[Anomalies of the inferior vena cava (author's transl)]. / Die Missbildungen der unteren Hohlvene

After a detailed account of the developmental anatomy of the inferior vena cava, which arises from various segments, an attempt is made at a systematic classification of anomalies of the inferior vena cava. For this purpose, the angiographic appearances and available literature have been considered. The following anomalies have been distinguished: 1. left-sided position, 2. duplication, 3. anomalous insertion into the left atrium, 4. agenesis and 5. stenosis and occlusion.

[The value of visual judgements of the calcium content of the skeleton (author's transl)]. / Der Wert der visuellen Beurteilung des Kalksalzgehaltes an Skelettröntgenaufnahmen, Vergleichende röntgeonlogisch-densitometrische Untersuchung.

The mineral content in 113 forearm bones were evaluated visually and compared with the results of measurements of the cortex and of iodine 125 photon absorption measurements. There was a significant correlation between measurements of cortical width and direct measurements of mineral content. In general, visual grading into four groups was reasonably accurate, but in individual cases there were considerable errors. Of 11 cases with a mineral loss of more than 30%, only one was regarded as normal. A particular difficulty in the visual evaluation was the great physiological variation of mineral content related to age and sex; this must be taken into account.

[The angiographic appearances of liver haemangiomas (author's transl)]. / Das Leberhämangiom im Angiogramm

Thirteen cases of cavernous haemangiomas of the liver are described, and the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment are discussed. The purpose of this paper is to show the value of selective coeliac angiography in the differential diagnosis. The most important angiographic findings in cavernous haemangiomas of the liver are: supplying arteries of normal width, prolonged stasis of the contrast medium producing the appearance of spotty contrast depots, frequently, sharp delineation of the tumours; no A-V fistulae and no tumour vessels. Other hypervascular liver tumours must be distinguished from these, particularly hepatocellular carcinomas and sarcomas, as well as the rare haemangioendotheliomas.

[Computer tomographic demonstration of haematomas in the pelvis and abdomen (author's transl)]. / Computertomographischer Nachweis von Hämatomen des Becken- und Bauchraumes.

Retro- and intra-peritoneal haematomas have been demonstrated in 19 patients by computer tomography. Absorption values varied from 0 to 65 Hounsfield units. Absorption values are high shortly after the trauma, but fall during the following days and weeks because of absorption and enzymatic chances of the haemaglobin and protein. A diagnosis can only be made with a knowledge of the clinical background. Tumours, abscesses and cysts must be considered in the differential diagnosis. Unlike conventional radiography, haematomas can be directly demonstrated by computer tomography. Angiography may demonstrate the point of bleeding when there is no haematoma, or if an haematoma fails to develop because bleeding is taking place into a hollow organ or a duct.

[Computer tomographic findings after resection of the rectum (author's transl)]. / Computertomographische Befunde nach Rektumamputation.

Computed tomography findings in the pelvis after resection of the rectum, obtained from 48 patients primarily suspected of recurrent carcinoma, are represented. Compared with conventional radiographic methods CT demonstrates directly in most cases the presence of a pelvic mass, its extension and relationship to adjacent soft tissue. In some cases this is advantageous for further diagnostic procedures, but also for treatment and further check-up. False conclusions are discussed. The distinction between recurrent carcinoma and retroperitoneal fibrosis in the pelvis, frequently enhanced by retarded healing of the sacral cavity, remains a problem. Progress in the early diagnosis of recurrence of pelvic mass could be made by regular CT check-up during the first two years after resection of the rectum, to increase the value of palliative radiotherapy treatment indicated in any case. As CT, however, is expensive and not always available, this demand cannot be met and the value of conventional radiographic methods remains at present unquestioned.

[Cleido-cranial dysplasia--two observations]. / Die Dysplasia cleidocranialis--Zwei Einzelbeobachtungen.

The radiological changes of cleido-cranial dysplasia are described on the basis of two cases. Special attention is paid to the dental and facio-maxillary aspects. The main features are: (1) Supernumerary teeth, persistence of the first dentition, retention of the second dentition. (2) Open fontanelles and sutures and intercalary bones. (3) Hypo- or aplasia of the clavicles. (4) Defects in the vertebral neural arches and (5) dehiscence of the symphysis due to absent or delayed ossification of the pubis and ischium.

[The value of computer tomography and sonography in the investigation of the pancreas (author's transl)]. / Wertigkeit der Computertomographie und der Sonographie innerhalb der Pankreasdiagnostik.

Three hundred and five patients were examined by computer tomography and sonography. In 117 patients no abnormalities were found in the pancreas. The accuracy of computer tomography was 87%, of sonography 85%. In 41 patients the presence of a carcinoma of the pancreas was confirmed histologically. In this group the sensitivity of computer tomography was 83%, of sonography 85%. Thirty-four patients suffered from acute pancreatitis. In this group sensitivity of the two methods was equal at 79%. 113 patients had changes of chronic pancreatitis. Sensitivity of computer tomography was 84%, of sonography 70%. Computer tomography is better at demonstrating calcification in the pancreas. Atrophy of the pancreas cannot be diagnosed by sonography.

