RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mp) in asthma can occur both acutely and chronically with an associated Th2 inflammatory response and/or increased numbers of bronchial mast cells. Mast cells have previously been shown to promote mycoplasma clearance in mice; however, it is unknown whether mast cells would aid Mp clearance under allergic conditions. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to determine the impact of allergic inflammation on mast cell-mediated lung Mp clearance. Furthermore, as we have previously demonstrated an essential role for IL-6 in lung Mp clearance we also investigated the role of mast cell-derived IL-6. METHODS: Mast cell-deficient (WBB6F1/J-Kit(W)/Kit(W-v)) mice were challenged with ovalbumin to induce airway inflammation before Mp infection. The role of mast cell-derived IL-6 in bacterial clearance was further investigated by reconstitution of mast cell-deficient mice with IL-6(-/-) mast cells. RESULTS: Allergic mast cell-deficient mice exhibited increased lung Mp burden compared with control littermates. Intravenous adoptive transfer of wild-type and IL-6(-/-) mast cells significantly improved Mp clearance in mast cell-deficient mice. Acutely after Mp infection, allergen-challenged mast cell-deficient mice had increased levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-alpha in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. The total number of neutrophils was also increased in mast cell-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS: Our results establish that mast cells aid host defense against Mp in an allergic setting and that while IL-6 is necessary for lung Mp clearance, mast cell-derived IL-6 is not required.
Asunto(s)
Asma/complicaciones , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno/inmunología , Hipersensibilidad/microbiología , Inmunidad Innata , Pulmón/inmunología , Mastocitos/inmunología , Mycoplasma pneumoniae , Neumonía por Mycoplasma/inmunología , Animales , Hipersensibilidad/inmunología , Interleucina-6/inmunología , Pulmón/microbiología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Neumonía por Mycoplasma/complicacionesRESUMEN
This study compared the Insall-Salvati (IS), Blackburne-Peel (BP), and Koshino-Sugimoto (KS) methods for measuring patellar malalignment in children. The IS and BP methods were inaccurate because the traditional landmarks for measurement were absent in the incompletely ossified pediatric knee. The KS method is based on the midpoint of the patella, the distal femoral physis, and the proximal tibial physis. The KS method applied to the extended knee was also inaccurate because of laxity in the patella ligament. However, the KS method applied to the flexed knee was the most accurate method for measuring patella malalignment in children.
Asunto(s)
Antropometría/métodos , Desviación Ósea/diagnóstico por imagen , Rótula , Adolescente , Factores de Edad , Análisis de Varianza , Desviación Ósea/patología , Desviación Ósea/fisiopatología , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Variaciones Dependientes del Observador , Ligamento Rotuliano/fisiopatología , Radiografía , Rango del Movimiento Articular , Reproducibilidad de los ResultadosRESUMEN
A 60-mL plastic syringe can be modified to make a reliable and inexpensive skin and soft-tissue protector for use during intramedullary reaming of the femur. This device is effective and simple to use. It frees the surgeon's hands during reaming and does not require any attachment to the drapes to prevent the device from falling onto the operating room floor.