Combined exposure to alcohol and cannabis during development: Mechanisms and outcomes.

Exposure to substances of abuse during pregnancy can have long-lasting effects on offspring. Alcohol is one of the most widely used substances of abuse that leads to the most severe consequences. Recent studies in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom showed that between 1% and 7% of all children exhibit signs and symptoms of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). Despite preventive campaigns, the rate of children with FASD has not decreased during recent decades. Alcohol consumption often accompanies exposure to such drugs as tobacco, cocaine, opioids, and cannabis. These interactions can be synergistic and exacerbate the deleterious consequences of developmental alcohol exposure. The present review focuses on interactions between alcohol and cannabis exposure and the potential consequences of these interactions.

Neuropsychological evaluation of children and adolescents with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in the Brazilian population.

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is a collective name for lifelong physical and neurodevelopmental problems caused by the gestational consumption of alcohol affecting fetal development. In Brazil, the lack of awareness among healthcare professionals, and the scarcity of suitable diagnostic tools and trained clinicians, can contribute to the underestimation of FASD prevalence and severity. The present review aims to map and analyze studies conducted in Brazil on children and adolescents with FASD or a history of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). Additionally, it intends to report the psychometric properties of the neurodevelopmental assessment tools applied in the selected articles. Searches were carried out in the databases Scielo, LILACS, PePSIC, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Web of Science, selecting original clinical studies that have investigated the neurodevelopment of this population. From a total of 175 studies, ten articles fit the inclusion criteria in which 18 instruments were identified. The most reported deficits were related to language, general intelligence quotient (IQ), adaptive behavior, attention, and visual perception. Our results point to the need for more clinical research on FASD in Brazil, as well as for the standardization and validation of neurodevelopmental assessment tools for the accurate diagnosis of FASD in Brazil.

Diagnostic accuracy of CompCog: reaction time as a screening measure for mild cognitive impairment.

BACKGROUND: Reaction time is affected under different neurological conditions but has not been much investigated considering all types of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the diagnostic accuracy of CompCog, a computerized cognitive screening battery focusing on reaction time measurements. METHODS: A sample of 52 older adults underwent neuropsychological assessments, including CompCog, and medical appointments, to be classified as a control group or be diagnosed with MCI. The accuracy of CompCog for distinguishing between the two groups was calculated. RESULTS: The results from diagnostic accuracy analyses showed that the AUCs of ROC curves were as high as 0.915 (CI 0.837-0.993). The subtest with the highest sensitivity and specificity (choice reaction time subtest) had 91.7% sensitivity and 89.3% specificity. The logistic regression final model correctly classified 92.3% of individuals, with 92.9% specificity and 91.7% sensitivity, and included only four variables from different subtests. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, the study showed that reaction time assessed through CompCog is a good screening measure to differentiate between normal aging and MCI. Reaction time measurements in milliseconds were more accurate than correct answers. This test can form part of routine clinical tests to achieve the objectives of screening for MCI, indicating further procedures for investigation and diagnosis and planning interventions.

Mild cognitive impairment history and current procedures in low- and middle-income countries: a brief review.

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a widely studied concept that has changed over time. Epidemiology, diagnosis, costs, prognostics, screening procedures, and categorization have been extensively discussed. However, unified guidelines are still not available, especially considering differences between low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) and high-income countries (HIC). OBJECTIVES: To contextualize and identify the main areas under investigation regarding MCI diagnosis and to investigate how much of the current knowledge is compatible with the diagnosis in an LMIC. METHODS: This brief review followed the framework outlined for a scoping review and goes through the history of MCI and its diagnosis, the differences and relevance of LMIC research regarding the concept, and the current criteria for diagnosis. RESULTS: Results show that the unique characteristics of LMIC influence the development of cognitive decline and how suitable procedures suggested by HIC can be used by LMIC to identify pathological aging processes in their early stages. CONCLUSION: Neuropsychological assessment of activities of daily living performance, considering the difference between omission and commission errors, is a more accessible course of action as a screening procedure for cognitive decline in LMIC.

O comprometimento cognitivo leve (CCL) é um conceito amplamente estudado que mudou ao longo do tempo. Epidemiologia, diagnóstico, custos, prognósticos, procedimentos de triagem e categorização já foram amplamente debatidos. No entanto, diretrizes unificadas ainda não estão disponíveis, especialmente considerando as diferenças entre países de baixa e média renda (PBMR) e países de alta renda (PAR). OBJETIVOS: Contextualizar e identificar as principais áreas de pesquisa em relação ao diagnóstico do CCL e investigar quanto do atual conhecimento é compatível com o diagnóstico em PBMR. MÉTODOS: Esta revisão se guiou a estrutura delineada para uma scoping review, percorrendo a história do CCL, o diagnóstico, as diferenças e a relevância da pesquisa de PBMR para o conceito e os critérios atuais para diagnóstico. RESULTADOS: Os resultados mostram que as características únicas dos PMBR influenciam o declínio cognitivo e como os procedimentos sugeridos por PAR podem ser usados por PBMR para identificar processos de envelhecimento patológico em seus estágios iniciais. CONCLUSÃO: A avaliação neuropsicológica de atividades de desempenho de vida diária, considerando a diferença entre erros de omissão e comissão, é um curso de ação mais acessível como um procedimento de triagem para declínio cognitivo em PMBR.

