[Incorporation of a psychologist into a nephrology service: criteria and process]. / Incorporación de un psicólogo en un servicio de nefrología: criterios y proceso.

Chronic kidney disease is associated with a wide range of stressful situations causing important physical and psychological repercussions. It is not usual that psychology professionals are active members of the nephrology teams. In consequence, these alterations are not properly assisted. Our aim is to present the introduction process of a psychologist in a nephrology department and its preliminary results. We designed a clearly defined introduction process, starting with a therapeutic communication training program for all the staff. In the model we have priorized pre-emptive interventions in order to promote the adaptation process, far from simple psychological symptom control. It is assumed the binomial patient-family as the major objective for care, choosing an interdisciplinary approach. We worked more from a health psychology perspective than from a mental health perspective. Over the year 2008 the number of patients assisted by the psychologist were 571 (mean 48 patients/month). The total number of interventions was 1,022. Majority of cases (45.2%) were derived from the advanced chronic kidney disease program, mostly related to demands about emotional impact of renal replacement therapy commencement. Others were: suspect of depression episode, adherence, primary caregiver emotional overwhelming, bereavement, anxiety and support in decision making process. This experience is a stimulus for the integral approach of the renal patient.

Validity of a standard information protocol provided to end-stage renal disease patients and its effect on treatment selection.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the validity of a standard information package, comprising written and audiovisual aids, for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients in a predialysis program. STUDY DESIGN: A multicenter study comprising patients entering a predialysis program. Three questionnaires were developed to gather data in this study: (1) a pre-information package questionnaire that evaluates the patient's initial knowledge of ESRD and the treatment options available (pre-informed patients); (2) a post-information package questionnaire that evaluates the patient's knowledge of ESRD and treatment options after being informed according to the protocol (post-informed patients); (3) a "start of the treatment" questionnaire that deals with the patient's choice of treatment at the time of starting dialysis, as well as the reasons leading to that choice. In all three questionnaires the patient's age, gender, level of creatinine clearance (Ccr), and hematocrit were recorded. INCLUSION CRITERIA: Any patient who was on a predialysis program in the participating centers. RESULTS: Three hundred and four patients were evaluated across 14 participating centers. Initial knowledge was assessed in 216 pre-informed patients (questionnaire 1). Patients were then guided through the information package. One hundred and fifty-eight patients answered the post-information package (questionnaire 2). During the course of the study, 174 patients (of the initial 304) started renal replacement therapy. Of these, 49.4% (86 patients) had received predialysis information according to our study protocol. All the patients who received the information throughout the trial improved their knowledge of ESRD and treatment options; this improvement was statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The treatment options least well known at the start of the study were the peritoneal dialysis techniques. After receiving the information package, patients had an equal knowledge of all the different treatments, although hemodialysis was still the most familiar. This improvement in knowledge enabled patients who started a dialysis treatment to choose a therapy according to their own preferences. Their selections were as follows: 44% of the patients chose hemodialysis, 40% chose continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, and 16% chose automated peritoneal dialysis. The standard information package, used as a patient education program, effectively resulted in patients having a significantly improved level of knowledge and understanding of ESRD and the different treatment options available.

Diverticular disease and treatment with gastric acid inhibitors do not predispose to peritonitis of enteric origin in peritoneal dialysis patients.

