patient with gray platelet syndrome. Gray platelet syndrome is a rare congenital bleeding disorder characterized by a selective deficiency in morphologically recognizable platelet alpha-granules and in the alpha-granule secretory proteins. Binding of an iodinated antiosteonectin monoclonal antibody to gray platelet proteins transferred to nitrocellulose from SDS-polyacrylamide gels showed no band corresponding to osteonectin compared to control platelets. Using a polyclonal antiosteonectin antibody-based radioimmunoassay, gray platelets contained 0.2 +/- 0.03 ng osteonectin per 10(6) platelets, which is only 20% of the normal platelet content of osteonectin (0.93 +/- 0.16 ng per 10(6) platelets). Study of the localization of osteonectin to the surface of human platelets demonstrated that a radioiodinated antiosteonectin polyclonal antibody bound specifically to thrombin-stimulated platelets but not to resting platelets. Binding was concentration-dependent, saturable (1710 +/- 453 binding sites per platelet, Kd = 1 microM), and inhibited by an excess of cold antiosteonectin polyclonal antibody. No binding was observed on the surface of thrombin-stimulated gray platelets. To gain further insights into the role of osteonectin released from activated platelets, the effect of an antiosteonectin polyclonal antibody was tested on the aggregation of washed platelets. F(ab')2 fragments from the antiosteonectin polyclonal antibody inhibited in a dose-dependent manner the aggregation of collagen-stimulated, washed human platelets without affecting collagen-induced platelet serotonin release. To characterize the mechanism through which antiosteonectin F(ab')2 fragments inhibit platelet aggregation, the expression of endogenous thrombospondin (TSP) on the surface of thrombin-activated platelets was studied using 125I-labeled anti-TSP monoclonal antibody P10. The endogenous surface expression of TSP to thrombin-stimulated platelets was significantly inhibited in the presence of antiosteonectin F(ab')2 fragments (6286 +/- 2065 molecules of P10 per platelet) compared to 11,230 +/- 766 molecules of P10 per platelet in the presence of nonimmune F(ab')2 fragments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Diaminobenzidine cytochemistry in unfixed human epidermis: a marker for epidermal differentiation and for mitochondria.

Intubation of unfixed and unfrozen slices of skin in diaminobenzidine allows visualization of a peroxidatic activity in perinuclear envelope of suprabasal keratinocytes undergoing orthokeratotic differentiation. Basal keratinocytes and melanocytes are always negative. This enzyme is absent in mucous and parakeratotic (psoriatic) differentiation. Mitochondria are also strongly stained by this technique and it was shown that the number of epidermal mitochondria is greatly increased in psoriatic lesions.