Evidence of the validity of a novel version of the computerized cognitive screening battery CompCog.

Although the availability of the computer-based assessment has increased over the years, neuropsychology has not carried out a significant paradigm shift since the personal computer's popularization in the 1980s. To keep up with the technological advances of healthcare and neuroscience in general, more efforts must be made in the field of clinical neuropsychology to develop and validate new and more technology-based instruments, especially considering new variables and paradigms when compared to paper and pencil tests. Objective: This study's objective was to produce concurrent validity evidence of the novel version of the computerized cognitive screening battery CompCog. Methods: Participants performed a traditional paper and pencil neuropsychological testing session and another session where CompCog was administrated. The data of a total of 50 young adult college students were used in the analyses. Results: Results have shown moderate and strong correlations between CompCog's tasks and their equivalents considering paper and pencil tests. Items clustered in agreement with the subtest division in a principal component analysis. Conclusions: The findings suggest that CompCog is valid for measuring the cognitive processes its tasks intend to evaluate.

Embora a disponibilidade de instrumentos computadorizados para avaliação tenha aumentado ao longo dos anos, a neuropsicologia não passou por uma mudança significativa de paradigma desde a popularização do computador pessoal nos anos 1980. Para acompanhar os avanços tecnológicos da saúde e da neurociência em geral, mais esforços devem ser feitos no campo da neuropsicologia clínica para desenvolver e validar novos instrumentos de base mais tecnológica, especialmente considerando novas variáveis e paradigmas quando comparados aos testes de lápis e papel. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi produzir evidências de validade concorrente da nova versão da bateria computadorizada de rastreio cognitivo CompCog. Métodos: Os participantes passaram por uma sessão de avaliação neuropsicológica com testes tradicionais de lápis e papel e de outra sessão em que o CompCog foi administrado. Os dados do total de 50 jovens adultos universitários foram utilizados nas análises. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram correlações moderadas e fortes entre as tarefas do CompCog e seus equivalentes nos testes tradicionais. Uma análise de componentes principais mostrou que os itens formaram fatores em concordância com a divisão de subtestes da bateria. Conclusões: Os resultados sugerem que o CompCog é válido para medir os processos cognitivos que suas tarefas pretendem avaliar.

Environmental interventions to support orientation and social engagement of people with Alzheimer's disease.

The built environment can be a home to compensatory strategies aimed at increasing the independence of elderly people with Alzheimer's disease, by mitigating the cognitive impairment caused by it. Objective: The aim of this study was to find out which interventions were performed in indoor environments and observe their impacts on the relief of behavioral symptoms related to the disorientation of elderly people with probable Alzheimer's disease. Methods: A systematic review was carried out using the preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analyses criteria in the MEDLINE/PubMed database. Two researchers carried out the selection of the studies, following the same methodology. The third author contributed during the writing process and in the decision-making. Results: Of note, 375 studies were identified and 20 studies were included in this systematic review. The identified interventions were classified into environmental communications and environmental characteristics. Conclusions: Environmental communications had positive results in guiding and reducing agitation. In contrast, while reducing behavioral symptoms related to orientation, environmental characteristics showed improvements mainly in social engagement and functional capacity.

O ambiente construído pode ser lar para estratégias compensatórias destinadas a aumentar a independência de idosos com doença de Alzheimer, ao mitigar o comprometimento cognitivo causado por ela. Objetivo: Descobrir quais intervenções foram realizadas em ambientes internos e observar seus impactos no alívio de sintomas comportamentais relacionados à desorientação de idosos com provável doença de Alzheimer. Métodos: Uma revisão sistemática foi realizada usando os critérios Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses na base de dados Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online/ PubMed. Dois pesquisadores realizaram a seleção dos estudos seguindo a mesma metodologia. O terceiro autor contribuiu durante o processo de redação e nas tomadas de decisão. Resultados: Foram identificados 375 estudos e 20 foram incluídos na presente revisão sistemática. As intervenções observadas foram classificadas em comunicações ambientais e características ambientais. Conclusões: As comunicações ambientais tiveram resultados positivos na orientação e na redução da agitação. As características ambientais, por outro lado, embora reduzam os sintomas comportamentais relacionados à orientação, mostraram melhorias principalmente no engajamento social e na capacidade funcional.

Diagnostic accuracy of early cognitive indicators in mild cognitive impairment.