OBJECTIVE: Enteric peritonitis (EP) is an infrequent complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD), with severe consequences for peritoneal membrane viability and patient outcome. Factors such as diverticular disease and gastric acid inhibitors have been implicated in its appearance. We investigated several risk factors, including those mentioned below, that can influence the development of EP. DESIGN: Retrospective cross-sectional study. SETTING: Tertiary-care public university hospital. PATIENTS: Fifty-seven PD patients treated in our PD unit during August 1998. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A barium enema was performed on 50 of the 57 patients (the remaining 7 patients refused it) in order to exclude the presence of diverticulosis. All episodes of peritonitis occurring in those patients, including EP, were registered. Enteric peritonitis was defined as that caused by gram-positive, gram-negative, or fungus micro-organisms that colonized the intestinal tract, excluding episodes secondary to genitourinary tract or peritoneal catheter exit-site infections. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients showed diverticular disease in the barium enema, but only 5 of them (21%) had any EP episode. Five of the 26 patients with no diverticula (19%) had EP. Fifty-five episodes of peritonitis were reported in 21 patients; 15 episodes of EP (27.3% of all) developed in 11 patients. Seven of the 11 patients (64%) required peritoneal catheter removal and 3 of them (27%) finally were transferred to hemodialysis due to consequences of the EP episode. Logistic regression analysis did not find any of the independent variables analyzed (age, sex, time on PD, type of PD, peritoneal transport parameters, presence of polycystic kidney disease, constipation or diverticulosis, or treatment with gastric acid inhibitors, or phosphate-binding agents) to be risk factors for developing EP. CONCLUSIONS: Neither diverticulosis nor treatment with gastric acid inhibitors seem to be risk factors for developing peritonitis of enteric origin in PD patients. This type of peritonitis has to be promptly identified and treated in order to diminish the high frequency of peritoneal catheter removal and PD dropout due to such episodes.

Alpha replacement method for displaced peritoneal catheter: a simple and effective maneuver.

Displacement of the peritoneal catheter tip is one of the most frequent causes of catheter malfunction. As a consequence, appropriate peritoneal effluent drainage is impossible. Alternatives to catheter exchange or invasive abdominal intervention did not appear until the alpha maneuver was described by Yoshihara et al. We review our experience with this maneuver over the last 7 years. We used the alpha maneuver in 24 peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients (13 men and 11 women) with a mean age of 52 +/- 16 years. Some patients required several repeat procedures (total procedures: 32). The mean time between placement of the catheter and performance of the alpha maneuver was 6.5 +/- 7.9 months. In all patients, the technique was indicated for problems with peritoneal effluent drainage, after verification of catheter tip displacement by radiologic examination. In 6 patients, the initial maneuver was unsuccessful and had to be repeated. The first maneuver was effective in 11 of 24 cases (46%) and unsuccessful in the other 13 (54%). No differences in sex, renal disease, or age were seen between the two groups. The mean time between catheter placement and tip displacement detection was significantly lower in the cases of ineffective maneuver (2.7 +/- 4.3 months) than in those that met with success (10.8 +/- 9 months). In other words, 84% of unsuccessful maneuvers were performed in the first 3 months of catheter life. Of the 11 patients successfully treated, 6 continued on PD for 14.7 +/- 6.3 months. Two other patients were transplanted with normal-functioning catheters, and two more left PD (after 10 and 17 months) for reasons unrelated to the catheter. One patient required a catheter change owing to breakdown in the Silastic after disruption by the metallic guide, which perforated the catheter wall. The 13 ineffective maneuvers involved 7 omentum entrapments, 1 procedure that was repeated effectively 15 days later, and 5 definite failures requiring catheter change. The failure rate may therefore be considered to be 20.8%, taking into consideration that omentum entrapment should not be an indication for the procedure. We conclude that the alpha maneuver for a displaced peritoneal catheter is a simple and effective procedure that can be applied at the patient's bedside. In consequence, it should be the technique of first choice in these situations. Only when the alpha maneuver fails should invasive methods, including catheter change, be considered.

A nursing approach: towards the integral health care of renal patients.

In February 1993, after several multicentre meetings held together with nephrologists, the decision was taken to create the Peritoneal Dialysis Nursing Group for the Central Area; having as its primary purpose the provision of integrated medical care to renal patients.

Home training experience in peritoneal dialysis patients.

