A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Prevalence of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Mexico.

INTRODUCTION: Age remains one of the major risk factors for the onset of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. Studies on the prevalence of these conditions in Mexico used different methods, tools, and populations with different health statuses. All these heterogeneous results may be a problem in identifying the true prevalence of MCI and dementia in Mexico. To our knowledge, there is not a systematic review available that presents essential figures on the prevalence of these conditions in Mexico. Therefore, we intend to access the maximum number of reports published on the topic and determine the prevalence of MCI and dementia in older Mexican adults. METHODS: A systematic review using PubMed, Cochrane, Research Gate, Lilacs, and Scielo databases was performed. Meta-analysis of the prevalence of MCI and dementia was performed using a random-effects model and presented in a forest plot among cross-sectional, epidemiological, and pooled studies. RESULTS: Sixteen articles were included. The overall prevalence of MCI of 18% (95% CI 0.10-0.27) was estimated from pooled information from 12 selected studies, in women 21% (95% CI 0.08-0.38) and in men 18% (95% CI 0.06-0.33). The overall prevalence of dementia of 10% (95% CI 0.06-0.14) was estimated from pooled information from 9 selected studies, in women 14% (95% CI 0.05-0.25) and in men 10% (95% CI 0.04-0.17). CONCLUSION: Mexican older individuals have a similar prevalence of dementia and MCI as reported by international data; nevertheless, the prevalence is higher than in some Latin American countries. Mexico has particular issues that must be resolved, such as a lack of research in the southern regions of the country and the high incidence of comorbidities.

Head-to-toe bedside ultrasound for adult patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Bedside ultrasound represents a well-suited diagnostic and monitoring tool for patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) who may be too unstable for transport to other hospital areas for diagnostic tests. The role of ultrasound, however, starts even before ECMO initiation. Every patient considered for ECMO should have a thorough ultrasonographic assessment of cardiac and valvular function, as well as vascular anatomy without delaying ECMO cannulation. The role of pre-ECMO ultrasound is to confirm the indication for ECMO, identify clinical situations for which ECMO is not indicated, rule out contraindications, and inform the choice of ECMO configuration. During ECMO cannulation, the use of vascular and cardiac ultrasound reduces the risk of complications and ensures adequate cannula positioning. Ultrasound remains key for monitoring during ECMO support and troubleshooting ECMO complications. For instance, ultrasound is helpful in the assessment of drainage insufficiency, hemodynamic instability, biventricular function, persistent hypoxemia, and recirculation on venovenous (VV) ECMO. Lung ultrasound can be used to monitor signs of recovery on VV ECMO. Brain ultrasound provides valuable diagnostic and prognostic information on ECMO. Echocardiography is essential in the assessment of readiness for liberation from venoarterial (VA) ECMO. Lastly, post decannulation ultrasound mainly aims at identifying post decannulation thrombosis and vascular complications. This review will cover the role of head-to-toe ultrasound for the management of adult ECMO patients from decision to initiate ECMO to the post decannulation phase.

Clinical Characteristics of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Type 4J.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 4J (CMT4J) is caused by autosomal recessive variants in the Factor-Induced Gene 4 (FIG4) gene. Recent preclinical work has demonstrated the feasibility of adeno-associated virus serotype 9-FIG4 gene therapy. This study aimed to further characterize the CMT4J phenotype and evaluate feasibility of validated CMT-related outcome measures for future clinical trials. METHODS: This cross-sectional study enrolled children and adults with genetically confirmed CMT4J, with 2 documented disease-causing variants in the FIG4 gene. Patients were recruited through the Inherited Neuropathy Consortium network. Disease severity was assessed using standardized CMT-specific outcome measures and exploratory biomarkers including muscle MRI fat fraction, electrophysiology, and neurofilament light chain levels. Descriptive statistics and correlation analyses were conducted to explore relationships between variables. RESULTS: We recruited a total of 19 patients, including 14 pediatric patients (mean age 10.9 ± 3.9 years) and 5 adults (mean age 40.0 ± 13.9 years). The most frequent symptoms were gross motor delay and distal more than proximal muscle weakness, which were observed in 14 of 19 patients. The most common non-neuromuscular symptoms were cognitive and respiratory deficits, each seen in 8 of 19 patients. We denoted asymmetric weakness in 2 patients and nonuniform slowing of conduction velocities in 6 patients. Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Pediatric Scale (CMTPedS), Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale scores were affected in most patients. We observed a significant positive correlation between neurofilament light chain levels and CMTPedS, but the study was underpowered to observe a correlation between CMTPedS and MRI fat fraction. DISCUSSION: We obtained baseline clinical and biomarker data in a broad cohort with CMT4J in pediatric and adult patients. Motor delay, muscle weakness, and respiratory and cognitive difficulties were the most common clinical manifestations of CMT4J. Many patients had nerve conduction studies with nonuniform slowing, and 2 had an asymmetric pattern of muscle weakness. We observed that the neurofilament light chain levels correlated with the CMTPedS in the pediatric population. This study showed feasibility of clinical outcomes including CMTPedS in assessment of disease severity in the pediatric patient population and provided baseline characteristics of exploratory biomarkers, neurofilament light chain levels, and muscle MRI fat fraction. The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic affected some of the visits, resulting in a reduced number of some of the assessments.

Spinal Muscular Atrophy Update in Best Practices: Recommendations for Diagnosis Considerations.

