[Evaluation of the ethics of pharmaceutical practice: A literature review]. / Évaluation de l'éthique des pratiques pharmaceutiques : une revue de la littérature.

INTRODUCTION: Ethics are at the heart of pharmacy practice. METHOD: This is a literature review. The main objective is to carry out a review of studies relating on the evaluation of ethics in pharmacy practice. Documentary research on Pubmed was carried out from 1990 to 2020. All studies relating to pharmaceutical ethics that may be applied to the pharmacy practice in pharmacies or in health establishments and that conducted a qualitative or quantitative evaluation of pharmaceutical ethics (e.g. surveying pharmacists or pharmacy students, using a measurement tool, quantifying or qualifying a perception or behaviour) were included. RESULTS: The studies come mainly from Anglo-Saxon countries (29/38). Studies related to pharmacy practice, mainly target pharmacists (n=27) and pharmacy students (n=16), and more often have a quantitative component of (n=28). The main ethical dilemmas observed dealt with emergency oral contraception (EOC), voluntary termination of pregnancy with drugs, euthanasia, commercial practices of the pharmaceutical industry, refusal to dispense a prescription in a broader context and plagiarism or dishonesty in academic settings. CONCLUSION: Few studies have been conducted on the review of ethics of pharmacy practices from 1990 to 2020. Pharmacy students and practicing pharmacists are regularly exposed to ethical dilemmas and respond to these dilemmas with due consideration, taking into account six principles, eight values and other factors. Exposure to these dilemmas creates inaction, stress and distress. A few possible solutions have been identified.

A chair with a platform setup to measure the forces under each thigh when sitting, rising from a chair and sitting down.

This paper describes the design, technical characteristics and first results of an adjustable instrumented chair with a sitting surface that records the forces under each thigh. The seat includes a force platform assembly suitable for measuring the magnitude, position and direction of the force applied to each thigh while sitting or rising from the chair. The natural frequency of the chair fixed to the floor was found to be 14.0 +/- 2 Hz with an estimated damping of xi = 0.20. Static tests showed that the maximal errors were 2% of the full-scale output (726 N vertically, 164 N horizontally) for both vertical and horizontal forces. The root mean square error of the center of pressure location was estimated as 5 mm. Preliminary data on the net joint moment at the hips of one healthy subject computed with and without consideration for the forces under the thighs revealed significant amplitude differences. In conclusion, the results indicate that the characteristics of the instrumented chair are acceptable and the chair can be used to assess the biomechanics of sitting and sit-to-stand and stand-to-sit tasks in various subject populations.

[Management of cleft lip and palate in university hospital of Rouen]. / Prise en charge des fentes faciales et palatines à la clinique chirurgicale du centre hospitalier universitaire de Rouen.

Cleft lips and cleft palates are managed in the department of Pediatric surgery in Rouen for the last 30 years. From the antenatal diagnosis, the parents got in touch with the surgeon who will coordinate this management. Around thirty new patients are treated every year. The chronology of the treatment is of "classic" manner. The cleft lip is repaired at about 3 weeks of age and the palatoplasty is performed after the age of 1 year. In view to maintain the intimacy of the consultation we did not institute multidisciplinary consultations. The other members of the interdisciplinary team will intervene during the follow up depending on the form of the cleft and the encountered problems. The information and the files circulate freely and are discussed together.