Estigma público en niños hacia personas con enfermedad mental / Public Stigma in Children Towards People With Mental Illness

Se analizó cómo la familiaridad que los adultos tenían con la enfermedad mental y la valoración más o menos positiva de sus experiencias al respecto influían en el estigma de los menores a su cargo. El estigma fue medido en términos de negación de ayuda por parte de los niños hacia un igual con enfermedad mental. La muestra fue de 56 niños de sexto de primaria y un tutor legal de cada uno. Se empleó el Attribution Questionnaire–8 for Children, la escala Level Of Familiarity y una escala de Likert para la valoración. Se halló una correlación positiva y estadísticamente significativa entre la familiaridad de los adultos y el estigma de los menores. A mayor familiaridad, menor estigma. Se debatió si las actitudes estigmatizantes medidas lo serían realmente o no en la infancia, siendo recomendable seguir profundizando al respecto y validar el Attribution Questionnaire–8 for Children en España. (AU)

We analyzed how the familiarity that adults had with mental illness and the more or less positive appraisal of their experiences in this regard influenced the stigma of their children. Stigma was measured in terms of children’s absence of pity or compassion, denial of help, and discrimination or segregation toward a peer with mental illness. The sample consisted of 56 sixth grade children and a responsible adult for each of them. The Attribution Questionnaire-8 for Children, the Level Of Familiarity Scale and a Likert scale were used for assessment. A positive and statistically significant correlation was found between adult familiarity and child denial of help. The higher the familiarity, the lower the stigma. It was recommended that further research be carried out, that the Attribution Questionnaire-8 for Childrenbe validated in Spain and to carry out interventions to prevent stigma in schools. (AU)

Estigma público en niños hacia personas con enfermedad mental / Public Stigma in Children Towards People With Mental Illness

Se analizó cómo la familiaridad que los adultos tenían con la enfermedad mental y la valoración más o menos positiva de sus experiencias al respecto influían en el estigma de los menores a su cargo. El estigma fue medido en términos de negación de ayuda por parte de los niños hacia un igual con enfermedad mental. La muestra fue de 56 niños de sexto de primaria y un tutor legal de cada uno. Se empleó el Attribution Questionnaire–8 for Children, la escala Level Of Familiarity y una escala de Likert para la valoración. Se halló una correlación positiva y estadísticamente significativa entre la familiaridad de los adultos y el estigma de los menores. A mayor familiaridad, menor estigma. Se debatió si las actitudes estigmatizantes medidas lo serían realmente o no en la infancia, siendo recomendable seguir profundizando al respecto y validar el Attribution Questionnaire–8 for Children en España. (AU)

We analyzed how the familiarity that adults had with mental illness and the more or less positive appraisal of their experiences in this regard influenced the stigma of their children. Stigma was measured in terms of children’s absence of pity or compassion, denial of help, and discrimination or segregation toward a peer with mental illness. The sample consisted of 56 sixth grade children and a responsible adult for each of them. The Attribution Questionnaire-8 for Children, the Level Of Familiarity Scale and a Likert scale were used for assessment. A positive and statistically significant correlation was found between adult familiarity and child denial of help. The higher the familiarity, the lower the stigma. It was recommended that further research be carried out, that the Attribution Questionnaire-8 for Childrenbe validated in Spain and to carry out interventions to prevent stigma in schools. (AU)

A Measurement Scale to Assess Children's Satisfaction with Hospitalization in the Andalusian Population.

Background: Patient satisfaction is a principal indicator in the evaluation of the stay of pediatric patients in hospitals, since its consequences can emotionally interfere with health treatment. The aim of this study was to obtain a valid scale to assess children's satisfaction with their time spent as a patient in an Andalusian hospital. Method: The Children's Satisfaction with Hospitalization Questionnaire (CSHQ) was applied to 623 pediatric patients hospitalized in Andalusia. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) showed one dimension underlying the children's satisfaction with their hospitalization. After that, we developed a depuration analysis process to achieve a valid and unidimensional scale to assess children's satisfaction. Results: The eleven-item one-dimension solution showed suitable consistency and goodness-of-fit indices. The final scale addresses hosting aspects as the main dimension of a minor's satisfaction in Andalusian hospitals. Conclusion: A unidimensional scale has been determined for the assessment of children's satisfaction with their stay in Andalusian hospitals based on hosting aspects. Nonetheless, other dimensions underlying the satisfaction of patients should also be considered.

