Peritonitis after exposure to biocontrol-agent fumes containing Talaromyces flavus: a case report in peritoneal dialysis patient.

BACKGROUND: The first case of Taralomyces flavus infection in human and peritoneal dialysis (PD) patient after exposure to biocontrol agent fumes is reported here. CASE PRESENTATION: A 77-year-old Thai female farmer with kidney failure presented with peritonitis and PD catheter obstruction from fungal biofilms. The potential root cause of infection was associated with exposure to biocontrol-agent fumes containing pathogen during agricultural work in her garden. This source of infection has not been mentioned previously. Showering and changing clothes right after outdoor activity with a high density of fungal matters or dust should be added to the routine aseptic technique before performing PD bag exchange to prevent the system contamination. Although the patient received early treatment with liposomal amphotericin B, itraconazole, and catheter removal, according to the ISPD Guideline 2016 and the Global Guideline 2021, the outcome was unfavorable. Antifungal susceptibility testing later revealed that the pathogen was only susceptible to voriconazole. Thus, antifungal susceptibility should be tested if the patient fails or slowly responds to the primary antifungal regimen. CONCLUSIONS: T. flavus peritonitis is reported here after exposure to biocontrol-agent fumes containing the pathogen. This work also alerts and reiterates nephrology peers to be aware of this overlooked source of peritonitis, the exposure to dusty environments, specifically containing biocontrol-agent fumes.

Rhodococcus induced false-positive galactomannan (GM), a biomarker of fungal presentation, in patients with peritoneal dialysis: case reports.

BACKGROUND: Galactomannan index (GMI) at a level higher than 0.5 provides high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of fungal peritonitis. Here, we report the false-positive of GMI in peritoneal dialysis (PD) effluent (PDE) due to Rhodococcus peritonitis in PD patients. CASE PRESENTATION: GMI in PDE of case #1 and case #2 were 1.53 and 0.76, respectively, while serum GMI of both cases was less than 0.5. In addition, GMI from the specimens obtained directly from the stationary phase of Rhodococcus colonies were 1.27 and 1.56, which were isolated from case #1 and #2, accordingly. CONCLUSION: High GMI in PDE of PD patients is not specific just for fungal infections but may also be secondary to other infections, such as Rhodococcus spp., especially in endemic areas.

Candida nivariensis, an emerging fungus causing peritonitis in a patient receiving peritoneal dialysis.

Fungal peritonitis (FP) is usually associated with poor patient outcomes and is mostly caused by non-albicans Candida species. We present a Candida nivariensis-associated peritonitis in a 68-year-old woman with end-stage kidney disease on peritoneal dialysis (PD). Biochemical profiling of the cultured yeast of the effluent sample did not adequately identify the yeast. Hence, molecular phylogeny and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectroscopy were employed which correctly identified the causative species, C. nivariensis. PD catheter was removed and oral fluconazole was promptly started according to the 2022 International Society for PD (ISPD) Peritonitis Guidelines. However, the patient achieved only a partial clinical response and eventually died. The susceptibility test showed that the pathogen was susceptible to amphotericin B and voriconazole but resistant to other triazoles. This report underlines the importance of identifying the species, though rarely reported, and the drug susceptibility of the organism.

Peritonitis due to Aspergillus tamarii in peritoneal dialysis patients.

Aspergillus peritonitis is uncommon, but it is associated with high mortality and morbidity in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD). We report two cases of Aspergillus tamarii peritonitis that were initially misidentified as A. flavus by the conventional culture method. Nucleotide sequences of internal transcribed spacer regions of the ribosomal DNA gene as A. tamarii correctly identified the isolate. Despite early catheter removal and an appropriate antifunal agent, both patients had dismal outcomes. Nucleic acid sequencing offers an additional tool for better diagnosing the species within the genus of pathogenic microbes.

Peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis caused by Exophiala spinifera: A case report and review of literature.

Exophiala spinifera is a black ascomycetous yeast and is responsible for phaeohyphomycosis. We provide the first case report of peritoneal dialysis (PD)-associated peritonitis in a female patient with progressive impairment of visual capacity. The infection was caused by a cutaneous infection of her hands. The patient responded well with PD catheter removal and 2-week antifungal medication. This case emphasizes the importance of hand hygiene and regular eye evaluation in preventing environment-bound infection in patients on PD. 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Tinea nigra palmaris-associated peritonitis, caused by Hortaea werneckii: The first case report in a peritoneal dialysis patient.

We report the first case of peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients with peritonitis from Hortaea werneckii, a halotolerant black yeast-like fungus. The pathogen was confirmed by nucleotide sequences of internal transcribed spacer regions of the ribosomal RNA gene. A potential cause of this infection was tinea nigra on the patient's palm. Therefore, gloving might be advised during PD bag exchange in patients or caregivers who have an obvious lesion of the palm.

The first human report of Hyphopichia burtonii, initially misdiagnosed as sterile peritonitis in a patient on peritoneal dialysis.

This is the first human infection caused by Hyphopichia burtonii, resulting in peritonitis in a patient on peritoneal dialysis initially diagnosed as sterile peritonitis, resulting in delayed diagnosis and treatment. This pathogen posed a challenging diagnosis, causing low-grade peritonitis and difficulty to culture with standard bacterial broth. Moreover, automated platforms for pathogenic yeast identification could not specify the species, but broad-range PCR targeting rDNA followed by DNA sequencing successfully solved the etiology.

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheter-related peritonitis from Aureobasidium pullulans caused by poor caregiver's hand hygiene.

Catheter-related peritonitis is common but rarely caused by fungal infection. We report the first case of PD patients with catheter-related peritonitis form Aureobasidium pullulans, a black yeast-like dematiaceous fungus, and reviewing the relevant literatures. A potential cause of this infection is poor hand hygiene and improper fingernail care. The infection could be prevented if patient and caregiver strictly follow hand-washing protocols.