Background and Objectives: Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive progressive neurodegenerative primary motor neuron disorder caused by biallelic variants of the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene. The most recent SMA best practice recommendations were published in 2018 shortly after the approval of the first SMN-enhancing treatment. The availability of disease-modifying therapies for 5q SMA and implementation of SMA newborn screening (NBS) has led to urgency to update the SMA best practice recommendations for diagnosis and to reevaluate the current classification of SMA. In addition, the availability of disease-modifying therapies has opened the door to explore improved diagnosis of adult-onset SMA. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted on SMA NBS. An SMA working group of American and European health care providers developed recommendations through a modified Delphi technique with serial surveys and virtual meeting feedback on SMA diagnosis to fill information gaps for topics with limited evidence. A community working group of an individual with SMA and caregivers provided insight and perspective on SMA diagnosis and support through a virtual meeting to guide recommendations. Results: The health care provider working group achieved consensus that SMA NBS is essential to include in the updated best practice for SMA diagnosis (100%). Recommendations for the following are described: characterizing NBS-identified infants before treatment; minimum recommendations for starting or offering SMA NBS in a state or country; recommendations for activities and services to be provided by an SMA specialty care center accepting SMA NBS referrals; and recommendations for partnership with individuals with SMA and caregivers to support NBS-identified infants and their caregivers. Limited data are available to advance efficient diagnosis of adult-onset SMA. Discussion: Updating best practice recommendations for SMA diagnosis to include SMA NBS implementation is essential to advancing care for individuals with SMA. In addition to testing, processes for the efficient management of positive newborn screen with access to knowledgeable and skilled health care providers and access to treatment options is critical to successful early diagnosis. Additional evidence is required to improve adult-onset SMA diagnosis.

Effectiveness and safety of once-weekly semaglutide: findings from the SEMACOL-REAL retrospective multicentric observational study in Colombia.

Introduction: Diabetes stands as one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists rank among the most effective medications for lowering blood glucose and body weight, as well as reducing cardiovascular risk in individuals with diabetes. Observational studies complement experimental evidence in new settings, different populations, and real-world healthcare practices. Methods: A multicentric observational study of adults with type 2 diabetes treated with once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide in four health centers in Colombia was conducted. The protocol for the present study was not pre-registered. Results: Data from 186 patients were included. Most patients were women (57%) with a mean age of 62.8 ± 12.1 years. One year of once-weekly semaglutide usage was associated with a mean reduction in HbA1C of -1.47% (95% CI -1.76, -1.17), weight loss of -4.23 kg (95% CI -5.34, -3.12), and albumin/creatinine ratio of -18.6 mg/g (95% CI -60.2, -5.9). Approximately half the treated patients achieved a level of HbA1c ≤7% by the end of follow-up. Adverse events were rare and consistent with clinical trial safety profiles. Conclusion: In Colombia, administering semaglutide subcutaneously once a week over a 1-year period led to an average weight loss of 4.2 kg and a decrease of 1.4% in HbA1c.

Mutational spectrum and genotype-phenotype correlation in Mexican patients with infantile-onset and late-onset Pompe disease.

BACKGROUND: Pompe Disease (PD) is a metabolic myopathy caused by variants in the GAA gene, resulting in deficient enzymatic activity. We aimed to characterize the clinical features and related genetic variants in a series of Mexican patients. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of clinical records of patients diagnosed with LOPD, IOPD or pseudodeficiency. RESULTS: Twenty-nine patients were included in the study, comprising these three forms. Overall, age of symptom onset was 0.1 to 43 years old. The most frequent variant identified was c.-32-13T>G, which was detected in 14 alleles. Among the 23 different variants identified in the GAA gene, 14 were classified as pathogenic, 5 were likely pathogenic, and 1 was a variant of uncertain significance. Two variants were inherited in cis arrangement and 2 were pseudodeficiency-related benign alleles. We identified two novel variants (c.1615 G>A and c.1076-20_1076-4delAAGTCGGCGTTGGCCTG). CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, this series represent the largest phenotypic and genotypic characterization of patients with PD in Mexico. Patients within our series exhibited a combination of LOPD and IOPD associated variants, which may be related to genetic diversity within Mexican population. Further population-wide studies are required to better characterize the incidence of this disease in Mexican population.

Efficacy and Safety of Vamorolone Over 48 Weeks in Boys With Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Vamorolone is a dissociative agonist of the glucocorticoid receptor that has shown similar efficacy and reduced safety concerns in comparison with prednisone in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). This study was conducted to determine the efficacy and safety of vamorolone over 48 weeks and to study crossover participants (prednisone to vamorolone; placebo to vamorolone). METHODS: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled and prednisone-controlled clinical trial of 2 doses of vamorolone was conducted in participants with DMD, in the ages from 4 years to younger than 7 years at baseline. The interventions were 2 mg/kg/d of vamorolone and 6 mg/kg/d of vamorolone for 48 weeks (period 1: 24 weeks + period 2: 24 weeks) and 0.75 mg/kg/d of prednisone and placebo for the first 24 weeks (before crossover). Efficacy was evaluated through gross motor outcomes and safety through adverse events, growth velocity, body mass index (BMI), and bone turnover biomarkers. This analysis focused on period 2. RESULTS: A total of 121 participants with DMD were randomized. Vamorolone at a dose of 6 mg/kg/d showed maintenance of improvement for all motor outcomes to week 48 (e.g., for primary outcome, time to stand from supine [TTSTAND] velocity, week 24 least squares mean [LSM] [SE] 0.052 [0.0130] rises/s vs week 48 LSM [SE] 0.0446 [0.0138]). After 48 weeks, vamorolone at a dose of 2 mg/kg/d showed similar improvements as 6 mg/kg/d for North Star Ambulatory Assessment (NSAA) (vamorolone 6 mg/kg/d-vamorolone 2 mg/kg/d LSM [SE] 0.49 [1.14]; 95% CI -1.80 to 2.78, p = 0.67), but less improvement for other motor outcomes. The placebo to vamorolone 6 mg/kg/d group showed rapid improvements after 20 weeks of treatment approaching benefit seen with 48-week 6 mg/kg/d of vamorolone treatment for TTSTAND, time to run/walk 10 m, and NSAA. There was significant improvement in linear growth after crossover in the prednisone to vamorolone 6 mg/kg/d group, and rapid reversal of prednisone-induced decline in bone turnover biomarkers in both crossover groups. There was an increase in BMI after 24 weeks of treatment that then stabilized for both vamorolone groups. DISCUSSION: Improvements of motor outcomes seen with 6 mg/kg/d of vamorolone at 24 weeks of treatment were maintained to 48 weeks of treatment. Vamorolone at a dose of 6 mg/kg/d showed better maintenance of effect compared with vamorolone at a dose of 2 mg/kg/d for most (3/5) motor outcomes. Bone morbidities of prednisone (stunting of growth and declines in serum bone biomarkers) were reversed when treatment transitioned to vamorolone. TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03439670. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class I evidence that for boys with DMD, the efficacy of vamorolone at a dose of 6 mg/kg/d was maintained over 48 weeks.