The aging of the population leads to an increase in the prevalence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Recent studies highlight the early non-amnestic deficits in AD and MCI. The European Union report shows the importance of thoroughly assessing cognitive aspects that have been poorly evaluated, such as processing speed (PS), which could represent early indicators of cognitive decline. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the diagnostic accuracy of PS measures in older adults with MCI, AD, and those who are cognitively-healthy. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted by performing an extensive neuropsychological assessment in three samples: 26 control participants, 22 individuals with MCI, and 21 individuals with AD. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to test the relationship between dependent variables and the clinical group. Post hoc tests (Bonferroni test) were used when a significant ANOVA result was found. Finally, the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve for PS measures was performed in older adults with MCI and AD compared with cognitively-healthy older adults. RESULTS: The results showed that deficits in PS measures can be early indicators of cognitive decline in cases of MCI, even when executive functions (EFs) and functionality are preserved. Conversely, AD versus MCI presented differences in PS, EFs, and functionality. CONCLUSIONS: The ROC analyses showed that PS measures had discriminative capacities to differentiate individuals with MCI, AD, and cognitively-healthy older adults.

O envelhecimento da população leva ao aumento da prevalência de demência e comprometimento cognitivo leve (CCL). A doença de Alzheimer (DA) é a causa mais comum de demência. Estudos recentes destacam os déficits precoces não amnésicos em DA e CCL. O relatório da União Europeia mostra a necessidade de avaliar em maior profundidade aspectos cognitivos que atualmente são negligenciados, como a velocidade de processamento (VP), e que podem representar indicadores precoces de declínio cognitivo. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a acurácia diagnóstica de medidas de VP em idosos com CCL, DA e participantes controles. MÉTODOS: um estudo transversal foi desenvolvido, no qual realizou-se uma extensa avaliação neuropsicológica em 3 amostras: 26 participantes controles, 22 casos de CCL e 21 DA. A relação entre as variáveis dependentes e o grupo clínico foi testada com uma análise de variância (ANOVA). Se uma ANOVA significativa fosse encontrada, testes post hoc foram utilizados. Por fim, a curva ROC para medidas de VP foi realizada em CCL e DA em comparação com indivíduos controles. RESULTADOS: os resultados mostraram que déficits nas medidas de VP podem ser indicadores precoces do declínio cognitivo nos casos de CCL, mesmo quando as funções executivas (FE) e a funcionalidade estão preservadas. Por outro lado, DA versus CCL mostrou diferenças em VP, EF e funcionalidade. CONCLUSÕES: As análises ROC mostraram que as medidas de PS tinham capacidades discriminativas para diferenciar CCL, DA e participantes controles.

Systematic review of neuropsychological instruments used in subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in Parkinson´s disease patients.

In addition to drug treatment, surgical intervention represents an alternative to PD patients with motor deficits. The most common intervention is subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS). It is extremely important to perform a neuropsychological assessment in patients with STN-DBS, not only to identify losses related to the disease, but also to compare influence on cognition both pre and postoperatively. OBJECTIVE: the objective of this systematic review was to investigate the instruments frequently used in studies related to STN-DBS in PD patients. METHODS: articles were retrieved from Medline/Pubmed databases published in the 2007-2017 period using PRISMA criteria. RESULTS: after analyzing 27 articles, the absence of a specific evaluation protocol for PD with STN-DBS was evident. CONCLUSION: non-motor symptoms are not given due importance in neuropsychological assessments. It is crucial to acknowledge that these symptoms have a major impact on the quality of life of patients. Greater engagement in assessing these aspects is required, in order to bridge the gaps in research.

Além do tratamento medicamentoso, a intervenção cirúrgica é uma alternativa aos pacientes com DP com déficits motores. A mais comum é a estimulação cerebral profunda do núcleo subtalâmico (ECP-NST). É extremamente importante realizar uma avaliação neuropsicológica em pacientes com ECP-NST, não apenas para identificar perdas relacionadas à doença, mas também para comparar a influência na cognição em cirurgias pré e pós-operatórias. OBJETIVO: esta revisão sistemática teve como objetivo investigar os instrumentos frequentemente utilizados em pesquisas relacionadas a ECP-NST em pacientes com DP. MÉTODOS: Os artigos foram coletados nas bases de dados Medline / Pubmed publicadas no período de 2007-2017, utilizando os critérios do PRISMA. RESULTADOS: após a análise de 27 artigos, percebeu-se a ausência de um protocolo de avaliação específico para a DP com ECP-NST. CONCLUSÃO: os sintomas não motores não tem recebido a devida importância na avaliação neuropsicológica. É fundamental reconhecer que eles representam grande influência na qualidade de vida dos pacientes. É necessário maior engajamento na avaliação desses aspectos, a fim de preencher as lacunas das pesquisas.

Mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: Characterization and impact on quality of life according to subtype.