Spanish Version of the Family Health Behavior Scale: Adaptation and Validation.

Different studies around the world indicate that the percentages of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence are high. In this context, it would be useful to have a common, valid, and reliable instrument to assess health behaviors of families that allows comparisons of data from different countries. The objective is the adaptation of a Spanish version of the Family Health Behavior Scale (FHBS). The questionnaire originally developed by Moreno group was translated and adapted following the International Test Commission protocol. Its psychometric properties were evaluated through analysis of internal consistency, factor analysis and other evidences of validity. The Spanish version of the FHBS demonstrated adequate reliability coefficients, and its factor structure sufficiently replicated that obtained by the original measurement. The results suggested that the adapted version of the questionnaire was an adequate and valid measure for the evaluation of family health behaviors related to the prevention of overweight and obesity.

Implantación del derecho a la sexualidad de personas con discapacidad intelectual o del desarrollo según los profesionales de una asociación andaluza / Implementation of the Right to Sexuality of People with Intellectual or Developmental Disabilities according to the Professionals of an Andalusian Association

La percepción sobre las personas con discapacidad intelectual o del desarrollo suele estar sesgada por prejuicios que dificultan su ejercicio del derecho a la sexualidad. Este trabajo evalúa la percepción de los profesionales de una asociación andaluza sobre la implementación de este derecho y si existen diferencias respecto a los valores de referencia nacionales. Para ello se recabaron las respuestas de 54 profesionales de una asociación mediante el cuestionario creado por De la Cruz et al. (2020), basado en nueve factores: Información y educación sexual, Intimidad, Consideración hacia su cuerpo desnudo y su pudor, Autonomía y autodeterminación, Identidad sexual y orientación del deseo, Relaciones personales, Apoyos necesarios, Perspectiva de género y Trabajo compartido. Los resultados muestran puntuaciones alrededor de 65 (respecto a un máximo de 100) en la mayoría de los factores, considerados niveles de implantación intermedios, y valores significativamente superiores a la referencia nacional en Apoyos necesarios y Trabajo compartido. La red de relaciones parciales muestra que Autonomía, Género, Consideración y Relaciones actúan como factores centrales, seguidos de Intimidad, asociada al factor Autonomía, e Identidad, asociada a Género. Este estudio ilustra la utilidad de evaluar la implementación de acciones a favor de la sexualidad de las personas con discapacidad intelectual o del desarrollo, aportando estrategias y herramientas metodológicas. (AU)

The perception of people with intellectual or developmental disabilities is often based on prejudices that hinder their exercise of their sexuality’s right. This work evaluates the perception of professionals of an Andalusian association in the implementation of this right and whether it differs from national reference values. For this purpose, the responses of 54 professionals from an association were collected through a questionnaire created by De la Cruz et al. (2020), based on nine factors: Information and sexual education, Intimacy, Consideration towards her naked body and shyness, Autonomy and self-determination, Sexual identity and orientation of desire, Personal relationships, Necessary support, Gender perspective and Shared work. The results show scores around 65 (compared to a maximum of 100) for most factors, considered intermediate levels of implementation, and significantly higher values than the national reference in Necessary supports and Shared work. The network of partial relationships shows that Autonomy, Gender, Consideration and Relationships work as central factors, followed by Intimacy, associated to the factor Autonomy, and Identity, associated to Gender. This study illustrates the usefulness of evaluating the implementation of actions in favour of the sexuality of people with intellectual or developmental disabilities, providing strategies and methodological tools. (AU)