Necrólisis epidérmica tóxica debido a un fármaco a base de caléndula más acetilcisteína: presentación de caso / Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Induced by a Drug Combination of Calendula and Acetylcysteine: A Case Report / Necrólise epidermal tóxica por medicamento à base de calêndula mais acetilcisteína: relato de caso

Introducción: la hipersensibilidad por fármacos es inducida por una respuesta aberrante del sistema inmune; por lo general, impredecible, dosis independiente y amenazante para la vida del paciente. Las reacciones de hipersensibilidad por fármacos con compromiso mucocutáneo se dan en alrededor del 2 %-3 % de los pacientes hospitalizados. Objetivo: describir un caso de necrólisis tóxica epidérmica por un fármaco a base de caléndula y acetilcisteína como los presuntos desencadenantes. Presentación del caso: hombre de 39 años, quien asistió a emergencias, por malestar general, artralgias, mialgias, astenia y adinamia de un día de evolución. Tres días después refirió la aparición de lesiones purpúricas progre-sivas que se extendieron por cara, extremidades y glúteos; delimitadas; no dolorosas, y sin desaparecer a la digitopresión, asociado con disnea, inestabilidad hemodinámica y cardiovascular. Al sexto día de hos-pitalización, se interrogó al paciente, quien se había automedicado un fármaco de origen desconocido, presuntamente de extracto herbal a base de caléndula más acetilcisteína para artralgias, osteomialgias y disfagia. A la mañana siguiente, presentó lesiones purpúricas y ulcerativas extensas. Se observaron lesiones purpúricas progresivas y ulcerativas en cara extremidades y glúteos. Mediante la sospecha clínica y la evaluación histopatológica, se confirmó la necrólisis tóxica epidérmica. Conclusiones: las reacciones adversas medicamentosas severas que amenazan la vida del paciente son relativamente raras, pero representan un verdadero desafío diagnóstico y terapéutico. Es necesario profundizar en la investigación para esclarecer la causa de este tipo de reacción medicamentosa.

Introduction: Drug hypersensitivity is induced by an aberrant response from the immune system. It is usually unpredictable, dose-independent, and can be life-threatening to the patient. Drug-induced hypersensitivity reactions with mucocutaneous involvement occur in approximately 2­3% of hospitalized patients. However, Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis is a rare case. Aim: To describe a case of drug-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis triggered by Calendula officinalis and acetylcysteine. Case report: A 39-year-old male was pre-sented to the emergency room with malaise, arthralgia, myalgia, asthenia, and adynamia since day one. Three days later, he developed progressive purpuric lesions that spread to the face, extremities, and buttocks. These lesions were painless, not delineate, and did not blanch under pressure. They were asso-ciated with dyspnea and hemodynamic and cardiovascular instability. On the sixth day of hospitaliza-tion, the patient admitted to self-medicating with an unknown drug, presumably a herbal extract based on calendula and acetylcysteine, for arthralgia, myalgia, and dysphagia. The morning after the drug consumption, the patient developed extensive purpuric and ulcerative lesions. A diagnosis of toxic epi-dermal necrolysis was made based on clinical suspicion and histopathological confirmation. Conclusion:Severe adverse drug reactions that threaten a patient's life are relatively rare. However, they represent a real diagnostic and therapeutic challenge when they do occur

Introdução: a hipersensibilidade a drogas é induzida por uma resposta aberrante do sistema imunoló-gico; geralmente imprevisível, independente da dose e com risco de vida para o paciente. As reações de hipersensibilidade a drogas com comprometimento mucocutâneo estão em torno dos 2-3% dos pacien-tes hospitalizados. Objetivo: descrever um caso de necrólise epidérmica tóxica causada por uma droga à base de Calendula officinalis e acetilcisteína como os supostos desencadeantes. Apresentação do caso:homem, 39 anos, deu entrada no pronto-socorro manifestando mal-estar, artralgia, mialgia, astenia e adinamia há um dia. Posteriormente, três dias depois, relatou o aparecimento de lesões purpúricas pro-gressivas que se espalharam para a face, extremidades e nádegas; que são delimitadas, não dolorosas e não desaparecem com a acupressão associada a dispnéia, instabilidade hemodinâmica e cardiovascular. No sexto dia de internação, o paciente foi questionado, y disse que tinha se automedicado com uma droga de origem desconhecida, presumivelmente extrato de ervas à base de calêndula mais acetilcis-teína para artralgia, osteomialgia e disfagia. Na manhã seguinte, apresentou extensas lesões purpúricas e ulcerativas. Observam-se lesões purpúricas progressivas e ulcerativas que se estendem à face, extre-midades e nádegas. Pela suspeita clínica e confirmação histopatológica, confirma-se a necrólise epidér-mica tóxica. Conclusões: reações adversas graves a medicamentos que ameaçam a vida do paciente são relativamente raras, mas quando ocorrem representam um verdadeiro desafio a nível diagnóstico e terapêutico. São precisas mais pesquisas para esclarecer a causa desse tipo de reação medicamentosa.