AIM: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) was initially described as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Because of differences in baseline cognitive abilities, MCI in Parkinson's disease (PD; PD-MCI) requires distinct neuropsychological criteria for diagnosis and follow up. In addition to representing a risk factor for PD-related dementia, PD-MCI results in higher morbidity, which can be reduced through early detection. The aim of the present study was to gather data regarding MCI subtypes from neuropsychological profiles and clinical features in PD patients, to evaluate its impact on patients' quality of life according to subtype, and to compare the data with a control (Co) group. METHOD: A total of 149 individuals were selected: 81 controls and 60 patients diagnosed with PD according to the United Kingdom Parkinson's Disease Society Brain Bank criteria. All individuals were submitted to neurological and neuropsychological assessments. RESULTS: The amnestic subtype of MCI was the most common in both the PD and Co groups. PD patients showed greater impairment in MCI than the Co group. The amnestic subtype of PD-MCI was associated with a lower quality of life compared with the non-amnestic group. CONCLUSIONS: The PD group showed worse cognitive performance than the Co group. The amnestic subtype of PD-MCI was associated with the greatest impairment of quality of life. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 497-502.

Performance-based instrument to assess functional capacity in community-dwelling older adults.

Functional capacity (FC) is a mediator between neuropsychological functions and real-world functioning, but there is a lack of evidence of its correlation in community-dwelling older adults. OBJECTIVE: The study aim was to determine the FC level of community-dwelling older adults using the UCSD Performance-based Skills Assessment (UPSA) and to evaluate correlation with cognitive screening tests. METHODS: Senior center participants were selected according to inclusion criteria: Portuguese fluency, age ≥60 years and self-reported independent living. The subject exclusion criteria were: dementia or other DSM-5 diagnoses, suicidal ideation or intent, non-completion of assessment battery, enrollment in another psychosocial intervention or pharmacotherapy study. FC level was determined by the UPSA, brief UPSA (UPSA-B) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living scale (IADL's). The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Memory of Figure Test (MFT), Verbal Fluency Test (VFT) and Clock Drawing Test (CDT) were used for cognitive assessment. A total of 35 subjects that had a mean age of 72 years, were predominantly females(88.6%) and had mean education level of 11.25 years were evaluated. RESULTS: Mean UPSA and UPSA-B scores were 78.5 and 70, respectively. A statistically significant correlation was observed between the UPSA and IADL, MMSE and VFT. CONCLUSION: The UPSA serves as a screening assessment of FC in community-dwelling older adults, showing a positive correlation with cognitive screening tests.

Capacidade Funcional (CF) é um mediador entre as funções neuropsicológica e a funcionalidade no mundo real, mas existe uma falta de evidências da sua correlação em idosos vivendo em comunidade. Objetivo: O objetivo foi determinar a CF de idosos da comunidade utilizando o UCSD Performance-based Skills Assessment (UPSA) e avaliar sua correlação com testes de rastreio cognitivo. Métodos: Participantes de casas de convivência foram selecionados conforme critérios de inclusão: fluência no Português; 60 ou mais anos; auto relato de independência. Critérios de exclusão foram: demência ou outro diagnóstico do DSM-5; ideação suicida ou tentativa, não adesão a ao estudo; envolvimento em estudo farmacológicos ou intervenção psicoterápica. A CF foi determinado pelo UPSA, UPSA abreviado (UPSA-B) e escala Instrumental de Atividade de Vida Diária (AIVD). O Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM), Teste de Memória de Figuras (TMF), Teste de Fluência Verbal (TFV) e Teste do Desenho do Relógio (TDR) foram utilizados no rastreio cognitivo. Um total de 35 sujeitos com idade média de 72 anos, predominantemente do sexo feminino (88,6%) e escolaridade média de 11,25 anos foram avaliados. Resultados: A pontuação média do UPSA e UPSA-B foram 78,5 e 70, respectivamente. Uma correlação foi observada entre o UPSA e AIVD, MEEM e TFV. Conclusão: O UPSA é um teste de rastreamento da CF de idosos da comunidade apresentando correlação positiva com testes de rastreio cognitivo.

Brazilian children performance on Rey's auditory verbal learning paradigm.

The Rey Auditory Verbal Learning paradigm is worldwide used in clinical and research settings. There is consensus about its psychometric robustessness and that its various scores provide relevant information about different aspects of memory and learning. However, there are only a few studies in Brazil employing this paradigm and none of them with children. This paper describes the performance of 119 Brazilian children in a version of Rey's paradigm. The correlations between scores showed the internal consistency of this version. Also, the pattern of results observed was very similar to that observed in foreign studies with adults and children. There was correlation between age in months and recall scores, showing that age affects the rhythm of learning. These results were discussed based on the information processing theory.

Qualitative analysis and identification of pattern of errors in Clock Drawing Tests of community-dwelling older adults.