Spanish version of the Metacognition Self-Assessment Scale (MSAS) for adults / Versión al español de la Metacognition Self-Assessment Scale (MSAS) para adultos

Antecedentes: Aunque existen otras herramientas en español para evaluar la metacognición, no hay una versión disponible desde una pers-pectiva multidimensional como la Escala de Autoevaluación de la Metacognición(Metacognition Self-Assessment Scale, MSAS), que tiene además la ventaja de ser sencilla y rápidaen su aplicación. Objetivos:Adaptar y validar la escala MSAS al español. Método: Participaron975 voluntarios/as, 68.2% mujeres, edad media de 27.9 años (DT= 12.68). Resultados: Los valores psicométricos de la adaptación al español son adecuados, α = .830 (total), y entre α = .658 y .826 (factores). La estructura factorial original de cuatro factores (Autorreflexividad, Distancia Crítica, Maestría y Comprensión de Mentes Ajenas) muestra adecuados índices de ajuste. Sin embargo, los indicios de validez de criterio no han sido los esperados. Los indicadores de validez discriminante fueron bajos en los participantes con antecedentes psicopato-lógicos (d = .222) y tratamiento psicológico (d = .326) en el factor Auto-rreflexividad; en el factor Dominio entre los que estaban bajo tratamiento psicológico (d = .345) y tenían prescrita medicación (d = .482), y en el factor Distancia crítica para los participantes con medicación (d = .419). Conclusión: La adaptación y validación de la MSAS en español para población general parece adecuada para evaluar la metacognición y sus subcomponen-tes, abriendo un amplio campo de aplicaciones tanto clínicas como de investigación.(AU)

Background: Although there are other tools in the Spanish language for assessing metacognition, there is no other that is as quick, simple and multidimensional as the Metacognition Self-Assessment Scale (MSAS). Objectives:Adapt and validate the MSAS to Spanish. Method:The sample consisted of 973 volunteers, 68.3% women and mean age of 27.9 years (SD= 12.68). Results:The internal consistency of the Spanish adaptation was generally adequate with a total α = .830, and from α = .658 to .826 for the factors. The original four-factor structure (Self-Reflexivity, Critical Distance, Mastery and Understanding Other Minds) showed adequate fit indices. The evidence of concurrent criterion validity indices was not as expected. Indications of discriminant validity were the low Self-Reflexivity scores of participants with a psychopathological history (d = .222) or psychological treatment (d = .326); in Mastery by those under psychological treatment (d = .345) or medication (d = .482), and in Critical distance for medication (d = .419). Conclusion:The Spanish adaptation and validation of the MSAS seems adequate for assessing metacognition and its subcomponents in the general population, opening a wide field of clinical and research applications.(UA)

[Development and pilot study of a questionnaire to assess child and teenager satisfaction with their stay in hospital]. / Desarrollo y estudio piloto de un cuestionario para evaluar la satisfacción con la estancia hospitalaria en población infanto-juvenil.

OBJECTIVE: To develop an instrument to assess the satisfaction of children and teenagers with their stay in hospital. METHODS: A qualitative analysis of hospitalisation satisfaction dimensions based on the feedback of hospitalised children and teenagers; a content validation study by a group of experts of the items generated for the different satisfaction dimensions; and a pilot study to assess the usefulness of the questionnaire with a sample of 84 children and teenagers hospitalised in Andalusia. RESULTS: After successive refinements, a short questionnaire was obtained which took between 5 and 15minutes to complete. All items presented positive item-total correlations (r>0.18). The questionnaire showed an internal consistency index of 0.779 (Cronbach's alpha) and significant rank differences (Mann-Whitney U test; p<0.001) with medium size effects (η2>0.151) in three satisfaction dimensions compared between hospitals. DISCUSSION: A short, easy-to-answer questionnaire was developed that is reliable regarding its internal consistency and sensitive to differences in hospital satisfaction dimensions. Once validated, it will be used to assess the satisfaction of children and teenagers with their hospital stay, in addition to being a potential indicator of quality of care.