Relación entre ansiedad, depresión y linfocitos T CD4+ en pacientes con virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en un hospital general de Lima* / Relationship between anxiety, depression and CD4+ T lymphocytes in patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in a general hospital in Lima

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre ansiedad, depresión y recuento de linfocitos T CD4+ en una muestra de personas portadoras del virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). Metodología: Estudio observacional y analítico. Se evaluó a 144 pacientes con VIH en un hospital general de Lima, Perú. Se utilizó la Escala de Ansiedad y Depresión Hospitalaria (HADS). Resultados: La edad media de los sujetos de estudio fue de 41 años. La mayoría estuvo constituida por varones (71,5 %), solteros (86,1 %) y con grado de instrucción secundaria (57,6 %). La duración promedio de la enfermedad fue 7,7 años; el 11,1 % presentó alguna comorbilidad; y el 95,1 % utilizó tenofovir como tratamiento. El 34 % y el 16,7 % presentaron algún nivel de ansiedad y depresión, respectivamente. Los pacientes que se encontraban en estadio de sida presentaron mayores niveles de ansiedad (p < 0,001) y depresión (p < 0,001). Los pacientes con VIH y comorbilidades médicas presentaron mayores niveles de depresión (p = 0,044). Los niveles de ansiedad (ρ = -0,516, p = 0,01) y depresión (ρ = -0,509; p = 0,01) estuvieron relacionados con el recuento de linfocitos T CD4+. Conclusión: Se encontraron mayores niveles de depresión en pacientes con comorbilidades y estadio de sida, así como mayores niveles de ansiedad en pacientes en estadio de sida. Se comprobó, además, una relación indirecta y significativa entre los niveles de ansiedad, depresión y el recuento de linfocitos T CD4+. Se recomienda capacitar a los profesionales de salud en el tamizaje de ansiedad y depresión, a fin de mejorar la salud mental de pacientes con VIH.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the relationship between anxiety, depression and CD4+ T lymphocyte count in a sample of people carrying the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Methodology: Observational and analytical study. A total of 144 HIV-positive patients were evaluated. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used. Results: The sample's mean age was 41 years. Most of the probands were male (71.5%), single (86.1%) and with secondary education (57.6%). The average length of the disease was 7.7 years, 11.1% presented some comorbidity, and 95.1% used tenofovir as treatment. Thirty-four and 16.7% presented some level of anxiety and depression, respectively. Patients at the AIDS stage presented higher levels of anxiety (p < 0.001) and depression (p < 0.001). Patients with HIV and medical comorbidities had higher levels of depression (p = 0.044). Anxiety (ρ = -0.516, p = 0.01) and depression (ρ = -0.509; p = 0.01) levels were related to CD4+ T lymphocyte count. Conclusion: Higher levels of depression were found in patients with comorbidities and AIDS stage, and higher levels of anxiety were found in patients at the AIDS stage. In addition, a significant indirect relationship was found between anxiety and depression levels and the CD4+ T cell count. Training healthcare professionals to screen for anxiety and depression in order to improve the mental health of HIV patients, is highly recommended.

Resultados materno y perinatal de pacientes con diagnóstico prenatal de gastrosquisis en un centro de Medellín / Maternal and perinatal outcomes of patients with prenatal diagnosis of gastroschisis in a center in Medellin

Objetivo: Describir los resultados maternos y perinatales de pacientes con diagnóstico prenatal de gastrosquisis atendidos en un centro de referencia obstétrica de Medellín. Método: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo, llevado a cabo en la Clínica Universitaria Bolivariana en fetos con diagnóstico prenatal de gastrosquisis desde el 1 de enero de 2010 hasta el 31 de julio de 2021. Resultados: Se identificaron 54 gestantes con diagnóstico prenatal de gastrosquisis. En el 63% era su primer embarazo y el 27,8% eran adolescentes. La duración promedio de la gestación fue de 35 semanas y 6 días. La cesárea fue la vía más común (98,1%) y la indicación más frecuente fue sufrimiento de asa 66,7%. El 55,6% de los neonatos requirieron más de una intervención quirúrgica para el cierre de la pared abdominal. Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron anemia (66,7%) e íleo posoperatorio (72,2%). La mortalidad fue del 13%. Conclusiones: Se evidencian algunas características similares a las reportadas en otras series. La mayor presentación fue en primer embarazo, la causa de finalización de la gestación fue sufrimiento de asas (demostrando la importancia del seguimiento ecográfico), y las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron anemia e íleo posoperatorio presentados por la prematuridad. La mortalidad comparada con la de otras instituciones locales fue menor.

Objective: To describe the outcomes of maternal and perinatal in patients diagnosed with prenatal gastroschisis that received medical care at an obstetric reference center in Medellin. Method: Observational, descriptive and retrospective study in fetuses with a prenatal diagnosis of gastroschisis performed in the Clínica Universitaria Bolivariana between January 1st 2010 and July 31st 2021. Results: Were included 54 pregnant women with prenatal diagnosis of gastroschisis. The 63% were their first pregnancy and 27,8% were adolescents. The average duration of gestation was 35 weeks and 6 days. Cesarean section was the most common way of delivery (98,1%) and the most frequent indication was suffering from loop (66,7%). The 55,6% of neonates required more than one surgical intervention for closure of the abdominal wall. The most frequent complications were anemia (66,7%) and postoperative ileus (72,2%). A mortality of 13% was presented. Conclusions: Some characteristics like reported in other series are evident. The greatest presentation was in the first pregnancy, the cause of termination of pregnancy was suffering from loops (demonstrating the importance of ultrasound monitoring) and the most frequent complications were anemia and postoperative ileus presented by prematurity. Mortality, compared to other local institutions, was lower.