The Clock Drawing Test (CDT) is a frequently employed screening tool with different scoring systems. Quantitative and semi-quantitative scoring systems, such as Sunderland's et al. (1989), do not discriminate different error patterns. Thus, the same score can represent a number of different neuropsychological profiles. Therefore, the use of a scoring method that emphasizes qualitative aspects to determine specific error patterns is fundamental. OBJECTIVE: To use a qualitative scale to analyze error patterns in the CDTs of older adults who scored 5 in a previous study. METHODS: 49 CDTs with score of 5 were analyzed using the qualitative scale. Linear regression and hierarchical and non-hierarchical cluster analyses were performed. RESULTS: The linear regression showed a significant association between the total score and all the error patterns of the qualitative scale. The hierarchical cluster yielded three groups. However, due to the heterogeneity observed among the groups, a non-hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to better understand the results. Three groups were determined with different neuropsychological profiles and patterns of errors. CONCLUSION: The qualitative scoring of the CDT is important when examining and analyzing specific neuropsychological domains in older adults, especially executive functions.

O Teste do Desenho do Relógio (TDR) está entre os instrumentos de rastreio mais utilizados e apresenta diversos métodos de correção e pontuação. Sistemas de pontuação quantitativos e semiquantitativos não discriminam diferentes padrões de erros, como é o caso do método de Sunderland et al. (1989). Dessa feita, uma mesma pontuação pode reunir diferentes perfis neuropsicológicos. Assim, o uso de métodos de correção com ênfase nos aspectos qualitativos, para verificar padrões mais específicos de erro, tornou-se fundamental. OBJETIVO: Analisar através de escala qualitativa os padrões de erros no TDR dos idosos cuja pontuação foi 5 em estudo anterior. MÉTODOS: 49 TDR com pontuação 5 foram analisados pela escala qualitativa. Uma regressão linear e análises de cluster hierárquica e não-hierárquicas foram realizadas. RESULTADOS: A regressão linear mostrou associação significativa entre o resultado total e todos os padrões de erro da escala qualitativa. O cluster hierárquico gerou três grupos. Entretanto devido a heterogeneidade observada entre os grupos, uma análise de cluster não hierárquico foi realizada para melhor entender os resultados. Três grupos foram formados com diferentes perfis neuropsicológicos e padrão de erros. CONCLUSÃO: A pontuação qualitativa do TDR é importante para examinar e analisar domínios neuropsicológicos específicos em idosos, principalmente funções executivas.

Volumetric brain analysis as a predictor of a worse cognitive outcome in Parkinson's disease.

Cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD) results in significant morbidity and mortality being early diagnosis essential. Identification of patients who are at higher risk of developing cognitive impairment based only on clinical data is not sufficient. To this end, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with automatic segmentation, such as FreeSurfer, could be a useful tool with high accuracy because it has histological validation. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate clinical, neuropsychological and FreeSurfer variables that may be related to worse cognitive outcomes over 18 months in PD patients compared with controls. METHODS: PD patients were recruited according to established inclusion and exclusion criteria as well individuals without any neurological or psychiatric diagnosis and were submitted to the same protocol: neurological, neuropsychological and neuroimaging evaluations. After 18 months, the study subjects were reassessed by neurological and neuropsychological evaluations. RESULTS: Of 171 individuals selected for first evaluation, 96 concluded the study during 18-month follow-up. The PD group presented worse performance in the neuropsychological assessment during both the initial and final evaluations. The results obtained by FreeSurfer revealed a significant reduction (unilateral or bilateral) in the volume of thalamus, caudate nucleus, putamen, hippocampus, amygdala, accumbens, corpus callosum and cerebral gray matter in the PD group. A worse cognitive outcome was more prevalent in the PD group. CONCLUSIONS: Worse cognitive performance documented by neuropsychological assessment in the PD group was correlated with reduced volume of several structures by FreeSurfer analysis and may be a biomarker of cognitive decline.

Cognitive deficits in older adults with mild cognitive impairment in a two-year follow-up study.

Characterizing cognitive decline in older adults with MCI over time is important to identify the cognitive profile of those who convert to dementia. OBJECTIVE: This study examined the two-year cognitive trajectory of elderly adults diagnosed with MCI, from geriatrics and neurology outpatient clinics of a public hospital in Rio de Janeiro. METHODS: 62 older adults with MCI were submitted to a neuropsychological battery and re-evaluated after two years. The Mann-Whitney U test was employed to assess differences between groups with respect to education, functioning, the Geriatric Depression Scale and diagnosis. RESULTS: 24.2% converted to dementia after two years. The group with declines in two or more cognitive functions had a higher conversion rate to dementia than the group with decline in executive functions (EF) only (Z = -2.11, p = .04). The EF decline group had higher scores on the depression scale than both the memory decline group (Z = -1.99, p = .05) and multiple decline group (Z = -2.23, p = .03). CONCLUSION: The present study found different cognitive decline profiles in elderly adults with MCI and differences between them regarding depressive symptoms and rate of conversion to dementia.