Validation of Spanish Language Evaluation Instruments for Body Dysmorphic Disorder and the Dysmorphic Concern Construct.

Dysmorphic concern (DC) refers to excessive preoccupation with a slight or imagined defect in physical appearance with social avoidance and behavior directed at controlling the defect in appearance. This study attempted to adapt the factor structure of two instruments that cover the DC construct, the Dysmorphic Concern Questionnaire (DCQ) and the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Examination Self-Report (BDDE-SR), to Spanish and establish their psychometric properties. A total of 920 subjects (62.7% women, Mage = 32.44 years) participated. Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis of both scales found adequate goodness of fit indices. A one-dimensional structure was found for the DCQ and two first-order factors (dissatisfaction/preoccupation with body image (BI) and BI avoidance behavior) were identified for the BDDE-SR. The psychometric test-retest reliability and validity properties (content, convergent, and discriminant) were satisfactory. It is suggested that the DC construct includes both cognitive and behavioral aspects and may represent a continuum of severity with Body Dysmorphic Disorder at the end.

Generalized eta squared for multiple comparisons on between-groups designs.

BACKGROUND: Psychological and educational researchers are experiencing many practical difficulties in following the guidelines of the American Psychological Association (APA) for their statistical analyses: one such difficulty is the reporting of an effect-size measure along with each test of statistical significance (APA, 2010). The problem is exacerbated when researchers focus on contrast analysis instead of omnibus tests and when the Type-I error rate per comparison has to be adjusted. METHOD: Several reasons for this problem are discussed, with emphasis on the facts that researchers may be presented with too many optional effect-size measures with varying degrees of adequacy in several designs, and common statistical packages fail to provide appropriate effect-size measures for contrast analysis. RESULTS: This study proposes specific procedures (also implemented in spreadsheets) to compute generalized eta squared for various kinds of hypotheses, either general or specific, for one-factor and factorial between-group designs, and with manipulated and/or measured factors. CONCLUSIONS: Finally, conclusions are drawn concerning the need to take into account the kind of design and the kind of hypothesis in order to calculate comparable effect-size indexes across different types of studies and to prevent an overestimation of effect size.

El uso del flamenco con equipo reflexivo en una escuela de madres / The Use of Flamenco with a Reflecting Team in a Parenting School for Mothers

OBJETIVO: se estudian los efectos de un programa de flamenco complementario a una escuela de madres en el autoconcepto, la ansiedad, la ira y la depresión. MÉTODO: la muestra fue de 14 mujeres entre los 36 y los 50 años que acudían a una escuela de madres; la mitad de ellas recibió seis sesiones de flamenco, mientras que la otra mitad sirvió de grupo de comparación. A través de un diseño mixto se compararon las medidas pre y post-intervención y entre los dos grupos. Un psicoterapeuta, un equipo reflexivo y una bailaora de flamenco, dirigieron las sesiones. RESULTADOS: el autoconcepto físico mejora sólo en el grupo que acudió a las sesiones de flamenco; además, los niveles de ansiedad y el sentimiento de ira tienden a disminuir, aunque no significativamente

OBJECTIVE: The study investigates the effects of a flamenco program complementary to a parenting school for mothers on self-concept, anxiety, anger and depression. METHOD: The sample was of 14 women between 36 and 50 years old attending a parenting school. Half of them received six flamenco sessions; the other half served as a comparison group. Through a mixed design, the pre and post intervention measures were compared between the two groups. A psychotherapist, a Reflecting Team and a flamenco dancer, directed the sessions. RESULTS: The physical self-concept improves only in the group that attended the flamenco sessions. In addition, anxiety levels and feelings of anger tend to decrease, although not significantly

Is gender a risk factor for pesticide intoxications among farmers in Bolivia? A cross-sectional study.