Asociación del sueño con la diabesidad en adultos mexicanos / Association of sleep with diabesity in Mexican adults

Objetivo principal: identificar la asociación entre las horas de sueño con la diabesidad en adultos mexicanos. Metodología: Estudio transversal y correlacional, en personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 de 20 a 70 años de dos centros de atención de salud primaria de Oaxaca, México. Resultados principales: La muestra fue de 112 participantes, 76,8% eran mujeres, la edad promedio fue de 55.6 años (DE = 8.9), tiempo de diagnóstico M = 9.7 años (DE = 6.1), las horas de sueño entre semana M = 7.9 (DE = 1.4) y las horas de sueño en fin de semana M = 8.1 (DE = 1.5). El 26,1% tenía diabesidad y el 22,3% no dormían las horas recomendadas. Las personas con diabesidad presentaron menores horas de sueño. Conclusión principal: la disminución de las horas de sueño se asoció con la diabesidad en adultos mexicanos.(AU)

Objective: identify the association between hours of sleep and diabesity in Mexican adults. Methods: Cross-sectional and correlational study in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus between 20 and 70 years of age in two primary health care centers in Oaxaca, Mexico. Results: The sample consisted of 112 participants, 76.8% were women, the average age was 55.6 years (SD = 8.9), diagnosis time M = 9.7 years (SD = 6.1), the hours of sleep during the week M = 7.9 (SD = 1.4) and weekend sleep times M = 8.1 (SD = 1.5). The 26.1% had diabesity and 22.3% did not sleep the recommended hours. People with diabesity sleep fewer hours. Conclusions: the decrease in the number of hours of sleep was associated with diabesity in Mexican adults.(AU)

Perfil clínico de pacientes con diabetes gestacional e incidencia de complicaciones neonatales en un centro de referencia materno-fetal colombiano / Clinical profile of patients with gestational diabetes and incidence of neonatal complications in a Colombian maternal-fetal reference center

OBJETIVO: determinar el perfil clínico de pacientes con diabetes gestacional (DG) y la incidencia de las complicaciones neonatales. MÉTODOS: estudio descriptivo de una cohorte retrospectiva de gestantes con DG según criterios HAPO/ (IADPSG) International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups y Carpenter-Coustan y sus hijos, en un servicio de alta complejidad obstétrica de Medellín, Colombia entre 2012-2015. Se presentan medidas descriptivas de características maternas y neonatales e incidencia de las complicaciones neonatales. RESULTADOS: se incluyeron 197 maternas y 203 neonatos; 90,5 % maternas tenían sobrepeso u obesidad; la comorbilidad más frecuente fue el trastorno hipertensivo asociado al embarazo en 22,8 %. El manejo de la DG fue 59,3% nutricional exclusivo, 37,1% nutricional más insulina y 3.6% nutricional más metformina. La media de edad gestacional al parto fue 37 sem y 3 días; la DG fue la indicación más frecuente de inducción del parto en 76 % (38/50); 56,4 %, fueron partos vaginales y el 34,6% fueron cesáreas indicadas por DG. Un 11,3 % de los recién nacidos fueron grandes para la edad gestacional (P >90) y se encontraron 2 recién nacidos con peso > 4000 gr. La incidencia de al menos una complicación neonatal fue 27,6 %, 16,7 % presentaron hiperbilirrubinemia, 9,9 % síndrome de dificultad respiratoria (SDR), 3.0% hipoglicemia, 10.8% otras complicaciones y 12,3 % ingresaron a la unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales. CONCLUSIONES: la DG es una indicación frecuente de inducción del parto y de indicación de cesárea. Las complicaciones neonatales ocurren en uno de cuatro recién nacidos, aunque observamos una baja incidencia de grandes para la edad gestacional (recién nacidos con peso > percentil 90), hubo 2 otras morbilidades neonatales relacionados con el diagnóstico materno como hiperbilirrubinemia y SDR.

AIM: To determine the clinical profile pregnant women with gestational diabetes and incidence of the neonatal complications. METHODS: Descriptive analysis of a retrospective cohort of pregnant women with gestational diabetes (GD) according to HAPO and Carpenter-Coustan criteria and their children, under a high complexity obstetric service in Medellin, Colombia between 2012-2015. Descriptive measures of maternal and neonatal characteristics and incidence of neonatal complications are presented. RESULTS: The study included 197 pregnant women and 203 neonates: 90.5 % of pregnancies were overweight or obese; the most frequent comorbidity was the hypertensive disorder associated with pregnancy in 22.8 %. The management of the DG was 99.0% nutritional, 37.1% insulin and 3.6 % metformin. The average gestational age at delivery was 37 weeks and 3 days; DG was the most frequent indication of induction of labor in 76 % (38/50); 56.4% were vaginal deliveries and 34.6 % were DG related caesarean sections, 11.3 % of newborns were large for gestational age (P > 90) and two newborns weighing > 4000 gr. The incidence of at least one neonatal complication was 27.6 %, 16.7 % had hyperbilirubinemia, 9.9 % respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), 3.0 % hypoglycemia, 10.8 % other complications and 12.3 % were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. CONCLUSIONS: DG is a frequent indication of induction of labor and indication of caesarean section. Neonatal complications occur in one of four newborns, although we observed a low incidence of macrosomia, there were other neonatal morbidities related to maternal diagnosis such as hyperbilirubinemia and RDS.