Caracterizar o declínio cognitivo em idosos com Comprometimento Cognitivo Leve (CCL) ao longo do tempo é importante para identificar o perfil cognitivo de quem converte para demência. OBJETIVO: Estudar as trajetórias evolutivas de dois anos de acompanhamento de idosos com CCL assistidos em clinicas de geriatria e neurologia de um Hospital Federal na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. MÉTODOS: 62 idosos com CCL foram submetidos a uma bateria neuropsicológica e reavaliados após dois anos. O teste U de Mann-Whitney foi utilizado para avaliar as diferenças entre os grupos quanto a escolaridade, funcionalidade, escala de depressão geriátrica e diagnóstico. RESULTADOS: 24,2% converteram-se em demência após dois anos. O grupo com declínio em duas ou mais funções cognitivas apresentou maior porcentagem de conversão para demência do que o grupo com declínio apenas nas funções executivas (Z = -2,11, p = 0,04). O grupo de declínio das FEs, apresentou escores maiores na escala de depressão do que o grupo de declínio na memória (Z = -1.99, p = .05) e múltiplos declínios (Z = -2.23, p = .03). CONCLUSÃO: O presente estudo mostrou que existem perfis diferentes de declínio cognitivo em idosos com CCL e que existem diferenças entre eles em relação a sintomas depressivos e a taxa de conversão para demência.

A systematic review of a functional assessment Tool: UCSD Performance-based skill assessment (UPSA).

Performance based assessment instruments have been employed in functional capacity measurement of mental disorders. The aim of this systematic review was to identify the psychometric properties of the UCSD Performance-based Skill Assessment (UPSA). A search was conducted using the PRISMA protocol and 'UPSA' as key word term on electronic databases, with a date range for articles published from 2001-2017. Published studies involving community-dwelling adults were included. Pharmacological and/or clinical interventions involving clinical outcomes and/or institutionalized samples were excluded. Data related to construct validity, test-retest reliability and sensitivity/specificity were extracted, summarized and analyzed according to UPSA versions and psychiatric disorders. Fifty-eight studies including 8782 Community-dwelling adults met selection criteria. Data supporting the construct and known-groups validity were extracted from 41 studies involving Schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders and 17 studies involving other metal illness. The UPSA was culturally adapted to 8 different languages and employed in 17 countries. Few studies reported sensitivity and specificity and the cut-off points could not be generalized. Moderate to strong evidence of construct validity and test-retest reliability was found. Few studies proposed cut-off points. The UPSA showed good psychometric properties in different versions including those culturally adapted.

A comparative study of telephone and face-to-face use of phone screening interview for autistic spectrum disorder symptoms (PSI-ASD) / Estudo comparativo da aplicação por telefone e presencial da entrevista de triagem por telefone de sintomas do espectro autista (PSI-TEA)

ABSTRACT Objective: Describe reliabilities evidence of the Phone Screening Interview (PSI), a telephone screening interview for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptoms, capable of investigating mild to moderate ASD symptoms. Moreover, the PSI also works for verbal and non-verbal children and is consistent with the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. Methods: An interview was performed with sixty-eight parents of children between 2 and 15 years old attended by the Psychiatry Ambulatory of Santa Casa de Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro through the PSI in person and by telephone. Results: No significant differences in comparison between averages of the total score of the face-to-face and telephone applications were observed. The agreement analysis between the items indicated three items with lower values, leading to the modification of some questions, culminating in a new interview version for further studies. Given the disagreement in the values found, the order of application of the interviews seems to not impact the results, demonstrating strong correlations between both interviews, even with a different order of application. Aiming to facilitate the use of the scale by different examiners, the interobserver reliability was investigated, which did not show significant differences in the means. Conclusion: The study suggests that the telephone interview can be used similarly to the face-to-face interview, by different evaluators, with no impact on its efficiency in detecting ASD symptoms.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever evidências de confiabilidade da Phone Screening Interview (PSI), uma entrevista para rastreio telefônico de sintomas do Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) de fácil aplicação, capaz de investigar sintomas de TEA leve a moderado, aplicável a crianças verbais e não verbais e consistente com os critérios diagnósticos do DSM-5. Métodos: Sessenta e oito pais de crianças com idade entre 2 e 15 anos atendidas pelo Ambulatório de Psiquiatria da Santa Casa de Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro foram entrevistados por meio da PSI, tanto de maneira presencial quanto telefônica. Resultados: As médias da pontuação total da aplicação presencial e telefônica foram comparadas, não sendo obtidas diferenças significativas. A análise de concordância entre os itens apontou três itens com valores muito baixos, levando à modificação de algumas perguntas, culminando em uma nova versão, para estudos posteriores. Diante da discordância de valores encontrada, foi verificado que a ordem de aplicação das entrevistas não impactaria os resultados, demonstrando fortes correlações entre as entrevistas, mesmo com ordem de aplicação diferente. Para viabilizar o uso da escala por diferentes examinadores, investigou-se a confiabilidade interobservadores, que não mostrou diferenças significativas nas médias. Conclusão: O estudo sugere que a entrevista telefônica pode ser utilizada de forma semelhante à presencial, por diferentes avaliadores, sem impacto em sua eficiência na detecção de sintomas de TEA.