This study compares gender differences regarding knowledge, practice, and symptoms of intoxication when handling pesticides in farming. Data were gathered in La Paz County, Bolivia, in 2008 and 2009. Poor knowledge on safe handling, hazardous working practices, and use of very toxic pesticides were seen. Being a female and having a low educational level were risk factors for "poor knowledge on pesticides" and a "risky behavior when handling pesticides." Females reported more symptoms of intoxication. The gender differences on knowledge and handling practices might explain why females report more symptoms. To minimize this gap, education and agricultural services should be made more accessible to female farmers in Bolivia.

Desarrollo y estudio piloto de un cuestionario para evaluar la satisfacción con la estancia hospitalaria en población infanto-juvenil / Development and pilot study of a questionnaire to assess child and teenager satisfaction with their stay in hospital

Objetivo: Elaborar un instrumento para evaluar la satisfacción de niños, niñas y adolescentes con su estancia hospitalaria. Métodos: Análisis cualitativo de las dimensiones de la satisfacción hospitalaria a partir de narrativas de menores hospitalizados; validación de contenido mediante juicio de expertos de los ítems generados para las distintas dimensiones de satisfacción; y estudio piloto para valorar el funcionamiento del cuestionario con 84 niños, niñas y adolescentes ingresados en hospitales andaluces. Resultados: Tras sucesivas depuraciones se obtuvo un cuestionario breve, cuya aplicación dura entre 5 y 15 minutos. Todos los ítems presentaron correlaciones ítem-total positivas (r>0,18). El cuestionario mostró un índice de consistencia interna de 0,779 (alfa de Cronbach) y contrastes de rangos significativos (U de Mann-Whitney; p<0,001), con tamaños de efectos medianos (η2>0,151) en tres dimensiones de satisfacción comparadas entre hospitales. Discusión: Se ha obtenido un cuestionario breve, de fácil aplicación, fiable en cuanto a su consistencia interna y sensible para detectar diferencias en las dimensiones de satisfacción hospitalaria. Una vez terminada su validación, servirá para evaluar la satisfacción de los menores con su estancia hospitalaria, además de ser un potencial indicador de calidad asistencial (AU)

Objective: To develop an instrument to assess the satisfaction of children and teenagers with their stay in hospital. Methods: A qualitative analysis of hospitalisation satisfaction dimensions based on the feedback of hospitalised children and teenagers; a content validation study by a group of experts of the items generated for the different satisfaction dimensions; and a pilot study to assess the usefulness of the questionnaire with a sample of 84 children and teenagers hospitalised in Andalusia. Results:: After successive refinements, a short questionnaire was obtained which took between 5 and 15minutes to complete. All items presented positive item-total correlations (r>0.18). The questionnaire showed an internal consistency index of 0.779 (Cronbach's alpha) and significant rank differences (Mann-Whitney U test; p<0.001) with medium size effects (η2>0.151) in three satisfaction dimensions compared between hospitals. Discussion: A short, easy-to-answer questionnaire was developed that is reliable regarding its internal consistency and sensitive to differences in hospital satisfaction dimensions. Once validated, it will be used to assess the satisfaction of children and teenagers with their hospital stay, in addition to being a potential indicator of quality of care (AU)

Generalized eta squared for multiple comparisons on between-groups designs / Eta cuadrado generalizado para comparaciones múltiples en diseños entre grupos

BACKGROUND: Psychological and educational researchers are experiencing many practical difficulties in following the guidelines of the American Psychological Association (APA) for their statistical analyses: one such difficulty is the reporting of an effect-size measure along with each test of statistical significance (APA, 2010). The problem is exacerbated when researchers focus on contrast analysis instead of omnibus tests and when the Type-I error rate per comparison has to be adjusted. METHOD: Several reasons for this problem are discussed, with emphasis on the facts that researchers may be presented with too many optional effect-size measures with varying degrees of adequacy in several designs, and common statistical packages fail to provide appropriate effect-size measures for contrast analysis. RESULTS: This study proposes specific procedures (also implemented in spreadsheets) to compute generalized eta squared for various kinds of hypotheses, either general or specific, for one-factor and factorial between-group designs, and with manipulated and/or measured factors.CONCLUSIONS: Finally, conclusions are drawn concerning the need to take into account the kind of design and the kind of hypothesis in order to calculate comparable effect-size indexes across different types of studies and to prevent an overestimation of effect size