Revisión de los casos de fracturas de plato tibial Schatzker V y VI tratada con osteosíntesis y/o fijación externa en el Hospital San Juan de Dios durante el año 2015 / Review of cases of Schatzker V and VI tibial plate fractures treated with osteosynthesis and / or external fixation at the San Juan de Dios Hospital during 2015

ResumenLas fracturas de plato tibial representan el 1,2% de las fracturas, se observan predominantemente en dos grupos: en pacientes jóvenes que sufren lesiones de alta energía y en adultos mayores con osteopenia debido a traumas de baja energía. 1,2En el paciente joven es más frecuente la lesión de tejidos blandos debido a la resistencia ósea, mientras en el paciente anciano suele asociarse mayor frecuencia de depresión de la superficie articular.2Las causas asociadas son la compresión axial asociada a varo o valgo, precipitaciones, accidentes de tránsito y actividades deportivas. Las fracturas del plato tibial lateral son más frecuentes que las mediales, debido al valgo fisiológico.1,2 .Se dividen en VI tipos. Los tipos de fracturas V y VI involucran los dos platos tibiales, medial y lateral, por lo que en este tipo de fracturas se observan peores resultados postquirúrgicos. Las consecuencias se deben al tiempo requerido para la recuperación y las secuelas residuales.El presente estudio pretende documentar cuáles son los tratamientos de elección en el Hospital San Juan de Dios y sentar un precedente epidemiológico con datos costarricenses que sirva de base para futuras investigaciones y/o protocolos de tratamiento.Los resultados quirúrgicos se miden de acuerdo a la satisfacción de los pacientes con el proceso quirúrgico y la funcionalidad postquirúrgica, esto debido a que dichas medidas han demostrado poseer mayor utilidad para monitorizar las intervenciones terapéuticas.6,7

AbstractTibialplateau fractures represent 1,2% of all fractures, they are predominant in two groups: young patients who suffer of high-energy trauma and in elderly with osteopenia due to low energy trauma. In young patients, soft tissue trauma is more frequent due to bone resistance, in the elderly it is associated with articular surface depression. Fractures causes are associated with valgus or varus axial compression, precipitation, car accidents and sports. Lateral tibialplateau fractures are more frequent than medial fractures due to physiological valgus.These fractures are divided in VI types, V and VI include both tibialplateau, medial and lateral, having worst post surgical results due to recovery time and residual sequels.This study will evaluate treatment election in Hospital San Juan de Dios and present epidemiological background with costarrican data that will be useful for future investigations and/or treatment protocols.Surgical results are assessed with patient satisfaction with the surgical process and post surgical functionality, because these variables have proven best effect in therapeutical intervention evaluation.

Síndrome de Stevens-Johnson y uso de corticosteroides / Syndrome of Stevens-Johnson and use of corticosteroids

El síndrome de Stevens-Johnson es una enfermedad mucocutánea severa causada por ingesta de medicamentos. Se presentó el caso de un paciente con antecedentes patológicos personales de VIH que acudió refiriendo fiebre de 38-39 °C acompañada de escalofríos, malestar general, molestias a la deglución y enrojecimiento ocular y lesiones en piel. Ante el cuadro clínico y antecedente de haber sido medicado con Nevirapina cinco semanas antes. La impresión diagnóstica fue Síndrome de Stevens-Johnson. El tratamiento incluyó supresión de retrovirales y uso de corticosteroides. Se logró una evolución clínica favorable con mejoría de las lesiones en piel y mucosas(AU)

Stevens-Johnson's Syndrome is a severe mucous-cutaneous disease caused by the ingestion of medications. The case of a patient with personals pathological antecedents of HIV is presented referring fever of 38-39 °C accompanied by chills, general uneasiness, discomfort at swallowing, ocular redding and skin lesions. The diagnosis was Syndrome of Stevens-Johnson due to the clinical manifestations and the antecedent of being prescribed with Nevirapina five weeks earlier. The treatment included the suppression of the retroviral and corticosteroids use. A favorable clinical evolution was achieved with improvement in the skin and mucous' lesions(AU)

Revisión de los casos de osteomielitis diagnosticados en el Hospital México durante los años 2013-2014 / Review of cases of osteomyelitis diagnosed at the Hospital Mexico during the years 2013-2014

ResumenLa osteomielitis es una infección progresiva del hueso, resultado de un proceso inflamatorio destructivo, seguido de la formación de hueso nuevo. Esta es resultado de la inoculación, ya sea de forma directa, por contigüidad, o por diseminación sanguínea (vía hematógena) de un microorganismo que puede evolucionar en días o semanas y puede progresar a una infección crónica con osteonecrosis, pérdida ósea y/o fístula.El presente estudio evidenciará los reportes bacteriológicos y prueba de sensibilidad antibiótica, de los patógenos más comunes de las muestras identificadas como hueso o médula ósea procesadas en el laboratorio de Bacteriología del Hospital México, obtenidas de pacientes con el diagnóstico de osteomielitis durante los años 2013 y 2014.Mediante este estudio se pretende instaurar un precedente epidemiológico y etiológico con datos costarricenses que sirva de base para futuras investigaciones y/o protocolos de tratamiento.

AbstractOsteomyelitis is a progressive bone infection resulting from a destructive inflammatory process followed by new bone formation. It's the result of direct or indirect inoculation of a microorganism, infection by adjacent tissues or hematogenous dissemination. This process can evolve in days or weeks and can progress to a chronic infection with osteonecrosis, bone loss and/or fistula formation.This study will show the bacteriological reports and antibiotic sensitivity test of the most common pathogens in samples identified as bone or bone marrow processed in the Bacteriology Laboratory of Hospital Mexico obtained from patients with diagnosis of osteomyelitis during 2013 and 2014.The objective with this study is to establish an epidemiological and etiological precedent with costarrican data that can be used as background for future investigations and/or treatment protocols.