Scoring systems for the Clock Drawing Test: A historical review.

The Clock Drawing Test (CDT) is a simple neuropsychological screening instrument that is well accepted by patients and has solid psychometric properties. Several different CDT scoring methods have been developed, but no consensus has been reached regarding which scoring method is the most accurate. This article reviews the literature on these scoring systems and the changes they have undergone over the years. Historically, different types of scoring systems emerged. Initially, the focus was on screening for dementia, and the methods were both quantitative and semi-quantitative. Later, the need for an early diagnosis called for a scoring system that can detect subtle errors, especially those related to executive function. Therefore, qualitative analyses began to be used for both differential and early diagnoses of dementia. A widely used qualitative method was proposed by Rouleau et al. (1992). Tracing the historical path of these scoring methods is important for developing additional scoring systems and furthering dementia prevention research.

O Teste do Desenho do Relógio (TDR) é um instrumento de rastreio neuropsicológico simples bem aceito pelos pacientes e com sólidas propriedades psicométricas. Em meio aos métodos de pontuação, não existe consenso com relação aos que tenham maior acurácia. Esse artigo tem como objetivo realizar uma revisão histórica sobre os sistemas de pontuação mais utilizados e as mudanças ocorridas com os mesmos ao longo dos anos. No decorrer do caminho histórico, diferentes tipos de sistemas de pontuação surgiram. Inicialmente, o foco era no rastreio de demência e os métodos utilizados eram quantitativos e semi-quantitativos. Contudo, em um segundo momento, a necessidade de diagnóstico precoce demandou o uso de um sistema de pontuação que pudesse especificar erros sutis especialmente aqueles relacionados a funções executivas. Assim, análise qualitativa começou a ser mais usada em ambos no diagnóstico diferencial e precoce de demência. Um método qualitativo amplamente utilizado é o de Rouleau et al. (1992). O caminho histórico é importante para o desenvolvimento dos sistemas de pontuação e também para as pesquisas de prevenção de demência.

Diagnostic accuracy of CompCog: reaction time as a screening measure for mild cognitive impairment / Acurácia diagnóstica do CompCog: tempo de reação como uma medida de rastreio para comprometimento cognitivo leve

ABSTRACT Background Reaction time is affected under different neurological conditions but has not been much investigated considering all types of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Objective This study investigated the diagnostic accuracy of CompCog, a computerized cognitive screening battery focusing on reaction time measurements. Methods A sample of 52 older adults underwent neuropsychological assessments, including CompCog, and medical appointments, to be classified as a control group or be diagnosed with MCI. The accuracy of CompCog for distinguishing between the two groups was calculated. Results The results from diagnostic accuracy analyses showed that the AUCs of ROC curves were as high as 0.915 (CI 0.837-0.993). The subtest with the highest sensitivity and specificity (choice reaction time subtest) had 91.7% sensitivity and 89.3% specificity. The logistic regression final model correctly classified 92.3% of individuals, with 92.9% specificity and 91.7% sensitivity, and included only four variables from different subtests. Conclusions In summary, the study showed that reaction time assessed through CompCog is a good screening measure to differentiate between normal aging and MCI. Reaction time measurements in milliseconds were more accurate than correct answers. This test can form part of routine clinical tests to achieve the objectives of screening for MCI, indicating further procedures for investigation and diagnosis and planning interventions.

RESUMO Antecedentes O tempo de reação é afetado em diferentes condições neurológicas, mas não foi muito investigado considerando todos os tipos de comprometimento cognitivo leve (CCL). Objetivo Este estudo investigou a acurácia diagnóstica do CompCog, uma bateria computadorizada de rastreio cognitivo focada em medidas de tempo de reação. Métodos Uma amostra de 52 idosos passou por uma avaliação neuropsicológica, incluindo o CompCog, e uma consulta médica para serem classificados como grupo controle ou serem diagnósticos com CCL. A acurácia do teste para distinguir entre os dois grupos foi calculada. Resultados Os resultados das análises de acurácia diagnóstica mostraram AUC das curvas ROC tão altas quanto 0,915 (CI 0,837-0,993). O subteste com maior sensibilidade e especificidade - subteste de tempo de reação de escolha - apresentou sensibilidade de 91,7% e especificidade de 89,3%. O modelo final de regressão logística classificou corretamente 92,3% dos indivíduos, com especificidade de 92,9% e sensibilidade de 91,7%, e incluiu apenas 4 variáveis ​​de diferentes subtestes. Conclusões Em resumo, o estudo mostrou que o tempo de reação avaliado pelo CompCog é uma boa medida de rastreio para diferenciar entre envelhecimento normal e CCL. Medidas de tempo de reação em milissegundos se mostraram melhores que o número de respostas corretas. O teste pode fazer parte de testes clínicos de rotina para atingir o objetivo de rastrear o CCL, indicar outros procedimentos para investigação e diagnóstico e planejar intervenções.