ANTECEDENTES: los investigadores en Psicología y Educación están teniendo muchas dificultades prácticas para seguir la directriz de la Asociación Americana de Psicología (APA) de aportar una medida de tamaño de efecto junto con cada prueba de significación (APA, 2010). El problema se agrava cuando se realizan contrastes a priori en lugar de pruebas ómnibus y cuando la tasa de error de Tipo I por comparación tiene que ser ajustada. MÉTODO: se discuten diversas razones para ello, como la existencia de muchas medidas diferentes de tamaño de efecto y el hecho de que los paquetes estadísticos comunes como SPSS no proporcionan medidas apropiadas para las comparaciones múltiples. RESULTADOS: se proponen procedimientos específicos (también implementados en hojas de cálculo) para calcular el índice eta cuadrado generalizado para diversos tipos de hipótesis, generales o específicas; tipos de diseños, univariables o factoriales; y con factores manipulados y/o medidos. CONCLUSIONES: finalmente se concluye sobre la necesidad de tener en cuenta el tipo de diseño y el tipo de hipótesis para obtener índices de tamaño de efecto comparables entre diferentes tipos de investigaciones y que eviten una sobreestimación del mismo

Genetic Alterations in Pesticide Exposed Bolivian Farmers: An evaluation by analysis of chromosomal aberrations and the comet assay.

BACKGROUND: Pesticides are of concern in Bolivia because of increasing use. Frequent intoxications have been demonstrated due to use of very toxic pesticides, insufficient control of distribution and sale and little knowledge among farmers of protective measures and hygienic procedures. METHOD: Questionnaires were applied and blood tests taken from 81 volunteers from La Paz County, of whom 48 were pesticide exposed farmers and 33 non-exposed controls. Sixty males and 21 females participated with a mean age of 37.3 years (range 17-76). Data of exposure and possible genetic damage were collected and evaluated by well known statistical methods, controlling for relevant confounders. To measure genetic damage chromosomal aberrations and the comet assay analysis were performed. RESULTS: Pesticide exposed farmers had a higher degree of genetic damage compared to the control group. The number of chromosomal aberrations increased with the intensity of pesticide exposure. Females had a lower number of chromosomal aberrations than males, and people living at altitudes above 2500 metres seemed to exhibit more DNA damage measured by the comet assay. CONCLUSIONS: Bolivian farmers showed signs of genotoxic damage, probably related to exposure to pesticides. Due to the potentially negative long term health effects of genetic damage on reproduction and the development of cancer, preventive measures are recommended. Effective control with imports and sales, banning of the most toxic pesticides, education and information are possible measures, which could help preventing the negative effects of pesticides on human health and the environment.

Evaluación de riesgo genotóxico: biomonitorización de trabajadores agrícolas de Caranavi, Guanay, Palca y Mecapaca, expuestos a plaguicidas / Assestement of genotoxic risk biomonitoring of farm workers exposed to pesticides in Caranavi, Guanay, Palca and Mecapaca

Objetivo- Detectar los efectos citotóxicos y genotóxicos en trabajadores agrícolas, mediante estudios de biomonitoreo genético. Diseño. Casos y controles. Participantes- Trabajadores agrícolas de Caranavi, Guanay, Mecapaca y Palca del Departamento de La Paz. Lugar.- Localidades de Caranavi, Guanay, Mecapaca y Palca. Unidad genética Toxicológica, Instituto de Genética. Material y Métodos. Se aplicó cuestionario a 259 trabajadores agrícolas. Se evaluó el efecto genotóxico en linfocitos de sangre heparinizada, a travéz de la frecuencia de intercambios entre Cromáties Hermanas (ICH), el índice de proliferación celular (PRI), el tanto por ciento de células con alta frecuencia de intercambios (por ciento HFC), frecuencia de micronúcleos en células binucleadas (MNBN), el índice de división nuclear (IDN), la presencia de aberraciones cromósonicas estructurales (AC), y parámetros de la prueba cometa, como DNA de la cola, DNA de la cabeza, longitud de la cola y longitud del cometa, el momento de la cola, y momento Olive.