Valoración preoperatoria: función anestésica / Preoperative assessment: anesthetic function

Resumen:La valoración preoperatoria en nuestro país se ha convertido en la obtención de un visto bueno para una cirugía.La preparación de un paciente para cirugía requiere la comprensión del estado del paciente, la cirugía y los riesgos y alteraciones fisiológicas de cada técnica anestésica. Los pacientes sin valoración preoperatoria por un anestesiólogo tienen hasta siete veces mayor mortalidad, es por lo tanto pertinente que la valoración preoperatoria sea realizada por especialistas en esta área con conocimiento sobre las metas de la optimización perioperatoria de las comorbilidades y la disminución del riesgo quirúrgico.

Abstract:In our country the pre-surgery evaluation has become limited to an approval to perform it. Preparing a patient for surgery requires the understanding of its medical condition, surgery's risks, and the physiological alterations of each anesthetics procedure. Patients without a pre-surgery evaluation by an anesthesiologist have seven times higher risk of death; it is pertinent that this evaluation be performed by specialists with knowledge on the perioperative optimization goals, on comorbidities, and decrease of the surgical risks.

Detección de contaminación en el equipo anestésico de sala de operaciones del Hospital México, junio 2014 / Detection of contamination in the anesthetic equipment of the operating room of Hospital México, June 2014

Resumen:Justificación: Las infecciones nosocomiales producen un impacto negativo para los profesionales de la salud y los pacientes. Se ha reconocido la influencia de múltiples factores hospitalarios en el desarrollo de las mismas, sin embargo, el papel del ambiente anestésico no ha sido claramente descrito. En Costa Rica, al igual que en muchos países del Mundo, no se cuenta con políticas y guías de limpieza del equipo anestésico.Métodos: El propósito del presente estudio fue evaluar la presencia de contaminación en los equipos anestésicos de sala de operaciones del Hospital México. Se analizaron nueve superficies de la máquina de anestesia, equipo de monitoreo y laringoscopios, durante la mañana y la tarde. Cada superficie fue sometida a cuatro pruebas, detección de contaminación visible, detección de contaminación sanguínea, conteo de adenosina trifosfato (ATP) y cultivo por Staphylococcus spp.Resultados: Las pruebas evidenciaron poca correlación entre la contaminación visible y por sangre con los cultivos por Staphylococcus sppy el conteo de unidades relativas de luz (URL). Se obtuvieron altos porcentajes de cultivos positivos por Staphylococcus spptanto en la mañana como en la tarde, 52% versus 67% respectivamente. Las mediciones de URL presentaron un valor promedio en la mañana de 5208,3 y en la tarde de 5514,8, 14 veces mayores a los considerados limpios, el estándar es 350 URL. Conclusión: El equipo anestésico no está siendo correctamente manipulado, es necesario crear políticas de limpieza del mismo ya que se expone a los pacientes a riesgos de salud innecesarios. Es pertinente más que el desarrollo de una herramienta de prevención, la sensibilización sobre el tema, la modificación de conductas y la educación.

Abstract:Background: nosocomial infections have a negative impact on healthcare professionals and patients. The influence of multiple hospital-related factors has been recognized as playing a role in these infections' development, nevertheless, the part of the anesthetic environment has not been clearly stated. In Costa Rica, like in many other countries in the world, there are no policies or guidelines related to the cleaning of anaesthetic equipment.Methods: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the presence of contamination on the anaesthetic equipment in the operating theatre of Hospital México. Analysis was carried out on nine surfaces of the anaesthesia machine, monitoring equipment and laryngoscopes, in both the morning and the afternoon of one day. Each surface had four tests: detection of visible contamination, detection of blood contamination, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) count and a bacterial culture test for Staphylococcus spp.Results: The tests showed a poor correlation between the visible and blood contamination and Staphylococcus sppcultures along with the count for relative units of light (RUL). High positive percentage of Staphylococcus sppcultures were recorded during both the morning and the afternoon, with respective values of 52% and 67%. The RUL measurements presented an average value during the morning of 5208.3 and during the afternoon of 5514.18, which is 14 times greater than the value considered clean, the permitted limit is of 350 RUL.Conclusion: Anesthetic equipment is not being correctly handled, and that it is necessary to create cleaning policies.

La participación en programas de promoción de la salud: caso de una universidad de Bogotá / Participation in health promotion programs: a case study in a university in Bogotá

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la participación de los trabajadores administrativos, en los programas de Promoción de la Salud en los Lugares de Trabajo (PSLT) a través de la aplicación de una lista de chequeo a 335 trabajadores de una institución de educación superior pública en la ciudad de Bogotá. Este artículo es descriptivo-transversal de tipo estudio de caso. Dentro de los resultados se evidenció, que el conocimiento de los programas fue de sólo 52% de los trabajadores y desconocimiento en el contenido de los mismos, 61%. Así mismo, se identificó que 44% de los trabajadores no participaba en las acciones de promoción. El 61% de los trabajadores manifestó que la institución no se preocupa por conocer sus necesidades laborales y 46% refirió no tener tiempo asignado para asistir a las actividades de Promoción de la Salud. En conclusión, se destaca que para lograr la participación de los trabajadores en los programas es importante revisar aspectos como la asignación de tiempo real dentro de la jornada laboral para promover la participación en las actividades desarrolladas. Además, se debe examinar el estilo, forma y tipo de socialización, garantizando que toda la comunidad sea conocedora y parte activa de los programas de PSLT en todo el proceso. Además, se examinó la necesidad de que la institución se adhiera a un modelo sistemático que favorezca el diseño de Programas de Promoción de la Salud en los Lugares de Trabajo sustentados en las reales necesidades de sus trabajadores(AU)