Performance on cognitive tests, instrumental activities of daily living and depressive symptoms of a community-based sample of elderly adults in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the performance on basic cognitive tasks, instrumental activities of daily living, and depressive symptoms of a community-based sample of elderly adults in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) who participated in multiple physical, social, and cognitive activities at government-run community centers. METHODS: A total of 264 educated older adults (> 60 years of age of both genders) were evaluated by the Brief Cognitive Screening Battery (BCSB), Lawton's and Pfeffer's activities of daily living indexes, and the Geriatric Depressive Scale (GDS). RESULTS: The mean age of the sample was 75.7 years. The participants had a mean of 9.3 years of formal education. With the exception of the Clock Drawing Test (CDT), mean scores on the cognitive tests were consistent with the values in the literature. Only 6.4% of the sample had some kind of dependence for activities of daily living. The results of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) indicated mild symptoms of depression in 16.8% of the sample. CONCLUSION: This study provided important demographic, cognitive, and functional characteristics of a specific community-based sample of elderly adults in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

OBJETIVO: Descrever o desempenho em testes cognitivos, atividades instrumentais da vida diária e sintomas depressivos em uma comunidade de idosos participantes de atividades físicas, sociais e cognitivas em centros de convivência da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 264 idosos acima de 60 anos, de ambos os sexos e escolarizados, através de uma Bateria Breve de Rastreio Cognitiva (BBRC), escalas funcionais de atividades instrumentais Lawton e Pfeffer, bem como Escala de Depressão Geriátrica (GDS). RESULTADOS: Os dados descritivos indicaram que a idade média da amostra foi 75,7 anos e a escolaridade média 9,3 anos. Com exceção do Teste do Desenho do Relógio (TDR), as médias dos testes cognitivos ficaram dentro dos valores encontrados com grupos similares. No desempenho funcional detectou-se independência e autonomia nas atividades cotidianas. Os resultados da Escala de Depressão Geriátrica (EDG-15) evidenciaram sintomas leves de depressão em 16,8% da amostra. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo mostrou as características demográficas, cognitivas, funcionais de uma amostra de idosos residentes da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil que realizam múltiplas atividades em centros comunitários.

Symptoms of depression in patients with mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the most frequent depressive symptoms and their association with cognition in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS: 48 patients with PD and 44 controls (CG), aged between 50 and 80 years and with at least 4 years of formal education, all with MCI and none diagnosed with depression, were assessed. Patients and controls were matched for age, education, and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score. Participants underwent clinical evaluation with a neurologist followed by neuropsychological assessment employing the instruments: MMSE, Clock Drawing Test, Verbal Fluency Test (semantic and phonemic), Figures Memory Test (FMT), Stroop Test, Trail Making Test, Digit Span (WAIS III), Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Hooper Visual Organization Test, and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). RESULTS: The most frequent depressive symptoms in the PD group were: difficulty working, fatigue and sleep disorders (the latter also being present in CG). BDI score correlated negatively with learning and recognition memory in both groups. Episodic memory, evaluated by the FMT and RAVLT tests, was the cognitive function showing greatest impairment. CONCLUSION: Some of the depressive symptoms observed in PD patients with MCI seem to be attributable to complications of PD, while others are common to both PD and MCI, making differential diagnoses complex but crucial.

OBJETIVO: Investigar os sintomas depressivos mais frequentes e sua associação com a cognição de indivíduos com doença de Parkinson (DP) e declínio cognitivo leve (DCL). MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 48 pacientes com DP e 44 Controles (GC), com idade entre 50 e 80 anos e escolaridade superior a 4 anos, todos com DCL e sem diagnóstico de depressão. Pacientes e controles foram pareados quanto à idade, escolaridade e pontuação do Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM). Os participantes foram submetidos à avaliação clínica com neurologista seguida de avaliação neuropsicológica com os instrumentos MEEM, Teste do Desenho do Relógio, Teste de Fluência Verbal Semântica e Fonêmica, Teste de Memória de Figuras (FMT), Teste Stroop de Cores e Palavras, Teste das Trilhas (TMT), Span de Dígitos WAIS III, Teste de Aprendizagem Auditivo-Verbal de Rey (RAVLT), Teste de Organização Visual de Hooper e Inventário de Depressão de Beck (BDI). RESULTADOS: Os sintomas depressivos mais frequentes no grupo DP foram dificuldade para trabalhar, fatigabilidade e distúrbios do sono, sendo este comum ao grupo controle. A pontuação do BDI correlacionou-se negativamente com aprendizagem e memória de reconhecimento em ambos os grupos. Neste estudo, a memória episódica, avaliada pelos testes FMT e RAVLT, apresentou-se como a função cognitiva com maior comprometimento. CONCLUSÃO: Alguns sintomas depressivos prevalentes nos Parkinsonianos com DCL podem ser atribuídos à DP, dificultando o diagnóstico diferencial.