Objective To detect the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in farm workers, by means of genetic biomonitoring studies. Design Cases and controls Participants Farm workers from Caranavi, Guanay, Palca and Mecapaca Place Towns of Caranavi, Guanay, P alca and Mecapaca, Genetic Toxicology unit. Genetic Institute. Material and methodsQuestionnaires to 257 agricultural workers were applied genotoxic effect was evaluated in lymphocytes from heparinized blood, through analysis of sister chromatid Exchange (SCE), cells with a high frecuency of SCE (HFC), proliferation rate index (PRI) the micronucleus (MN) assay, nuclear division index (NDI), chromosomal aberrations (CA) and comet assay parameters like DNA tail, DNA head, tail length comet length, tail moment and Olive moment. Results The frequency of SCE, MN/BN and CA was significantly increased (p<0.05) in cases vs. control group. Likewise, the parameters of Tail DNA, DNA head...

Evaluación de riesgo genotóxico: biomonitorización de trabajadores agrícolas de Caranavi, Guanay, Palca y Mecapaca, expuestos a plaguicidas / Assessment of genoptoxic risk biomonitoring of farm workers exposed to pesticides in Caranavi, Guanay, Palca and Mecapaca

OBJETIVO: detectar los efectos citotóxicos y genotóxicos en trabajadores agrícolas, mediante estudios de biomonitoreo genético. DISEÑO: casos y controles Participantes Trabajadores agrícolas de Caranavi, Guanay, Mecapaca y Palca del Departamento de La Paz Lugar Localidades de Caranavi, Guanay, Palca y Mecapaca. Unidad de Genética, toxicológica Instituto de Genética MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: se aplicó cuestionario a 259 trabajadores agrícolas. Se evaluó el efecto genotóxico en linfocitos de sangre heparinizada, a través de la frecuencia de Intercambios entre Cromátides Hermanas (ICH), el Índice de Proliferación Celular (PRI), el % de células con alta frecuencia de intercambios (%HFC), frecuencia de micronúcleos en células binucleadas (MNBN), el índice de división nuclear (IDN), la presencia de aberraciones cromosómicas estructurales (AC), y parámetros de la prueba del cometa, como DNA de la cola, DNA de la cabeza, longitud de la cola, longitud del cometa, el momento de la cola y momento Olive. RESULTADOS: Los casos presentaron un aumento estadísticamente significativo (p<0.05) en la frecuencia de ICH, MN/BN y aberraciones cromosómicas, en relación a los controles. Así mismo, los parámetros de DNA de la cola, DNA de la cabeza, longitud de la cola, longitud del cometa, el momento de la cola y momento Olive, mostraron un aumento en relación a los controles, (p<0.05). Los valores promedio (± ES) de los parámetros del ensayo del cometa, fueron mayores y estadísticamente significativos en los expuestos y RPP's en relación a los no expuestos. En el grupo de RPP´s se observó daño genotóxico en menor proporción pero no significativo en relación a los expuestos, posiblemente por su capacitación en medidas de protección. El análisis divariado entre exposición a plaguicidas y daño genotóxico mostró que las personas expuestas a plaguicidas tienen 1.49 veces más probabilidad de sufrir daño genotóxico con un OR de 2.49 (IC 95% 1.48 - 4.20). CONCLUSIÓN: los resultados indican que los trabajadores agrícolas expuestos sin protección ni medidas de seguridad a mezclas de plaguicidas, han experimentado riesgo genotóxico, que fue manifestado con elevada frecuencia de intercambios entre cromátides hermanas, micronúcleos, aberraciones cromosómicas y parámetros del cometa, en linfocitos de sangre periférica. Así mismo, la presencia de aberraciones cromosómicas, que son las que determinan la asociación con efecto carcinogénico, muestra que los trabajadores agrícolas expuestos a plaguicidas tienen mayor probabilidad de que las mutaciones encontradas al momento del estudio, puedan volverse irreversibles por la saturación de los sistemas de reparación del DNA y en el futuro desarrollar diversos tipos de cáncer. Estos hallazgos son indicativos de la necesidad de realizar biomonitorización permanente de los agricultores ocupacionalmente expuestos a varias mezclas de plaguicidas, utilizando una batería de pruebas de genotoxicidad. Por otra parte, ilustra la necesidad de implementar pautas generales para minimizar o prevenir la exposición.