[Image intensifying split radiography]. / Bildverstärker-Spaltradiographie.

This is a report on the testing of a novel system of radiography of the thorax consisting of a combination of moving-slit radiography with a slot-type image intensifier (proximity focussed linear image intensifier), being thus a variant of rotational scanography (or a swinging slot x-ray machine), the image scale being 1:1. The system was compared with conventional x-ray film/foil technique using a group of 115 patients. Special features of the new system are a very low irradiation exposure dose and a 100 x 100 mm size image. It is shown that the imaging method is highly efficient in respect of the examined nine classes of findings and that the image quality of large-size thorax x-ray films is very nearly attained. The low exposure dose, low running cost and advantages in storing and indexing can serve as counter-arguments against the well-known reserved attitude in respect of a medium-size format. The system opens good future possibilities especially with regard to follow-up and monitoring of selected patient groups (e.g. blood donors, medical personnel).

[Pancreatic calcinosis as shown on the computer tomogram and its general image]. / Pankreasverkalkungen im Computertomogramm und auf Ubersichtsaufnahmen.

The abdominal roentgenograms of 20 patients with pancreatic calcifications, demonstrated by CT, were evaluated retrospectively. The calcifications of 15 patients could be seen. In 2 patients with ERCP and in 1 patient with pneumocolon only, the calcifications could not be observed. In the remaining 2 patients with negative abdominal roentgenograms the calcifications were prevertebral and of small size. Possibly they could have been found with special projections.

[Cleidocranial dysplasia--histological findings in the dental cementum]. / Dysplasia cleidocranialis--Histologische Befunde am Zahnzement.

Up to now only very few reports on histological studies of teeth in cleidocranial dysplasia have been published. We are presenting a 12-year old boy with this syndrome. Seven of his teeth were studied microscopically. The most relevant results are as follows: acellular cementum in all teeth, almost complete missing of cellular cementum, normal intermediate cementum. The pathogenesis of the retarded eruption of teeth in this disorder is explained as a result of eburnation of the alveolar bone as well as fibrosis of the gingiva. The therapy of choice in order to stimulate eruption is a rigid orthodontic treatment of the impacted teeth using fixed appliances.

[Computed tomography of the trunk in children (author's transl)]. / Die computertomographie des Körperstammes bei Kindern.

So far whole body CT has not yet been used very often in children. The main reason for this are patient-related factors which impair the recognition of details on the scans such as frequent lack of intra abdominal fat tissue, and so called movement artefacts. The search for tumors is the predominent indication for CT in children. The advantages of CT are discussed and the authors' own measurements of radiation exposure are given.

[Angiography of the liver (author's transl)]. / Die Angiographie der Leber.

Angiography is a decisive technique of diagnosis of space-occupying processes in the liver. In contrast to laboratory-techniques, scintigraphy and ultrasound which ought to precede it, angiography permits a diagnosis of the type of lesion and is a guide to the chances of surgery on the basis of vascular topography. Angiographic findings in primary and secondary benign and malignant tumors of the liver, of cysts, abscesses and trauma are described and demonstrated on cases. The various forms of portal hypertension are a further field for angiographic diagnosis, explained on examples. The techniques of showing the hepatic arteries, the portal circulation and hepatic veins including direct portography are described and their usefulness for the various diseases discussed. The still little tested therapeutic use of liver angiography in hemorrhage and tumors is mentioned.

[Early X-ray examen after operation on the upper intestine (author's transl)]. / Frühe Röntgenuntersuchung bei Eingriffen am oberen Intestinaltrakt

After operations the early x-ray examen of the upper intestine may show complications in the operation field. It also permits to judge the bowl's function. Most valuable is to compare pictures of the patient in lying and upright position.

[Computerized tomogram following pancreatic resection]. / Computertomogramm nach Pankreasresektion.

After partial or total pancreatic resection displacement of abdominal organs, alterated bile- and food passage as well as pathological signs may be observed. In this serie scar-tissue was no problem in the differential diagnosis. Tumor recurrency can be demonstrated quite easily if follow-up examinations are available. Artifacts may influence the interpretation and can be the cause of a false negative reading.

[Extension of thoracic roentgen diagnosis by computer tomography (author's transl)]. / Erweiterung der Röntgendiagnostik im Thoraxbereich durch die Computer-Tomographie.

In 400 examinations of the thorax results of computer tomography were compared with respective pa chest films and conbentional tomograms. In the peripheral areas of the lung, interstitial parenchymal alterations and metastases were better visualized by CT. The size of central bronchial carcinomas and space-occupying lesions of the thoracic wall can be determined with greater accuracy by CT. Primary tumors, lymphnode enlargement and vascular alterations can be differentiated and localized more precisely by CT. The size of the heart chambers, intracavitary tumors as well as septal and myocardial wall thickness can be determined non invasively.