The objective of this study was determine the participation of administrative staff in a workplace health promotion program (WHP), by administering a cross-sectional survey to 335 employees at a public university in Bogota. Results showed that only 52% of respondents knew about the program and 61% ignored its content. Forty-four per cent did not participate in health promotion activities; 61% felt the institution was uninterested in their employees’ labor needs, and 46% reported not having enough time to attend health promotion activities. In conclusion, it is important to involve workers in these types of programs to review aspects such as the allocation of sufficient time for participation during working hours. Other aspects to consider include the style, shape and type of socialization, ensuring that the entire community is knowledgeable and participates actively in WHP throughout the process. Moreover, institutions should adhere to a systematic model that favors the design of WHPs in support of their employees’ needs(AU)

Análisis de la percepción de eventos estáticos y dinámicos en personas con enfermedad de Alzheimer / Analysis of the perception of static and dynamic events in Alzheimer's disease patients

Uno de los aspectos afectados en la Enfermedad de Alzheimer es el lenguaje. La naturaleza y manifestaciones de estas dificultades se relacionan con la forma como los pacientes con EA perciben y comprenden el mundo que les rodea. En la presente investigación se analizaron las fijaciones visuales de siete pacientes con EA y sus controles durante tareas de percepción de escenas estáticas y dinámicas (imagen y video respectivamente). De igual forma se analizó una muestra de lenguaje producida por los pacientes al narrar el evento dinámico. Los resultados indican diferencias significativas en cuanto a la búsqueda visual, en la cual el grupo con EA presento disminución de la velocidad. En tareas de rastreo se evidencia que las personas con EA identifican menos elementos en una imagen realizando menos fijaciones, con estrategias de exploración poco eficientes. En cuanto al evento dinámico, el rastreo visual fue similar entre los dos grupos sin embargo la expresión lingüística de lo observado está afectada en el grupo con EA revelando la relación de la percepción y el lenguaje ya que a pesar de observar los eventos dentro de una escena en movimiento, estos no son recobrados posteriormente para ser expresados lingüísticamente. Estos resultados tienen importantes implicaciones tanto en la identificación de la naturaleza de las dificultades lingüísticas en la EA como en el manejo de la misma.

One of the aspects affected by AD is the language. The nature and manifestations of the difficulties on it. Are closely related with the way in which AD patients perceive and understand the world that surrounds them. This research analyzed the perception of images and a scene in motion as static and dynamic events, observing the relationship perception-language, in a sample of seven patients with AD and their respective controls. In the same way we explored a sample of language produced by patients telling the dynamic event. The results indicated significant differences in visual search, in which for the group with AD the speed decreased. In scan tasks is evidence that people with AD identified fewer elements in an image made less fixations with ineffective exploration strategies. On the Boston tests image "Theft Cookie", visual fixation parameters were similar to the control group. As for the dynamic event, the visual tracking was similar between the two groups but the linguistic expression of what is observed is affected in the group with AD revealing the relationship between perception and language as though watching the events within a moving scene, these are not subsequently recovered to be expressed linguistically. These results have important implications in identifying the nature of language difficulties in AD and in the fonoaudiological evaluation and subsequent treatment

Controlling wound odor with metronidazole: a systematic review / Control del olor de heridas con metronidazol: revisión sistemática / Controle do odor de feridas com metronidazol: revisão sistemática

AbstractOBJECTIVEVerifying the evidence of therapeutic efficacy in the topical application of metronidazole for controlling wound odor.METHODSA systematic literature review, according to the Cochrane Collaboration recommendations.RESULTS329 articles were identified in the Cochrane, LILACS, SciELO, CINAHL and PubMed databases, with 14 of them being included in the final sample. Two of the studies were double-blind randomized clinical trial studies.CONCLUSIONThe actual effectiveness of metronidazole in controlling wound odor cannot yet be evidenced due to the absence of strong evidence from studies on the subject, despite clinical practice recommending its benefits.

ResumenOBJETIVOVerificar las evidencias de la aplicación tópica de metronidazol en la efectividad terapéutica para el control del olor de heridas.MÉTODORevisión sistemática de literatura, según las recomendaciones de la Cochrane Collaboration.RESULTADOSSe identificaron 329 artículos en las bases de datos Cochrane, LILACS, ScIELO, Cinahl y PubMed, incluyéndose 14 de ellos en la muestra final. De esos, dos estudios son del tipo ensayo clínico, randomizado y doble ciego.CONCLUSIÓNEn virtud de la ausencia de estudios de fuerte evidencia acerca de la efectividad del metronidazol en el control del olor en heridas, aún no se puede evidenciar su real efectividad para dicho fin, pese a que la práctica clínica recomiende sus beneficios.

ResumoOBJETIVOVerificar as evidências da aplicação tópica de metronidazol na eficácia terapêutica para controle de odor de feridas. Método: Revisão sistemática de literatura, segundo as recomendações da Cochrane Collaboration .RESULTADOSIdentificaram-se 329 artigos nas bases de dados Cochrane, LILACS, ScIELO, Cinahl e PubMed, incluindo-se 14 deles na amostra final. Desses, dois estudos são do tipo ensaio clínico, randomizado e duplo-cego.CONCLUSÃODevido à ausência de estudos de forte evidência sobre a eficácia do metronidazol no controle de odor em feridas, ainda não se pode evidenciar a sua real eficácia para tal objetivo, apesar da prática clínica recomendar seus benefícios.