OBJECTIVE: to detect the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in farm workers, by means of genetic biomonitoring studies. Design Cases and controls Participants Farm workers from Caranavi, Guanay, Palca and Mecapaca Place Towns of Caranavi, Guanay, Palca and Mecapaca, Genetic Toxicology unit. Genetic Institute. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Questionnaires to 257 agricultural workers were applied genotoxic effect was evaluated in lymphocytes from heparinized blood, through analysis of sister chromatid Exchange (SCE), cells with a high frecuency of SCE (HFC), proliferation rate index (PRI) the micronucleus (MN) assay, nuclear division index (NDI), chromosomal aberrations (CA) and comet assay parameters like DNA tail, DNA head, tail length comet length, tail moment and Olive moment. RESULTS: the frequency of SCE, MN/BN and CA was significantly increased (p<0.05) in cases vs. control group. Likewise, the parameters of Tail DNA, DNA head , tail length, comet length, tail moment and Olive moment, showed increased values in relation to controls (p<0.05). Averages of comet parameters were significantly higher in exposed and RPP's group than in un exposed group. RPP`s groups showed minor DNA damage but not as significant as exposed group, possibly due to their training in protective measures. The bivariated analysis between pesticides exposure and genotoxic damage showed that the people exposed to pesticides have 1.49 times more probability of suffering genotoxic damage with OR 2.49 (IC 95% 1.48 - 4.20). CONCLUSIONS: the results indicate that the farm workers exposed to mixture of pesticides without protection and safety measures, are at genotoxic risk hazard , with high frequency of sister chromatid exchange, micronuclei, chromosomal aberrations and parameters of the comet assay in lymphocytes of peripheral blood. Also, the presence of chromosomal aberrations, which are those that determine the association with carcinogenic effect, shows that the farm workers exposed to pesticides have greater probability that the mutations found at the time of the study, can become irreversible by saturation of the DNA repair systems and in the future develop diverse types of cancer. These findings are indicative of the necessity to do permanent biomonitoring of the farmers occupationally exposed to several mixtures of pesticides, using a battery of genotoxicity tests. On the other hand, it illustrates the necessity to implement general guidelines to diminish or to prevent the exposure.

Eritema migratorio como presentación clínica de larva migrans cutánea en la ciudad de México / Migratory Erytema as a clinical presentation of cutaneous larva migrans in Mexico City

La infección por larva migrans cutánea se presenta habitualmente como una erupción dérmica serpenginosa y pruriginosa debida a la penetración de la piel en túnel por larvas de nematelmintos. Esta parasitosis es endémica en zona tropicales, sin embargo se describen cada vez más casos en zonas urbanas. El diagnóstico de esta entidad es clínico, pero es frecuente que se confunda con enfermedades reumatológicas, infecciosas, vasculares o dermatológicas; especialmente cuando su presentación es como eritema migratorio. En este trabajo se revisa la presentación clínica y el tratamiento de 18 casos con infección por larva migrans cutánea