The objective of nursing is to increase health and well being, prevent morbidity and obtain the best physical and social rehabilitation. The nurse's role in Peritoneal Dialysis (PD) consists of promoting and supporting patients to perform self-care. In the'Text Book of Peritoneal Dialysis, published in 2000,the chapter dedicated to the nurses' role says:"Regular home visits are an important part of follow-up care, as the family and patient need to realize that continuing support is available... It is advisable that the first exchange after discharge from hospital is in the presence of a nurse... Early recognition and management of problems will assist in keeping the patient healthy and well rehabilitated, and will hopefully reduce hospital visits and inpatient stays" (1). Home care in Hospital Universitario La Paz has been developed with varying dedication over the years. Firstly, it was offered if significant problems appeared (1979-1990), later, home visits were started for some new PD patients (1990-1994) and follow up visits then ensued (1995-1996). In 1997, a project was undertaken which included home training for the first time in our unit, as well as periodic follow up visits. This project was shown to the Hospital Nurse Direction, and approved immediately. It started during the first term of 1997. There were several reasons which led us to undertake this project including the importance of providing PD at home and making it lifelong and it was felt that the hospital was an unfriendly environment in which to learn PD. The main objective was to establish early on, the patient's social environment and psychological status, and to assess how these influenced aspects of learning and adapting to PD. Most patients expressed a very good opinion about the home training. Only one patient rejected the presence of the nurse at home. The nursing team was very satisfied because early knowledge about the patient's psychosocial conditions and family environment was established. The incidence of peritonitis decreased.

Incorporación de un psicólogo en un servicio de nefrología: criterios y proceso / Incorporation of a psychologist into a nephrology service: criteria and process

La insuficiencia renal es una enfermedad que genera un amplio rango de situaciones estresantes, que ocasionan trastornos tanto de tipo físico como psicológico. Es anecdótico que profesionales de la psicología sean miembros activos de los equipos de nefrología, por lo que dichas necesidades pueden no ser atendidas adecuadamente. Nos proponemos describir el proceso de incorporación de este profesional en un servicio de nefrología y presentar resultados preliminares de su actividad. El proceso se inició con un programa formativo en comunicación difícil. En el modelo elegido se prioriza el trabajo preventivo; se trata de facilitar los procesos de adaptación más allá del mero control de síntomas psicológicos; se asume como prioridad asistencial el binomio paciente familia y se opta por un estilo de relación sinérgica interdisciplinaria. Se trabaja más desde la perspectiva de la psicología de la salud que desde la óptica de la salud mental. A lo largo del año 2008 el número de pacientes atendidos por el psicólogo ha sido de 571 (media de 48pacientes al mes). El número total de intervenciones fue de 1.022. La mayoría de los casos atendidos en consulta(45,2%) procedían de la consulta de enfermedad renal crónica avanzada (ERCA). Otros motivos de derivación fueron: sospecha de depresión, cumplimiento, sobrecarga del cuidador principal, duelo, ansiedad y apoyo en la toma de decisiones. Este tipo de experiencias son un estímulo para el abordaje integral del paciente con enfermedad renal (AU)

Chronic kidney disease is associated with a wide range of stressful situations causing important physical and psychological repercussions. It is not usual that psychology professionals are active members of the nephrology teams. Inconsequence, these alterations are not properly assisted. Our aim is to present the introduction process of a psychologist in a nephrology department and its preliminary results. We designed a clearly defined introduction process, starting with a therapeutic communication training program for all the staff. In the model we have priorized pre-emptive interventions in order to promote the adaptation process, far from simple psychological symptom control. It is assumed the binomial patient-family as the major objective for care, choosing an interdisciplinary approach. We worked more from a health psychology perspective than from a mental health perspective. Over the year 2008 the number of patients assisted by the psychologist were 571 (mean 48 patients/month). The total number of interventions was 1,022. Majority of cases (45.2%)were derived from the advanced chronic kidney disease program, mostly related to demands about emotional impact of renal replacement therapy commencement. Others were: suspect of depression episode, adherence, primary caregiver emotional overwhelming, bereavement, anxiety and support in decision making process. This experience is a stimulus for the integral approach of the renal patient (AU)

Necesidad de una información responsable sobre las modalidades de tratamiento renal sustitutivo / Need of responsible information on modalities of renal replacement therapy

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